doi: 10.1111/j.1751-3928.2009.00094.x Resource Geology Vol. 59, No.

3: 244–262

Thematic Article

Geochemical Characteristics of Intrusive Rocks,

Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines: Implication to
Metallogenesis of Porphyry Copper-gold Deposits rge_094 244..262

Leilanie Osano Suerte,1,2 Akira Imai1 and Sho Nishihara1

1
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, and 2Mines and Geosciences Bureau Region
IV, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Iloilo, Philippines

Abstract
This paper describes petrologic and geochemical characteristics of intrusive rocks associated with porphyry
copper deposits in south-eastern Mindanao, the Philippines, where the Kingking deposit is located. Intrusive
rocks at the Kingking deposit, are classified into biotite-bearing diorite porphyry, hornblende diorite porphyry
and diorite porphyry. Intrusive rocks in other areas in south-eastern Mindanao, including Batoto, Bukal,
Maragusan, Masara, Amacan and Sumlog, are hornblende diorite porphyry and hornblende quartz diorite.
They are adakitic in Sr/Y-Y diagram, but not in La/Yb-Yb diagram due to relatively low REE contents. The
magmas are oxidizing as suggested by the high XMg of mafic silicate phenocrysts and SO3 contents of micro-
phenocrystic apatite. An Oligocene-Miocene diorite intrusive complex formed by calc-alkaline, hydrous,
oxidizing magma is considered to be associated with porphyry-type copper-gold mineralization.
Keywords: diorite, intrusive rocks, Kingking, Mindanao, Philippines, porphyry Cu-Au deposit.

1. Introduction sive rocks at the Kingking porphyry copper-gold

As one of the major deposits in the eastern Mindanao
copper-gold belt, and also the southernmost, Kingking
is a significant area to apply current knowledge on
porphyry copper deposits. The Kingking deposit is a
gold-rich porphyry copper deposit located in Pantu-
kan, Compostela Valley, at the south-eastern portion of
Mindanao Island, the Philippines. It has a total mine-
able ore reserve of 353 million tons at 0.385% Cu and
0.439 g t-1 Au. It is currently being explored and
managed by Benguet Corporation.
One feature of porphyry copper deposits in the Phil-
ippines is that they are hosted by intermediate to felsic
intrusive rocks (Sillitoe & Gappe, 1984; Imai, 2002).
This work will focus on the characteristics of the intru-
deposit and surrounding areas to understand the role
of the intrusive rocks in the mineralization of south-
eastern Mindanao. This will also be useful in relating
these intrusive rocks to the generation and evolution of
mineralized areas, which can be used to search for
other deposits near the area or in similar places.
2. Geologic background
A large number of porphyry-type copper-gold depos-
its are known in the Philippines (e.g. Bureau of Mines
and Geosciences [BMG], 1982; 1986; Sillitoe & Gappe,
1984). Most of the deposits are distributed in several
major metallogenic provinces, including the west
Luzon arc in which the Lepanto Far Southeast, Santo

Received 14 May 2008. Accepted for publication 6 December 2008.

Corresponding author: A. IMAI, Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka
819-0395, Japan. Email: imai@mine.kyushu-u.ac.jp

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244 Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology

Fig. 1 Map showing the tectonic
features of Mindanao Island, the
location of the Kingking deposit
and other studied areas (com-
piled from Bureau of Mines and
Geosciences, 1982; 1986).
Tomas II and Dizon deposits are located (Imai, 2000;
2001; 2002; 2004; 2005), Southwestern Negros where
the Sipalay deposit is situated, Cebu where the Atlas
mine consisting of Biga, Carmen and Lutopan deposits
is located, and eastern Mindanao where the Kingking
and Boyongan deposits are situated.
The island of Mindanao is located in the southern-
most part of the Philippine archipelago. It is bounded
by the Philippine Trench on its eastern side, the
Cotabato Trench on the south-western part and the
Sulu Trench on the western portion (Fig. 1). The sinis-
tral Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ), which traverses the
entire archipelago, passes along its eastern side. Most
of the mineral deposits in south-eastern Mindanao are
found along the splays of the PFZ (Fig. 1).
The Philippine island arc system is located in an area
of convergence between two plates: the Eurasian Plate
and the Philippine Sea Plate (Yumul et al., 2005; 2008).
The Philippine Mobile Belt is comprised of different
lithologic units classified broadly into metamorphic
rocks, ophiolites and ophiolitic complexes, magmatic
rocks and active volcanic arcs, and sedimentary
sequences. It is located between subduction zones dis-
playing opposing polarities (Taylor & Hayes, 1983;
Aurelio, 2000). Several active arc systems are related to
the subduction zones bounding the archipelago
© 2009 The Authors
Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology
Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao
(Fig. 2). On the west, the South China Sea crust, which
is consumed along the Manila Trench, forms the West
Luzon arc. The eastern Philippine arc, from the Bicol
Peninsula to eastern Mindanao is related with the West
Philippine Basin crust subducting along the Philippine
Trench. The Southeast Sulu Sea crust is subducted
along the Negros and Sulu Trenches forming the vol-
canic centers of Negros and Zamboanga, respectively,
while the Celebes Sea crust descends into the Cotabato
Trench. The Philippine Fault Zone, which traverses the
entire archipelago, accommodates the excess stress
related to convergence along the Philippine Trench
(Aurelio et al., 1994).
The island of Mindanao is divided into two compos-
ite terranes, the western and south-western portions,
which are related to the Eurasian margin and the
northern, south-eastern and eastern parts, which are
associated with the Philippine Sea Plate-related Philip-
pine arc (Pubellier et al., 1991) (Figs 1, 2). There are two
dominant geomorphologic terrains in eastern Mind-
anao, the Agusan-Davao Basin and the Pacific Cordil-
lera (Fig. 2). The Agusan-Davao Basin is an elongate,
N–S trending trough from the northern part of eastern
Mindanao to Davao City in the south. To the east of this
basin is the Pacific Cordillera located between the
Surigao and Pujada Peninsula (Fig. 3). The basement
245
L. O. Suerte et al.

