Behavior of Distance Protections near Wind Farms
Rita Isabel Alexandre Lúcio
Instituto Superior Técnico
Abstract—Over the years, the concern for the environment lead to the
introduction of the renewable energy, particularly wind energy, into the
electrical national grid. The liberalization of energy markets in renewable
energy and the interest of private investors had created small units of
production that lead the new concept of Distributed Generation. This
new concept of energy production leads to the need of stability studies
mainly due to the unpredictability of wind generation.
The major requirement to connect a new unit of Distributed Genera-
tion to the electrical national grid is the good coordination between the
protection scheme of the generation unit and the remaining network.
This thesis intends to study the impact on Distance Protection of voltage
drops near wind turbines.
In this sense, fault simulations on electrical national grid near a
wind farm are performed using PSS/E software. The purpose of this
simulations are the study of the influence on the voltage drop of the
most commonly wind turbines used in Portugal, the influence on voltage
drop of fluctuation of frequency, the influence of a reconnection of the
branch after a voltage drop and the behavior of Distance Relays under
power swing conditions.
Index Terms—Distance Protection, Wind Turbine, Distributed Gener-
ation, Voltage Drop, Power Swing.
I. I NTRODUCTION
A. Motivation
In the latest years, the preservation of the environment and the
increase of the price of fossil fuels became the major reasons for
the increase of Renewable Energy. The wind energy is the most
developed renewable energy.
Due to the unpredictability of wind production and the number of
wind turbines installed in Portugal, the national grid had to suffer
some changes to keep the stability of the system.
B. Distributed Generation
The concept of Distributed Generation (DG) is a new definition
for some power sources with characteristics mentioned below ([1]
and [2]):
• Small units of generation, compared to conventional power
plants;
• Privately owned;
• Not centrally dispatched;
• Connected to Medium Voltage or Low Voltage distributed
networks;
• Contribute to frequency and voltage control;
• Not considered when the grid is planned.
The major reasons for the increase of DG are the energy markets
liberalization and the policy for reduction of CO2 emissions.
II. D ISTANCE P ROTECTION
A. Concept
The purpose of Distance Protection is to detect a fault in a network.
The protection calculates the impedance (zp ) of the branch from the
local where the protection is installed to the local where the fault
occurred. The impedance calculation is made using the voltage (Vp )
and current (Ip ) measured by the protection.
Vp
zp = (1)
Ip
The impedance value calculated by the protection is compared
with the known value of the branch. If the protection impedance is
smaller than the branch impedance, the protection will detect the
fault and send a signal to the relay to trip.
The fault impedance detected by the protection is proportional
with the distance between the protection and the fault local.
B. Principles of Operation
Some requirements have to be accomplished to make sure that the
protective system is effective:
• Sensibility - the protection must only trip when there is a fault
in the branch where the protection is installed. The protection
must have back-up zones to protect the branches that are
downstream of the protection location;
• Selectivity - the protection has to be ability to isolate the faulty
branch from the remaining network;
• Speed of operation - the protection must eliminate the fault
in the shortest time possible to decrease the damage that it can
cause to electrical equipment. The faster the protection operates
the less will be the probability that the electrical grid turns into
an unstable system;
• Dependency - the protection must operate if the fault occur
in the branch where it is located or in case the downstream
protection does not operate.
C. Operating Characteristics
As has been described, the sensibility of the protection is defined
in zones of operation. This zones have operating characteristics that
are defined by a region limited by the operation impedance, zop , that
is obtained in function of δp [3].
The Distance Protection only operates when zp ≤ zop and stays
inactive if zp > zop [4]. As has been referred, zp is the impedance
measured by the protection and can also be represented as zp =
rp + jxp , where rp and xp are, respectively, the resistance and the
reactance measured by the protection.
The impedance is a complex number so it is represented in a
complex plan, where the real axis represents values of resistance,
r, and the imaginary axis represents values of reactance, x. Also
the operating characteristics and the values of impedance measured
on relay terminals are represented in a complex plan called R-X
Diagram [3].
The Distance Protections can operate in many ways, depending on
their operating characteristic. Below, the most used types of Distance
Protections are presented ([5] and [3]):
a) Non-directional: this protection has a circular shape witch
the center is coincident with the R-X Diagram origin and the radius
is zop (Fig. 1(a));
b) Mho: this protection has also a circular characteristic that
passes through the origin of the R-X Diagram. The fact of the
protection doesn’t operate in the third quadrant (π < δp < 3π/2),
means that the protection is directional (Fig. 1(b)).
c) Offset Mho: this type of protection is very similar to Mho
protection but this one covers a part of the third quadrant, this means
that the Offset Mho type of protection has the ability to protect the
bus where the protection is installed (Fig. 1(c));

