CENTRAL MODEL SCHOOL

BARRACKPORE,
23, River Side Rd, Cantonment,
Barrackpore, West Bengal 700120,

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2022-23
AISSCE

TO INVESTIGATE THE NEW EMERGING

ELECTRICITY
GENERATING TECHNIQUE

Submitted by,
SOHAM MONDAL
CLASS-XII, 'D'
BOARD ROLL NO.

BONA FIDE CERTIFICATE

It is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine investigation
work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter
and the related data collection and investigation has been
completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily done by
SOHAM MONDAL of Class XII, Central Model School
Barrackpore, regarding the project titled, “TO
INVESTIGATE THE NEW
EMERGING ELECTRICITYGENERATING
TECHNIQUES”

Teacher’s Signature

Submitted for ALL India SENIOR SECONDARY

EXAMINATION held on 2023 at CENTRAL MODEL
SCHOOL, BARRACKPORE .

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of those persons who
helped to make it possible. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude in few words and respect to all those who helped me in
the completion of this project.
It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses of
gratitude to my Physics teacher, N.G.PATRA for his valuable
support, constant help and guidance at each and every stage,
without which this project would not have come forth.
I also register my sense of gratitude to our principal, for his
immense encouragement that has made this project successful.
I would also like to thank my friends and family for encouraging
me during the course of this project.
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for giving us
the opportunity to undertake this project.

Project Overview
 Aim:
To investigate about the newly generating electricity
generating techniques

INTRODUCTION-Civilization is under
threat. It seems clear that traditional
methods of generating electricity are
unsustainable and we must find new ways
to generate electricity that do not
produce as much carbon (or dust off old
ones, like natural gas and nuclear
power).

The need for alternative power sources

isn't new. We've seen massive solar
arrays unveiled in vast deserts,
enormous on-and-offshore windfarms,
wave-beams converting the power of our
oceans, and biomass solutions arrive and
disappear.

However, these forms of alternative

energy are not the only game in town.
Here are 10 new ways to generate
electricity.
1. Harvesting Body Heat:-Several major
cities have established projects that harvest heat
trapped in their vast metro systems. The millions
of commuters, plus the train engines and brakes,
operating in the sealed metro environment
generates a huge amount of heat.

Metro operators have long been aware of the heat

issue, too, having to spend considerable amounts
of money to dissipate the heat through
conventional means. However, metro operators
are now putting that excess heat to better use:
powering and heating local houses and
businesses. In London, hundreds of homes around
Highbury & Islington are part of a scheme to
harvest heat from the London Underground, while
similar schemes exist across Europe.

But it isn't just underground metro services

harvesting and converting heat. For example, The
2.5 million-square-foot shopping mecca, Mall of
America, utilizes the heat generated by the sheer
volume of people passing through it. This heat
combats the usually harsh Minnesotan winter---
so much so that the building has no traditional
central heating system---innovative thinking for
the designers, way back in the early 90s.

2. Confiscated Alcohol:-

When life gives you lemons, burn the lemons, and use them
to power trains.

Sweden's national customs service confiscates hundreds of

thousands of illegally smuggled alcohol each year. Rather
than pour it all down the drain, which is a waste, why not
convert it into something useful?

Working with Svensk Biogas AB, the Swedish customs

agency aims to continue converting this free resource into
power for as long as smugglers keep attempting to cross the
border. By 2013, bus fleets in more than a dozen Swedish
cities ran on biogas, though not all from the smuggled
alcohol.

3. Used Adult Diapers:-

Japan's population is getting old fast. While the aging
Japanese population may be of wider economic
concern, Tottori-based Super Faiths Inc.'s innovative
SFD Recycling System sees the burden as a power-
solution and is certainly an interesting alternative way
of generating electricity.

The SFD Recycling System takes used diapers, then

sterilizes, pulverizes, and dries them in their patented
machine, returning biomass pellets ready for burning
in the appropriate furnace, returning around 5,000
kcal per kg recycled.
Not a bad return for an entirely useless landfill article.
Capable of "servicing" around 700lb of used diapers
per day, the system could well make its way into
retirement homes and large hospitals.

4. Fuel Cells—Fueling the Future!:-

You probably know that turning off the lights and the
water, and not wasting paper are all ways to help the
environment and conserve our resources. Did you
know that another way is to use fuel cells? A fuel cell is
a device that converts the energy in chemicals to
electricity and it creates no pollution. The starting
chemical does not have to be something complex — in
fact you it can even be water! In this science fair
project try your own hand at converting water to
electricity with the help of a fuel cell.5. Thorium
Reactors:-Miniature nuclear reactors powered by just
one ton of radioactive thorium could feature in a new
generation of local power generation schemes. That
said, thorium reactors would require high-energy
neutrons to trigger their fissile activity, which has led
British scientists to begin work on miniature particle
accelerators.

A prototype, the Electron Model of Many Applications,

or EMMA, operates at around 20 million electron volts,
or 20MeV, which is a strong start. That said, a fair
degree of skepticism remains around the use of
thorium and the practicalities of building and
maintaining a larger number of local nuclear reactors.
6. Solar Power in Space:-

What could be more exciting or futuristic than a

massive solar array, floating on a platform above the
planet, beaming wireless electricity toward the Earth's
surface. There are many advantages to this option: no
need to take up valuable real estate on Earth and no
energy fluctuations caused by weather.
That said, there is a long way to go with this form of
alternative electricity generation. Wireless electricity
transmission, long-term radiation shielding, meteorite
protection, and the sheer cost of putting the equipment
into orbit are just some of the stumbling blocks.