Fig. 2 Tectonic setting of the Philippine archipelago. Shown in the inset map are the composite terranes of the Philippines.
The affinity of terranes in Mindanao Island is also indicated. The study area is marked with a rectangle. The image was
modified from Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/).

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246 Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology
 Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao

Fig. 3 Regional geologic map of eastern Mindanao. The location of sampling sites is also shown. Inset map shows the
Mindanao Island. Adopted from Pubellier et al. (1991).

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Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology 247
L. O. Suerte et al.
rocks in eastern Mindanao consist of Late Jurassic-
Cretaceous meta-greenstones and greenschists in its
north-east and southern parts. Overlying these depos-
its are Cretaceous ophiolites and ophiolitic rocks, also
restricted to the north and southern portions. Above
these crust-mantle sequences, the sedimentary and
volcanic rocks consisting of conglomerates, sand-
stones, limestone, mudstones, shales, and basaltic and
andesitic flows were deposited. These rocks are
inferred to be Cretaceous to Miocene in age and are
distributed throughout eastern Mindanao. The sedi-
mentary and volcanic rocks are intruded by stock to
batholith-size andesite porphyry and diorite plutons
(Mitchell & Leach, 1991; Pubellier et al., 1991) (Fig. 3).
In Kingking and other studied areas in this work, the
oldest rocks are the Cretaceous-Paleogene sedimentary
and volcanic rocks consisting of sandstone, siltstone,
mudstone, shale, tuff and andesite flows. These rocks
are later intruded by mineralized and barren andesite,
diorite and dacite porphyries (Mitchell & Leach, 1991).
3. Outline of Kingking and other
porphyry copper-gold deposits in
eastern Mindanao
3.1 The eastern Mindanao copper-gold belt
The mineralized areas in eastern Mindanao consist of
several porphyry copper deposits and prospects such
as Boyongan in the north-eastern portion and the
Tagpura-Kalamatan-Maangob (Batoto area), Amacan
and Kingking in the south-eastern portion (Figs 1, 3).
It is estimated that Boyongan has approximate
reserves of 300 million tons at 0.6% copper and 1 g t-1
gold. Mineralization is hosted by diorite intrusives and
breccia (Mines and Geosciences Bureau, 2007). The
Amacan mine has an estimated resource of 65 million
tons at 0.34% copper and 0.412 g t-1 gold (Mines and
Geosciences Bureau, 2007). In the Tagpura-Kalamatan-
Maangob (Batoto) area, the main host rocks are quartz
diorite porphyries. It has a historic reserve of 75.6
million tons at an average of 0.44 wt% copper and
0.5 g t-1 gold (Sur American Gold Corporation, 2007).
The Mapula deposit, hosted by volcaniclastics and
small diorite intrusions has reserves of 78 million tons
at 0.4% copper and 0.36 g t-1 gold.
There are several diorite bodies located north-east of
Kingking in south-eastern Mindanao (Figs 1, 3). Some
are also host to porphyry copper deposits, which have
already been mined in the 1980s and 1990s. Sabena
Mining Company mined the Tagpura-Kalamatan-
Maangob deposits, near Batoto. Apex and North Davao
248
Mining Company extracted the ores from Masara and
Amacan areas, respectively. The diorites in Mainit
(Bukal) and Sumlog are explored by other mining com-
panies (Mitchell & Leach, 1991; Mines and Geosciences
Bureau XI, 1999).
3.2 K-Ar age of intrusive rocks
There are few available age data of dioritic rocks from
south-eastern Mindanao. Sajona et al. (1997) provided a
number of K-Ar ages for diorites located in south-
eastern Mindanao. North of the Amacan area, in San
Francisco and Panuraon, the diorites are dated at 32.27
⫾ 0.78 Ma (Early Oligocene, whole-rock) and 31.44 ⫾
0.82 Ma (Early Oligocene, plagioclase) and 46.14 ⫾
1.58 Ma (Middle Eocene), respectively. In Amacan, the
diorite from a drill hole has whole-rock age of 18.09 ⫾
0.54 Ma (Early Miocene) and a plagioclase age of 17.49
⫾ 0.45 Ma (Early Miocene).
Suerte (2007) determined the age of the hornblende
quartz diorite from the open pit in Amacan and biotite
diorite porphyry from Kingking using K-Ar radiomet-
ric dating. Results showed 27.0 ⫾ 1.5 Ma (Late Oli-
gocene) for the hornblende quartz diorite in Amacan
and 11.4 ⫾ 0.7 Ma (Mid-Late Miocene) for the biotite
diorite porphyry in Kingking.
3.3 The Kingking porphyry copper-gold
deposit
Kingking is a gold-rich porphyry copper deposit and is
the southernmost deposit in the so-called Eastern Min-
danao Gold Province (Figs 1, 3, 4). It is located in the
high ridges of Pantukan, Compostela Valley, and is
being managed by Benguet Corporation. Its optimized
total mineable ore reserve is 371 million tons at 0.387%
copper and 0.453 g t-1 gold. Hornblende diorite and
biotite diorite porphyries intruded Cretaceous-
Paleogene tuffs, andesites and undifferentiated sedi-
mentary units. These two porphyries are considered to
be the primary hosts of mineralization in Kingking.
The hydrothermal alteration zones at Kingking are
dominantly K-silicate and propylitic zones. Most of the
high grade copper and gold mineralization at Kingking
is located within the K-silicate alteration zone
(Damasco et al., 1991; Damasco, 1993; Benguet Corpo-
ration, 2003; 2005). Suerte et al. (2007) reported the
mode of occurrence of ore minerals and the result of
fluid inclusion microthermometry. In addition, Suerte
et al. (2007) reported the occurrence of bornite clots/
pods in the brecciated parts in biotite diorite porphyry
© 2009 The Authors
Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology

Fig. 4 Lithologic map of the Kingking porphyry copper-gold deposit also showing location of the drill holes from which
studied intrusive rocks samples were collected. Simplified from Benguet Corporation (2003; 2005) and Suerte et al. (2007)
overprinted by K-silicate alteration, together with the
volcanic rock and diorite xenoliths without associated
stockworks of quartz veinlets. These pods are generally
elongate in shape and measure several centimeters
across the longest axis. It is composed of bornite and
chalcopyrite with traces of calaverite. This feature is
also reported in the Endeavor copper-gold porphyry
deposit in Northparkes, Australia (Lickfold et al., 2003).
Imai et al. (2009) discussed the origin of the bornite
pods in the biotite diorite porphyry at the Kingking
deposit.
4. Methods
Fresh and altered rock samples from surface and sub-
surface (loss on ignition ranging from 0.54 to 3.65,
mostly less than 1.5) were collected from Kingking and
surrounding areas and from drill cores of Benguet Cor-
poration (from Kingking and Sumlog areas) for petro-
graphic and ore microscopic analyses, electron probe
microanalyses, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and
whole-rock geochemical analyses.
For petrographic analysis, polished thin sections
were examined under the microscope. The same pol-
© 2009 The Authors
Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology
Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao
ished thin sections were used for electron probe
microanalyses. A JEOL JCMA 733 mkII electron probe
microanalyzer at the Department of Earth and Plan-
etary Sciences, University of Tokyo, (Tokyo, Japan) was
used to determine the composition of hornblende,
biotite and apatite. The analyses were performed at
15 kV and 1.2 ¥ 10-8 A and 20 s counting time and the
results were calculated with ZAF corrections.
For whole-rock major and trace elements geochemi-
cal analyses, powdered rock samples were pressed into
circular disks to make pellets. The pellets were analyzed
using a Rigaku RIX3100 XRF spectrometer (Rigaku,
Tokyo, Japan) at the Department of Earth Resource
Engineering, Kyushu University (Fukuoka, Japan).
The contents of REE and Y were determined by
Yokogawa Analytical Systems, Agilent 7500c ICP-MS
(Yokogawa, Tokyo, Japan) at the Center of Advanced
Instrumental Analysis, Kyushu University. For REE
and Y quantitative analysis by ICP-MS, it is well recog-
nized that oxide and/or hydroxide interferences (e.g.
BaO+, CeO+, CeOH+, CeOH+, etc.) can cause significant
analytical errors on relatively heavy REEs and Y. There-
fore, the formation ratios of oxide and hydroxide
signals are monitored by 140Ce16O/140Ce and
249
L. O. Suerte et al.

Fig. 5 Megascopic (top, labeled by capital letter) and microscopic (bottom, labeled by small letter, crossed nicols) photos of
the intrusive rocks at the Kingking porphyry copper-gold deposit. (A) and (a): biotite diorite porphyry (scale bar=, A:
1 cm, a: 1 mm), (B) and (b): hornblende diorite porphyry (scale bar=, B: 1 cm, b: 5 mm), (C) and (c): diorite porphyry (scale
bar=, C: 1 cm, c: 5 mm). Pl: plagioclase, Hbl: hornblende, Bio: biotite.

140
Ce16O1H/140Ce ratios (these ratios were often less
than 0.6% and 0.1%, respectively). Correction of inten-
sity was taken into consideration of these formation
ratios of oxide and hydroxide. The recovery percentage
of each REEs and Y was confirmed using JG-3 (grano-
diorite) standard of the Geological Survey of Japan.
Contamination level was always observed by control
experiment. Analytical run precision as relative stan-
dard deviation during tuning was kept at less than 4%.
The REE and Y contents were analyzed on aqueous
solutions prepared for selected dioritic rock samples by
dissolution of rocks. All chemicals used were of ana-
lytical reagent grade. All the solutions were prepared
by ultra pure water. The standard solution for REEs
and Y (Multielement Standard Solution R-I, R-II and
R-III for analysis of REEs and Y; 100 mg L-1 for each
REEs and Y) was obtained from Wako. The anion and
cation exchange resins used were AG1X-8 and
AG50WX-8, respectively, from Bio-Rad Laboratories
(Richmond, CA, USA). In order to separate REE and Y
selectively, the cation exchange method was applied
(Crock & Lichte, 1982). The solution was loaded on the
chromatographic tube charging cation exchange resin
(AG50WX-8). According to Crock and Lichte (1982),
the most of the metal cations, such as Al, Be, Ca, Mn,
Th, Ti, U, V and Zr could be removed from the sample
solution by the gradient nitric acid cation separation
technique as well as Fe as chloro-complex by the
hydrochloric acid anion removal separation. The result-
ing solution after anion and cation exchange separation
dominantly contains only the REE and Y with a very
small amount of other elements.
5. Intrusive rocks in south-eastern
Mindanao
5.1 Characteristics of intrusive rocks
5.1.1 Kingking
The intrusive rocks in Kingking are composed of
several dioritic rocks distributed in a north-west-
trending, 1.8 km long and up to 550 m wide main ore
zone (e.g. Damasco et al., 1991; Damasco, 1993). The
intrusive rocks consist of the biotite diorite porphyry,
hornblende diorite porphyry and the diorite porphyry
(Figs 4, 5; Table 1).
The biotite diorite porphyry (Fig. 5A, a; Table 1), also
called the Kingking diorite porphyry, is considered the
main intrusive body and the most favorable host to
copper-gold mineralization. It is medium- to coarse-
grained and has a porphyritic texture, wherein large
plagioclase and smaller hornblende phenocrysts are
set in fine-grained feldspathic groundmass. Its most
notable feature is the presence of primary phenocrystic

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 Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao

Table 1 Summary of petrographic characteristics of intrusive rocks in southeastern Mindanao