d) Elliptical: the operating characteristic of this protection has
an elliptical shape that passes through the origin of R-X Diagram.
This type of protection has directionality and presents more selec-
tivity than the Mho protection (Fig. 1(d));
e) Reactance: this protection trips when xp ≤ xop . The
operating characteristic of this relay is represented by a horizontal
straight line. The main characteristic of this relay is the fact of
the resistive component of the impedance doesn’t have influence its
operation (Fig. 1(e));
f) Polygonal: this type of protection has a characteristic with
a polygonal shape. This protection represents the type that is more
similar with the real area described by zp in case of a fault (Fig.
1(f)).
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of types of Operating
Characteristics of Distance Protection, figure adapted from [3]: a)
Non-directional; b) Mho; c) Offset Mho; d) Elliptical; e)
Reactance; f) Polygonal.
D. Mode of Operation
Most of the Distance Protections have directionality that makes
the protection to operate only operates when the current has a direct
direction. To protect the electrical grid in direct and reverse directions
two protections in each branch of the network must be installed (Fig.
2).
Fig. 2: Representation of the mode of operation of Distance
Protections, figure adapted from [3].
With this mode of installation of Distance Protections it is possible
to protect all the quadrants of R-X Diagram and protect the network
faults.
The protection system coordination is essential to accomplish with
principles described in section II-B, so each Distance Protection has
three operation zones temporized with each other.
The first zone is an instantaneous zone, the second and the third
zones are backup zones that operate only when the fault happens on
downstream branches and the protection of that branch doesn’t trip
at the right time.
With the purpose of preventing Distance Protections from tripping
at the same time and unnecessarily (selectivity), each zone has a
delay time (ta ). In this article steps of time for each zone are
considered (Fig. 3).
2
Fig. 3: Schematic representation of Distance Protection selectivity,
figure adapted from [3].
E. Problems of Application
Distance Protection does not have a 100% precision index, due to
several errors that can be caused by:
• Relays intrinsic precision - this imprecision is caused by
material limitations. This error is around 5% [6];
• Measuring Transformers imprecisions - to measure the
branch voltage and current measuring transformers are needed.
As all electrical equipments, also measuring transformers have
precision errors [6];
• Imprecisions on branches impedance calculations - branch
impedance value has some variations. This variations are due to
climacteric conditions like humidity, wind speed and tempera-
ture [6];
• Transverse line capacitance - transversal capacitance is usually
despised on short circuit calculations. For branches longer than
100km the value of this parameter starts to increase when a
fault occurs [6];
• Electromagnetic transient associated with faults - a fault
is always followed by electromagnetic transient phenomena.
The transient leads to current and voltage harmonics with fre-
quencies than fundamental frequency. The impedance measured
by Distance Protection considers the current and the voltage
harmonics. This harmonics are noises and can lead to errors
[6];
• Underreaching and Overreaching errors - an Underreach
Distance Protection concept occurs when the fault impedance
calculated by the protection is higher than the protection
impedance setting. For the other hand, an Overreach Distance
Protection concept occurs when the fault impedance calculated
by the protection is smaller than the protection impedance
setting [6].
F. Settings of Relay zones
To avoid the errors mentioned on section II-E a safety factor is
considered. The values of the safety factor are the typical values used
on Distance Protection zones calculation.
The first zone (Z1 ) is a zone of instantaneous operation. The time
delay should be smaller than 40ms. This zone is normally set to
reach of 90% of the branch where the protection is installed.
Z1 = 0, 9 × ZIR (2)
(ZIR represents the impedance of the branch where the protection
is installed.)
The second zone (Z2 ) is considered the first backup zone. The
time delay typically selected is between 200ms and 500ms. The
reach of zone 2 is set cover the entire protection branch and the
downstream bus.
Z2 = 0, 85 × (ZIR + 0, 9 × ZIIB ) (3)
ZIIB = 0, 9 × ZIIR (4)