But John C. Mankins, President of the Space Power

Association and Artemis Innovation, believes that just
as nuclear power has received decades of research
and billions of dollars of research funding, why
shouldn't there be a serious financial effort toward
harvesting solar power from space?

In practice, a space solar power project might work

something like this:

A large geostationary array would collect and focus

light from the sun.
Photo-voltaic cells would convert that light into
electricity.
That electricity would be used to power a microwave
laser, aimed towards a ground station on Earth.
Microwave energy would be received by the antenna
array and converted back into electricity.

7. Solar Wind:-
While we're on the subject of space, let's talk about
solar wind.

The solar wind consists of an enormous number of

charged particles emitted by the sun at extremely high
speeds. In principle, these particles can generate
electricity by using an enormous solar sail and a
charged wire, which generates energy from the solar
wind passing along it.

According to a preliminary analysis by the University of

Washington, the amount of power you can generate is
essentially limitless, constrained only by the size of
the solar sail you deploy.

Three hundred meters of copper wire, attached to a

two-meter wide receiver and a 10-meter sail, could
generate sufficient electricity for 1,000 households.
A satellite with a 1,000-meter cable and a sail 8,400km
wide could generate one billion billion gigawatts of
power.
Sounds good? It would be—if we could produce and
launch such a solar sail into an appropriate orbit.

It's worth noting that that isn't as far-fetched as you

might think. Japan's Aerospace Exploration Agency
successfully launched IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-
craft Accelerated by Radiation of the Sun) in 2010,
becoming the first spacecraft to utilize solar-sailing as
its main form of propulsion. Their continued
exploration is providing immensely valuable data to
research scientists in several key areas.

That said, IKAROS is much smaller than the sails

considered, so don't hold your breath for solar wind to
become a practical option in the immediate future.
In 2019, The Planetary Society deployed LightSail 2 as a
secondary payload on one of SpaceX's Falcon Heavy
rockets. The LightSail 2 successfully deployed its sail,
although its overall success is limited. In The
Planetary Society's words, "About one-third of the time,
we [LightSail 2] have been in 'detumble' mode,
reducing the momentum wheel speed and allowing our
torque rods to remove angular momentum from the
system."

8. Jellyfish:-

Our oceans are becoming more acidic. As such,

Jellyfish populations are soaring. Most of them aren't
for human consumption, but they may prove more
useful for another global issue. Swedish researchers
have been steadily liquifying large numbers of
Aequorea victoria, a glowing jellyfish common to North
America's shores.

The Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) contained within

the jellyfish can be used to create miniature fuel-cells
that could be used to power a generation of medical
nano-devices. GFP, applied to aluminum electrodes
and exposed to ultra-violet light, generates power
measuring in the "tens of nano-amperes."

It's not insignificant. The development of biological

fuels could enable further research into bio-nano
technologies that require no external fuel or electrical
current to continue functioning. If the technology
could be scaled-up, it could be extremely useful in the
long-run, especially if our oceanic acidity issue
continues.

9. Harvesting and Recycling Radio Waves:-A

research team focusing on recycling radio waves is
hoping to deploy their technology across multiple
sites. The idea of harvesting and recycling radio waves
and other electromagnetic waves isn't entirely new,
but the harvesting scale is increasing.

The research team, led by Manos Tentzeris, has

developed the technology to recycle and collect
energy from multiple sources, including Wi-Fi, TV
channels, handheld electronic devices, and much
more. The collection process uses ultra-wideband
antennas that can receive a huge range of signals
across different frequency ranges.

Radio signals and other electromagnetic frequencies

are constantly transmitting all around us. Turning
some of those frequencies back into energy would be a
game-changer and a highly innovative method of
electricity generation.

10. Out of Thin Air:-The holy grail of energy and

electricity production is to create it from thin air,
creating an endless and inexhaustible energy source.
A research team at the University of Massachusetts
Amherst believes they have created a device that uses
a natural protein to create electricity from the
moisture present in the air.
 "Air-gen" uses tiny electrically conductive protein-
based nanowires. The research team connects the
nanowires to a generator, which generates electricity
from the humidity and moisture in the air.

At the time of writing, the project remains small scale.

But the eventual goal is to scale up to full electricity
production.

Conclusion
The systems perspective used in the development of this second
Quadrennial Technology Review has enabled the identification
of energy systems convergence, diversity within sectors, and
efficiency everywhere as broad
themes for organizing RDD&D activities. Additionally, the
integration of fundamental research opportunities with
technology development programs has enabled the identification
of the confluence of advanced research
tools, such as high-performance computing and materials
characterization facilities, with design and control of complex
systems, as a new paradigm in RDD&D.
Energy stakeholders can take advantage of the rapidly emerging
set of tools for creating new generations of materials, devices,
and systems for energy applications. Strengthened analysis and
assessment programs should inform sector-specific and
crosscutting RDD&D initiatives. Continuing to drive a well-
diversified portfolio of
energy research is essential to meeting the strategic objectives of
the nation.
 Precautions :-
1. Avoid water at all times when working with electricity.
Never touch or try repairing any electrical equipment or circuits
with wet hands. It increases the conductivity of electric current.

2. Never use equipment with frayed cords, damaged insulation

or broken plugs.

3. If you are working on any receptacle at your home then

always turn off the mains. It is also a good idea to put up a sign
on the service panel so that nobody turns the main switch ON by
accident.

4. Always use insulated tools while working.

5. Electrical hazards include exposed energized parts and

unguarded electrical equipment which may become energized
unexpectedly. Such equipment always carries warning signs like
“Shock Risk”. Always be observant of such signs and follow the
safety rules established by the electrical code followed by the
country you’re in.
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