Locality Phenocryst (abundance and size, mm) Groundmass
Rock type Plagioclase Hornblende Biotite Quartz (size, mm)
Kingking
Biotite diorite +++ ++ + ⫾ Medium-grained
porphyry (1–5) (<3) (<2) (<0.1) (<0.1)
Hornblende +++ ++ - ⫾ Medium-grained
diorite (1–5) (<3) - (<0.1) (<0.1)
porphyry
diorite +++ + to ⫾ - ⫾ Medium-grained
porphyry (1–5) (<0.2) - (<0.1) (<0.1)
Batoto
Hornblende +++ + - + -
quartz diorite (1–5) (<2) - (1–5) -
Bukal
Hornblende +++ + - + -
quartz diorite (1–5) (1–4) - (<3) -
Maragusan
Hornblende +++ ++ - + -
quartz diorite (1–5) (1–4) - (<3) -
Masara
Hornblende +++ ++ - - Medium-grained
diorite (1–4) (1–3) - - (<0.1)
porphyry - - - - -
Amacan
Hornblende +++ ++ - + -
quartz diorite (1–5) (1–3) - (<0.5) -
Hornblende +++ ++ - - Medium-grained
diorite (1–7) (<3) - - (<0.1)
porphyry - - - - -
Sumlog
Hornblende +++ ++ - + -
quartz diorite (1–5) (1–4) - (<3) -

Note: +++ (>50%), ++ (10–20%), + (<10), ⫾ (minimal, traces).

biotite. These are biotite phenocrysts approximately
2 mm across, and euhedral. The primary phenocrystic
biotites comprise less than 5% of the rock volume and
distinctly recognizable in hand specimen. The phenoc-
rystic plagioclases comprise more than half of the rock
volume. They are mostly subhedral, twinned and
zoned.
The hornblende diorite porphyry (Fig. 5B, b; Table 1)
is medium- to coarse-grained, porphyritic and is com-
posed of large plagioclase and smaller hornblende
phenocrysts set in a fine-grained feldspathic ground-
mass. The phenocrystic plagioclases comprise more
than half of the rock’s volume, are mostly subhedral,
twinned and zoned. The phenocrystic hornblendes,
which make up approximately 10–20% of the rock’s
volume, are anhedral to subhedral.
The diorite porphyry (Fig. 5C, c; Table 1) consists
mainly of medium- to coarse-grained plagioclase and
hornblende phenocrysts placed in a fine-grained feld-
spathic groundmass. The volume of the phenocrystic
hornblende is less than 5% and is considerably much
less compared to the hornblende diorite porphyry.
Some portions of the diorites, probably along or near
contact with the wall rock or with each other, exhibit
brecciation. This had been termed intrusion breccias at
Kingking (Damasco et al., 1991; Damasco, 1993). In
these sections, pebble- to cobble-sized volcanic rocks
and diorite fragments are contained mostly within the
biotite diorite porphyry and hornblende diorite por-
phyry. It was noted that some small fragments of horn-
blende diorite porphyry are enclosed by the biotite
diorite porphyry. In other drill cores, it was reported
that pieces of hornblende diorite porphyry are
included within the diorite porphyry (Damasco et al.,
1991; Damasco, 1993). In some of these brecciated parts,
the fragments are wholly enclosed only by the diorites.
In other sections, a finer-grained matrix fills the inter-
stices between the fragments and the host diorite. This

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L. O. Suerte et al.
matrix is observed to have a gradational to sharp
contact with the diorites and the fragments. Also, the
amount of this matrix varies in the brecciated portions.
Petrographic analysis of this matrix show that it is com-
posed of crystals of plagioclase, less than half a milli-
meter in size, and even smaller grains of biotite.
5.1.2 Batoto
The hornblende quartz diorite from the Batoto area is
composed of large crystals of plagioclase (1–5 mm),
and smaller crystals of hornblende (<2 mm) (Fig. 8,
Table 1). Large and small quartz grains (1–5 mm) are
present and fill the interstices between the plagioclase
and the hornblende (Fig. 6A, a; Table 1).
5.1.3 Bukal
The hornblende quartz diorite in Bukal consists of
large and small hornblende crystals (1–4 mm), larger
crystals of plagioclase (1–5 mm) and quartz grains, less
than 3 mm in size, which fills the interstices between
the phenocrystic plagioclase and hornblende (Fig. 6B,
b; Table 1).
5.1.4 Maragusan
The hornblende quartz diorite in Maragusan displays a
banded structure. It is composed of large and fine pla-
gioclase (1–5 mm), hornblende (1–4 mm) and quartz
(<3 mm) crystals (Fig. 6C, c; Table 1).
5.1.5 Masara
The intrusive rock in Masara is classified as hornblende
diorite porphyry, consisting of plagioclase phenoc-
rysts, 1–4 mm in size and 1–3 mm phenocrysts of
hornblende set in a medium-grained feldspathic
groundmass (Fig. 6D, d; Table 1).
5.1.6 Amacan
There are two intrusive rocks in Amacan, the horn-
blende quartz diorite and the hornblende diorite por-
phyry (Fig. 6E, e; Table 1). The hornblende quartz
diorite consists of plagioclase (1–5 mm) and horn-
blende (1–3 mm) phenocrysts and fine (<0.5 mm)
grains of quartz that fill the interstices between the
plagioclase and hornblende.
The hornblende diorite porphyry consists of phenoc-
rystic hornblende (<3 mm) and phenocrystic plagio-
clase (1–7 mm) set in a medium-grained feldspathic
groundmass.
252
5.1.7 Sumlog
The hornblende quartz diorite in the Sumlog area con-
sists of plagioclase (1–5 mm) and hornblende (1–4 mm)
phenocrysts and fine grains of quartz that fill the inter-
stices between plagioclase and hornblende (Fig. 6F, f;
Table 1).
5.2 Whole-rock major and trace element
geochemistry
5.2.1 Kingking
The results of geochemical analysis indicate that the
intrusive rocks from the Kingking deposit are mainly
in the range of trachyandesite to dacite (syeno-diorite
to quartz diorite), with 56–68 wt% SiO2 content (Fig. 7;
Table 2). They are also classified as calc-alkaline and
most belong to the medium-K series (Figs 8, 9).
Plots of Harker-type variation diagrams of SiO2
versus the major element oxides for the intrusive rocks
in Kingking show a generally decreasing trend except
K2O and Na2O (Fig. 9). They have very low Y contents,
ranging from 6 to 17 ppm. The Sr/Y ratio is from 4 to
129.
On the whole, it is noted that the diorite porphyry,
hornblende diorite porphyry, biotite diorite porphyry
and the fine-grained matrix clustered together, regard-
less of their location. The Sr/Y versus Y diagram indi-
cates that the intrusive rocks at the Kingking deposit
range from normal arc to adakitic rocks. Furthermore,
their values are continuous, from the very low Sr/Y
ratio of 4 to a high value of 129 (Fig. 10).
5.2.2 Other areas in south-eastern Mindanao
The intrusive rocks from other areas in south-eastern
Mindanao are classified as diorite to quartz diorite
in composition and calc-alkaline and belong to the
low- and medium-K series (Figs 7–9; Table 2). In the
Harker-type variation diagram for major element
oxides versus SiO2 contents, they show a generally
decreasing trend except K2O and Na2O (Fig. 9). They
have low Y contents, ranging from 5 to 24 ppm. The
Sr/Y ratio ranges from 11 to 38, except for one
sample from Batoto (118 ppm). These are within the
normal andesite-dacite-rhyolite and adakitic fields
(Fig. 10).
5.3 Rare earth elements composition
Rare earth elements compositions of dioritic intrusive
rocks from the south-eastern Mindanao are also listed
© 2009 The Authors
Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology
 Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao

Fig. 6 Megascopic (top, labeled by capital letter, scale bar = 1c m) and microscopic (bottom, labeled by small letter, scale bar
= 3 mm, crossed nicols) photos of other dioritic rocks from south-eastern Mindanao. (A) and (a): hornblende quartz diorite
at Batoto, (B) and (b): hornblende quartz diorite at Bukal, (C) and (c): hornblende quartz diorite at Maragusan, (D) and (d)
hornblende diorite porphyry at Masara, (E) and (e): hornblende diorite porphyry at Amacan, (F) and (f): hornblende
quartz diorite at Sumlog. Pl: plagioclase, Hbl: hornblende, Bio: biotite, Qtz: quartz.

in Table 2. In Kingking all intrusive rocks are enriched
in light REE (LREE), and depleted in heavy REE
(HREE) and they have REE patterns similar to each
other (Fig. 11). However, LREE contents of intrusive
rocks in the Kingking deposit are lower than that of
intrusive rocks in other porphyry copper deposits such
as the Dexing porphyry copper deposit, south-eastern
China (Li & Sasaki, 2007), the Sierrita porphyry copper
deposit, United States (Anthony & Titley, 1988), and the
Escondida, northern Chile (Richards et al., 2001).
Using the La/Yb ⭌ 20 and Yb ⬉ 1.9 ppm criteria
(Castillo et al., 1999), almost all samples in the Kingk-
ing deposit are not plotted in the adakitic field in the
La/Yb–Yb diagram with one exception (Fig. 12). No

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Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology 253
L. O. Suerte et al.
Fig. 7 The chemical classification of the intrusive and extrusive rocks in south-eastern Mindanao using the total alkalis
versus silica diagram from Wilson (1989) and Rollinson (1993).
distinct nagative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.84–
1.15) are recognized among the intrusive rocks at
Kingking.
Similar to the dioritic intrusive rocks at Kingking,
other intrusive rocks collected from other areas in
south-eastern Mindanao are enriched in LREE and
depleted in HREE, and are not plotted in the adakitic
field in La/Yb – Yb diagram (Castillo et al., 1999).
No distinct negative Eu anomalies are recognized
254
Fig. 8 AFM (Alkalis[Na2O + K2O]-
FeO-MgO) digram showing the
calc-alkaline trend of the intru-
sive rocks in south-eastern Mind-
anao. Boundary of the tholeiitic
and calc-alkaline trends after
Irvine and Baragar (1971).
(Eu/Eu* = 0.91–1.11) with one exception from Bukal
(0.67).
5.4 Mineral chemistry of rock-forming
minerals
5.4.1 Hornblende
The composition of hornblende (Fig. 13; Table 3) in the
dioritic porphyry intrusive rocks at the main ore zone
© 2009 The Authors
Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology

Fig. 9 Plots of the major element oxides versus silica in Harker-type variation diagrams of the intrusive rocks from
south-eastern Mindanao. Also shown are the subdivisions of calc-alkalic rocks in the K2O versus silica diagram from Le
Maitre et al. (1989).
of Kingking has higher Si contents compared to those
taken far from the main ore zone. Among unaltered
diorites, the hornblendes in the biotite diorite por-
phyry in Kingking have the lowest Si contents, next are
the hornblendes from the quartz diorite in Amacan
and the hornblendes in quartz diorite from Sumlog
have the highest Si contents.
The rims of hornblendes in the dioritic porphyry
intrusive rocks from the main ore zone of the Kingking
deposit exhibit a magnesian composition, with a high
average XMg value of 0.82. On the other hand, horn-
blendes taken away from the main ore zone is less
magnesian, with average XMg value of 0.57 and the phe-
nocrystic hornblende inclusions in plagioclase phenoc-
© 2009 The Authors
Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology
Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao
rysts have an average XMg intermediate between the
above values. In quartz diorites of south-eastern Min-
danao, the hornblendes in hornblende quartz diorite
from Sumlog are the most magnesian (average XMg =
0.73), followed by hornblende quartz diorite from
Amacan and Masara with XMg average of 0.67 and 0.66,
respectively. The hornblende quartz diorite at Maragu-
san has the least magnesian hornblendes among these
quartz diorites (average XMg = 0.61).
5.4.2 Biotite
Primary biotites in the biotite diorite porphyry
from the main ore zone of the Kingking deposit is
255
 Table 2 Whole-rock composition of representative intrusive rocks in southeastern Mindanao