(ZIIR represents the impedance of the largest electrical branch
connected with the downstream bus and ZIIB is the ZIIR parcel
considered on zone 2 calculation.)
At last, the third zone (Z3 ) should have a time delay approximately
of 1000ms. This zone is the second backup zone that should protect
the branch where is installed the Distance Protection and all the
largest downstream branch [7].
Iccrest
Z3 = ZIR + 1, 2 × ZIIR × (1 + ) (5)
Iccprotection
(Iccprotection represents the current measured by the protection
and Iccrest represents the sum of all currents that are linked to
protection downstream bus except the protection bus and the branch
where occurred the fault, equation 6 (Fig.4).)
Iccrest = IB + ID + IE (6)
Fig. 4: Schematic representation of a fault on simple electrical grid,
figure adapted from [7].
III. S TUDY OF WIND TURBINE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR
A. Wind Turbines
In the 90’s, due to the high number of installed wind turbines in
Portugal, wind turbines with power electronics were installed. The
advantage of these wind turbines is the facility of power control and
the maximization of the performance when the wind turbine operates
with a variable speed.
There are two groups of wind turbines that are distinguished by
the type of electromechanical conversion used [8]:
• Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) - this wind turbine
has the rotor connected to the generator by a gearbox to adapt
the speed of the turbine to the generator rotation speed. The
stator of the machine is connected to the electrical grid trough
AC/DC/AC converter and through a elevator transformer, [9];
• Variable Speed Synchronous Generator (VSSG) - the main
characteristic of this kind of with turbine is the absence of
a gearbox, this means that the machine rotation speed is the
same of the speed of the wind turbine. The adjustment of the
electrical frequency of the generator to the frequency of the
electrical grid is done using an AC/DC/AC converter system.
This wind turbine also has an elevator transformer that makes
the connection between the converter and the electrical grid,
[9];
These two kinds of wind turbines are very sensitive to drop
voltages. This drop voltage causes high currents and high voltages
that could destroy the electrical components of converters.
Nowadays, DFIG and VSSG wind turbines have the ability to
support drop voltages without disconnecting from the electrical grid.
B. Wind Turbine Transient
The DFIG and VSSG wind generators have different performances
during and after a drop voltage.
During the fault, the DFIG wind generator injects reactive power
on electrical grid but if the voltage drops under 0.1pu the generator
is disconnected from electrical grid. On the other hand, the VSSG
wind turbine has three mode to operate when a fault occurs [8]:
3
1) Zero Power Mode (ZPM) - during a voltage drop the wind
turbines stops the injection of active and reactive power. When
the voltage starts to increase and passes through a particular
value the wind turbine starts to inject active and reactive power
with a ramp function till this electrical characteristics get to
the initial values.
2) Active Power Mode (APM) - during the drop voltage the
wind turbine injects active current.
3) Current Angle Mode (CAM) - during the drop voltage
the wind turbine injects current with a configurable voltage
argument.
Operation modes APM and CAM are only possible if the voltage
on generator terminals is greater than 0.1pu, otherwise the generator
control system forces it to operate on ZPM mode [11]. All kinds of
wind turbines (DFIG and VSSG) are protected by an undervoltage
protection, this protection trips when the voltage drops under 0.8pu
and disconnects the wind farm from the electrical grid.
C. Simulation of wind turbine transient
Fig. 5: Electrical grid on analysis.
In this section a fault is simulated on Pereiro [30206] - Espariz
[30233] bus, near Espariz [30233] bus, from the electrical grid on
Fig. 5, using each kind of wind turbines described on this article.
In Fig. 6 temporal evolution of voltage is represented, active and
reactive power on EP1 [72334] bus (bus where the wind farm is
installed). The fault occurs at t = 100ms and at t = 200ms the
branch where the fault occurred trip due to the distance protection
operation.
• DFIG wind farm installed at EP1 [72334] bus - At Fig. 6(a)
it’s visible that the voltage on EP1 bus is greater than 0.1pu,
so the wind farm keeps connected with the electrical grid. The
active power injected in the grid is practically zero, on the other
hand the reactive power injected in the grid, during 20ms, is
greater than the reactive power injected in the grid before the
fault, Fig. 6(b) and Fig. 6(c).
• VSSG wind farm installed at EP1 [72334] bus, with ZPM
mode active - The control system has a time delay of 20ms on
voltage measurement (Fig. 6(a)). The voltage value measured at
EP1 bus is null due to the block of the inverter that connects the
generator with the electrical grid. When the fault is eliminated
(at t = 200ms) the generator starts to inject active and reactive
power on grid, Fig. 6(b) and Fig. 6(c).
• VSSG wind farm installed at EP1 [72334] bus, with APM
mode active - On Fig. 6(a) can be verified that after 60ms
from the fault the voltage at EP1 bus drops under 0.1pu, so
the control system forces the wind turbine to operate on ZPM
mode.
• VSSG wind farm installed at EP1 [72334] bus, with CAM
mode active - This mode of operation is different from the other