256
Sample No. KK2-11-1A EB 63 54.5 EB 7-291 EB 89 190.95 BT-15-1A BU-23-2A MAR-22-1A M-21-3A A-17-1E SM-30-1A
Location rock type Kingking Kingking Kingking Kingking Batoto Bukal Maragusan Masara Amacan Sumlog
biotite biotite hornblende diorite hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende
diorite diorite diorite porphyry quartz quartz quartz diorite diorite diorite quartz
L. O. Suerte et al.

porphyry porphyry porphyry diorite diorite porphyry porphyry diorite

Major elements oxides (wt%)
SiO2 60.63 61.94 64.64 63.99 67.39 62.89 62.39 62.73 63.07 61.91
TiO2 0.52 0.48 0.39 0.32 0.25 0.63 0.38 0.39 0.45 0.56
Al2O3 16.08 16.72 16.03 16.69 16.66 15.66 17.39 15.95 16.45 16.17
FeO 3.93 5.41 4.00 2.99 1.96 4.65 3.25 4.33 4.69 4.45
MnO 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.16 0.08
MgO 3.43 3.76 3.34 3.81 1.16 4.01 2.60 3.47 2.30 3.54
CaO 5.28 2.92 2.72 2.44 3.52 5.03 6.54 4.28 6.67 6.59
Na2O 4.67 6.06 5.51 6.01 6.11 4.03 4.36 5.24 4.08 4.15
K2O 1.75 2.13 2.47 1.36 0.90 1.35 2.03 1.00 0.58 1.63
P 2 O5 0.21 0.24 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.21
Loss on ignission 2.46 0.64 0.97 1.46 1.40 2.63 1.23 0.54 2.20 0.65
Total 99.04 100.45 100.28 99.26 99.31 99.90 99.87 99.90 99.26 99.83
Trace elements (ppm)
V 123 187 159 85 50 127 93 80 86 127
Co 24 24 6 14 8 4 19 23 23 5
Zn 80 32 55 24 35 32 23 49 50 18
As 6 5 5 6 4 3 4 4 6 3
Rb 33 38 28 25 14 20 20 14 10 23
Sr 774 670 595 607 588 291 564 370 347 467
Ba 337 389 374 298 403 186 512 322 367 311
Y 6 12 8 7 5 24 15 16 18 18
Zr 104 86 66 80 85 145 97 79 78 111
Nb 4 5 3 5 4 6 6 4 5 5
La 8.31 6.24 4.22 7.62 5.71 12.12 19.65 10.55 7.92 18.27
Ce 15.13 8.86 8.87 13.49 12.11 28.95 30.64 16.25 16.09 23.71
Pr 2.02 1.12 1.23 1.64 1.63 4.14 3.59 2.13 2.16 2.93
Nd 8.84 4.80 5.47 6.72 6.81 18.51 13.98 9.27 9.44 12.42
Sm 2.07 1.15 1.37 1.42 1.39 4.70 2.83 2.31 2.34 2.97
Eu 0.60 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.40 1.09 0.99 0.79 0.92 0.90
Gd 1.71 1.16 1.52 1.44 1.19 5.15 2.43 2.49 2.73 3.03
Tb 0.20 0.18 0.25 0.23 0.17 0.85 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.50
Dy 0.98 1.13 1.58 1.41 0.91 5.43 2.64 2.90 3.00 3.27
Ho 0.16 0.24 0.34 0.29 0.19 1.17 0.55 0.62 0.65 0.67
Er 0.39 0.72 0.99 0.85 0.54 3.43 1.71 1.91 1.99 2.06
Tm 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.49 0.26 0.29 0.30 0.30
Yb 0.31 0.67 0.93 0.75 0.56 3.26 1.80 2.01 1.96 2.01
Lu 0.04 0.10 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.49 0.72 0.80 0.30 0.77
Total REE (ppm) 40.81 26.86 27.47 36.58 31.77 89.80 82.18 52.75 50.26 73.83

© 2009 The Authors

Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology
 Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao

phlogopitic (Table 4), i.e. Mg-rich, with average XMg

ranging from 0.70 to 0.73, while primary biotites away
from the ore zone are less magnesian (average XMg =
0.60).

5.4.3 Apatite
The chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and SO3 contents of
microphenocrystic apatite inclusions in hornblende
and plagioclase phenocrysts in dioritic rocks from
Kingking, Maragusan and Masara are presented in
Table 5. The apatites in the hornblende diorite por-

Fig. 12 La/Yb versus Yb (ppm) contents of intrusive

rocks. Field of adakite and normal arc magmas are
from Castillo et al. (1999).

Fig. 13 XMg [Mg/(Mg + Fe)] versus atomic Si contents

Fig. 10 Sr/Y versus Y (ppm) contents of intrusive rocks. (atoms) of amphiboles from the dioritic rocks in
Field of adakite and normal arc magmas are from Kingking and other studied areas in south-eastern
Defant and Drummond (1990). Mindanao.

Fig. 11 Rare earth elements con-

tents relative to those of chon-
drite (Sun & McDonough, 1989).

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Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology 257
258
Table 3 Chemical composition of hornblendes in intrusive rocks in Kingking and other areas in southeastern Mindanao
Sample No. KK2-11-1A EB 7 291 MAR-22-1A M-21-3A A-17-1E SM-30-1A
L. O. Suerte et al.

Locality rock Kingking Kingking Maragusan Masara Amacan Sumlog

type biotite hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende hornblende
diorite diorite quartz diorite diorite quartz
porphyry porphyry diorite porphyry porphyry diorite
Description Phenocryst Inclusion in Phenocryst Phenocryst Inclusion in Phenocryst Phenocryst Phenocryst
core rim plagioclase rim core rim plagioclase core rim core rim core rim
n 14 15 6 3 11 8 2 5 1 24 22 5 5
SiO2 (wt%) 42.03 42.09 42.15 53.90 47.19 47.67 46.37 47.11 44.88 47.34 48.26 51.85 51.96
Al2O3 13.17 13.30 13.31 2.33 7.59 7.20 7.72 8.24 8.58 8.07 7.05 3.79 3.77
TiO2 1.14 1.21 1.12 0.62 1.02 0.72 1.47 1.16 1.28 0.99 0.89 0.66 0.75
FeO 14.77 14.62 13.21 7.69 14.06 14.71 12.76 13.70 12.87 12.62 12.82 10.75 10.69
MnO 0.35 0.32 0.33 0.36 0.65 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.81 0.98 0.47 0.56
MgO 11.18 10.89 11.57 19.18 13.23 13.05 13.58 14.32 13.93 14.20 14.45 16.63 16.63
CaO 10.37 10.29 10.63 10.40 11.72 11.70 11.40 10.54 10.70 10.55 10.55 11.98 11.62
Na2O 2.02 2.13 2.13 1.25 0.96 0.76 1.66 1.26 1.24 1.30 1.08 0.57 0.69
K2O 0.58 0.61 0.58 0.25 0.62 0.58 0.45 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.20 0.29 0.32
Cl 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.08
=O 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04
F 0.08 0.14 0.08 0.42 0.12 0.12 0.21 0.12 0.41 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.03
=O 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.17 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.01
Total 95.67 95.56 95.08 96.24 97.13 97.11 96.22 97.37 94.62 96.23 96.41 97.12 97.06
Atoms (O = 23)
Si 6.361 6.370 6.375 7.679 6.978 7.059 6.893 6.905 6.769 6.986 7.106 7.477 7.496
Al 2.349 2.372 2.373 0.392 1.324 1.256 1.359 1.423 1.525 1.404 1.223 0.644 0.640
Ti 0.130 0.138 0.128 0.066 0.113 0.081 0.165 0.127 0.145 0.109 0.098 0.072 0.082
Fe 1.869 1.850 1.670 0.916 1.739 1.821 1.588 1.680 1.623 1.557 1.579 1.297 1.290
Mn 0.045 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.081 0.079 0.081 0.082 0.086 0.101 0.122 0.058 0.069
Mg 2.523 2.457 2.609 4.072 2.917 2.882 3.008 3.129 3.133 3.123 3.171 3.575 3.576
Ca 1.682 1.668 1.722 1.587 1.856 1.855 1.817 1.655 1.729 1.667 1.664 1.851 1.796
Na 0.591 0.624 0.623 0.346 0.276 0.219 0.479 0.359 0.361 0.373 0.308 0.159 0.194
K 0.112 0.117 0.112 0.046 0.116 0.109 0.085 0.047 0.040 0.048 0.038 0.054 0.059
Cl 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.023 0.023 0.016 0.013 0.013 0.019 0.020
F 0.036 0.064 0.038 0.188 0.055 0.054 0.096 0.056 0.194 0.064 0.069 0.060 0.013
XMg 0.574 0.571 0.610 0.816 0.627 0.613 0.653 0.651 0.659 0.667 0.667 0.734 0.735

n denotes number of analyses.

XMg expresses Mg/(Mg + Fe) (atoms).

© 2009 The Authors

Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology
 Intrusive rocks and porphyry Cu, Mindanao

Table 4 Chemical composition of primary biotite in the phyry at Masara have the highest Cl content (Cl =
biotite diorite pophryry in the Kingking porphyry 1.90wt%) while the apatites in the dioritic intrusive
copper-gold deposit
rocks at Kingking and Maragusan have low Cl contents
Sample No. EB 63 54.5 of 0.28 wt% and 0.19 wt%, respectively. In terms of F
Description Phenocryst core rim content, the apatites in hornblende quartz diorite from
n 6 33 Maragusan have the highest content of 2.8 wt%.
SiO2 (wt%) 36.91 37.84 Apatite in the biotite diorite porphyry at Kingking
Al2O3 14.44 13.33 has F content of 2.19 wt% and apatite in hornblende
TiO2 3.05 3.70 diorite at Masara has F content of 1.42 wt%. The SO3
FeO 12.74 12.10
MnO 0.11 0.07
content on the other hand is highest in the apatites in
MgO 16.82 17.55 the biotite diorite porphyry at Kingking at 0.55 wt%.
CaO 0.03 0.07 Apatites in hornblende quartz diorite from Masara
Na2O 0.37 0.26 and Maragusan have almost similar SO3 content at
K2O 8.94 8.89 0.24 wt%.
Cl 0.11 0.13
=O 0.05 0.06
F 0.15 0.25 6. Discussion
=O 0.06 0.11
Total 93.55 94.03 6.1 Magmatism and ore-bearing intrusions at
Atoms(O = 22) Kingking
Si 5.552 5.633
Al 5.759 5.266
The formation of hydrothermal ore deposits is closely
Ti 0.345 0.414 linked with subduction-zone magmatism. A lot of
Fe 1.602 1.507 studies have suggested association of porphyry copper
Mn 0.014 0.009 and epithermal gold mineralization with adakitic mag-
Mg 3.771 3.893 matism (e.g. Sajona & Maury, 1998; Oyarzun et al., 2001;
Ca 0.005 0.01
Na 0.109 0.076
Chiaradia et al., 2004; Borisova et al., 2006). Further-
K 1.714 1.688 more, host intrusions associated with porphyry copper
Cl 0.028 0.034 deposits are oxidized and magnetite-series rocks (e.g.
F 0.072 0.118 Ishihara, 1981; Imai, 2000; 2001; 2002). The magma
XMg 0.702 0.721 responsible for the ore-bearing intrusions in the Kingk-
n denotes number of analyses. ing porphyry copper deposit is generally diorite in
XMg expresses Mg/(Mg+Fe) (atoms). composition and belongs to the medium-K calc-
alkaline suite. Most of the dioritic rocks are also iden-
Table 5 Cl, F and SO3 contents of microphenocrystic
tified as adakitic, based on their Sr/Y ratios. Magnetite
apatites from the diorites in Kingking and other areas microphenocrysts are commonly observed in these
in southeastern Mindanao diorites. The hornblendes and biotites generally exhibit
a magnesian composition, with high average XMg
Sample No. KK2-11-1A MAR-22-1A M-21-3A
Locality Kingking Maragusan Masara values of 0.57–0.82 and 0.60–0.79, respectively. The
Rock type biotite hornblende hornblende microphenocrystic apatites also show high SO3 content
diorite quartz diorite diorite at 0.55wt%. Thus, the magma which formed intrusions
porphyry porphyry at Kingking was solidified under oxidizing condition.
Description Inclusions in Inclusions in Inclusions in
The oxidizing condition of magmas suggested by the
honblende honblende honblende
and high XMg of mafic silicate phenocrysts and SO3 contents
plagioclase of microphenocrystic apatite has been argued for
n 15 9 2 the intrusive rocks associated with porphyry copper
(wt%) deposits in western Luzon arc, Philippines (Imai, 2001;
Cl 0.284 0.188 1.903 2002; 2004).
F 2.192 2.813 1.419 The hornblende diorite porphyry is the earlier intru-
SO3 0.546 0.242 0.245 sion relative to the diorite porphyry and the biotite
n denotes number of analyses. diorite porphyry based on the observed relationships
between the diorites. The major element oxides of these
intrusions show that diorite porphyry is more differ-

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Journal compilation © 2009 The Society of Resource Geology 259
L. O. Suerte et al.
entiated compared to the hornblende diorite porphyry.
Thus, the diorite porphyry seems to be derived from
the hornblende diorite porphyry magma through dif-
ferentiation. During the differentiation, a significant
amount of ferromagnesian minerals was removed from
the magma. What remained after the hornblende
diorite porphyry crystallized formed the diorite por-
phyry. The result of geochemical analyses suggests that
the diorite porphyry, hornblende diorite porphyry and
biotite diorite porphyry display identical decreasing
trends in their major and trace element contents with
increasing SiO2. This indicates that the three diorites
are most likely genetically related and that the source of
magma is the same for these intrusions. These decreas-
ing trends are related to the major fractionating phases:
plagioclase, amphibole, Fe-Ti oxides and biotite. Thus,
the magma which formed the biotite diorite porphyry
was enriched in incompatible elements. Such high-K
magma may have been formed by differentiation,
while biotite-bearing intrusion is very rare in the
Philippines. Thus, the biotite diorite porphyry may
have been intruded after the hornblende diorite por-
phyry and the diorite porphyry.
6.2 Magmatism in south-eastern Mindanao
and metallogenic implication
Magmatism in south-eastern Mindanao consists of
Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the Pujada Ophiolite
south of the study area and the Eocene to Recent lava
flows, ash and lapilli cones, domes and dikes scattered
throughout south-eastern Mindanao. Some of these
volcanic rocks are intruded by Eocene to Miocene dior-
ites (Mitchell & Leach, 1991; Sajona et al., 1997; Yumul
et al., 2003). The Eocene magmatic rocks in eastern Min-
danao are arc tholeiites, while Miocene-Early Pliocene
rocks are generally calc-alkaline and the young volca-
nic rocks are mostly adakitic (Sajona et al., 1997).
This study shows that Miocene rocks in south-
eastern Mindanao are calc-alkaline. The dioritic rocks
in south-eastern Mindanao are adakitic in Sr/Y-Y
diagram, but not in La/Yb-Yb diagram due to rela-
tively low SREE contents. This pattern is consistent
with adakitic volcanic rocks in south-eastern Mind-
anao (Jego et al., 2005). The origin of adakitic magmas
in south-eastern Mindanao are not clear whether they
were derived from melting of subducted slab directly
or not.
This study suggests some criteria to search for
other porphyry copper deposits, with appropriate
modifications, in nearby and similar areas. An
260
Oligocene-Miocene diorite intrusive complex (horn-
blende diorite porphyry and biotite diorite porphyry),
which is the product of calc-alkaline, hydrous (with
biotite and hornblende phenocrysts), oxidizing (high
XMg of mafic silicate phenocrystic mineral and high
SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite) magma,
may be associated with porphyry-type copper
mineralization.
7. Conclusions
The three main intrusive rocks in the Kingking por-
phyry copper deposit are the hornbelnde diorite por-
phyry, diorite porphyry and the biotite diorite
porphyry. These porphyry intrusions are genetically
related through magmatic differentiation. Other intru-
sive rocks in south-eastern Mindanao include horn-
blende diorite porphyry and hornblende quartz
diorite. They are diorite in composition, calc-alkaline
and belong to the medium-K suite. The magmas are
oxidizing as suggested by the high XMg of mafic silicate
phenocrysts and SO3 contents of microphenocrystic
apatite. They are adakitic in Sr/Y-Y diagram, but not
in La/Yb-Yb diagram due to relatively low SREE
contents.
An Oligocene-Miocene diorite intrusive complex
(hornblende diorite porphyry and biotite diorite por-
phyry), formed by calc-alkaline, hydrous, oxidizing
magma is considered to be associated with porphyry-
type copper-gold mineralization.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Mr Ed Tabada and Mr Bob Ramirez
and to the other staff of Benguet Corporation for their
kind permission to collect samples from the deposit.
We thank Prof Koichiro Watanabe, for the helpful
advice and warm encouragement, Dr Kotaro Yonezu
for helpful support with chemical preparation proce-
dures and measurement of REE contents using ICP-MS
done at the Center of Advanced Instrumental Analysis,
Kyushu University and Mr Hideto Yoshida of the
Department of Earth and Planetary Science of the Uni-
versity of Tokyo, for valuable support with electron
probe microanalysis. Constructive comments by
Resource Geology reviewers significantly improved this
paper.
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