two modes of VSSG wind turbines. These differences are due
to the injection of reactive power during the fault, Fig. 6(c). The
injection of reactive power is the support of voltage to avoid
ZPM mode operation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 6: Temporal evolution of voltage, (a), active power, (b), and
reactive power, (c), on EP1bus. On EP1 bus there are connected a
DFIG wind farm, or a VSSG wind farm with one of operate modes
activated: ZPM, APM, or CAM. The fault occurred at Espariz
[30233] - Pereiro [30206] branch, near Espariz bus.
IV. S TUDY OF D ISTANCE P ROTECTION BEHAVIOR
A. Behavior of Distance Protection during a voltage drop
To analyze the behavior of distance protection installed near wind
farms when the occurrence of a fault, in this section, a fault at
Espariz-Pereiro branch, near Espariz bus, is simulated, Fig. 5. At
bus EP1 [72334] is installed a wind farm that is composed by DFIG
wind turbines, or VSSG wind turbines with a ZPM mode active, or
VSSG with a APM mode active or VSSG with a CAM mode active.
In the electrical grid represented on Fig. 5 there are installed two
protections on SEI-EZ - Espariz branch. The protection installed near
4
SEI-EZ bus has the aim to protect the grid on the direct direction of
the current, the protection installed near Espariz bus has the aim to
protect the grid from the reverse currents.
Fig. 7 shows, on a r-x diagram, the impedances trajectory mea-
sured by distance protection, installed on SEI-EZ bus under the
conditions mentioned before. As can be verified through the Fig.7,
the distance protection detect the fault and operates tripping the
expecting zone, Zone 2, independently of the type of wind turbine
installed on EP1 bus. The only difference that can be observed
between the behaviors of the distance protection referring with
the differents wind turbine is the impedance trajectory after the
elimination of the fault.
Fig. 7: Impedance trajectory measured by distance protection
during the occurrence of a fault at Espariz-Pereiro branch, near
Espariz bus.
Temporal evolutions of the current that passes through the distance
protection are shown in Fig. 8. Also on Fig. 8 it can be observed
that the current measured on ZPM and APM modes drops under the
established minimum of current of 0.8pu, forcing the protection to
turn off.
Fig. 8: Temporal evolution of current measured by distance
protection during the occurrence of a fault at Espariz-Pereiro
branch, near Espariz bus.
B. Impact of frequency fluctuation on Distance Protection
When a fault occurs on an electrical grid some frequency varia-
tions are detected due to generator speed variations. To understand
the influence of frequency variations, the frequencies on Espariz and
SEI-EZ buses were monitorized during the occurrence of faults on
Espariz - Pereiro branch and Espariz - Penela branch. For each
simulation fault it is considered that on EP1 bus a wind farm is
connected and it is composed with DFIG wind turbines or with
VSSG wind turbines with a CAM mode active.
A fault can originate an increase of about 0.8% of the initial value
measured on SEI-EZ bus, as may be observed in Fig. 9.
 5

(a)

Fig. 9: Temporal evolution of frequency at SEI-EZ (in blue) and

Espariz (in red) buses when a fault at Espariz-Pereiro branch and
at Espariz-Penela branch occurs.

DFIG wind turbines cause bigger frequency variations than VSSG

- CAM mode wind turbines, as may be observed in Fig. 9.
Comparing the frequency variations measured in function of a bus
position, it is visible that the bus closer to the wind farm (SEI-EZ)
has frequency variations with a larger magnitude than the values (b)
measured from Espariz bus.
Fig. 10: Impedance trajectory measured by distance protection with
The influence of frequency on impedance is larger when the VSSG
and without reclosure of the faulted branch (in pink and blue,
wind turbines are connected to EP1 bus. In the other hand, when EP1
respectively). A VSSG wind farm connected at EP1 bus is
bus is connected to a DFIG wind generator the influence of frequency
simulated in Fig. a) while in Fig. b) a DFIG wind farm connected
variations on the impedance measured by the protection is smaller
at EP1 bus is simulated .
than 1%, which can be considered insignificant.

C. Impact of Reclosure on Distance Protection

or not, can cause undesirable trips of the protection system that can
In this section the influence of a reclosure of the faulted branch
cause more damage to the system.
after the elimination of the fault is analyzed. In the simulation
presented below it is considered that the fault happens at t = 0.1s,
the fault is eliminated at t = 0.2s, and the reclosure at t = 0.5s. B. Effect of Power Swing on Distance Protection
On Fig. 10 the simulations with and without reclosure are com-
pared. On Fig. 10(a), where a VSSG-CAM mode active wind farm is To study the power swing effects that the electrical grid presented
connected on EP1 bus, it’s visible that the two impedance trajectories below on Fig. 11 was used. This grid is composed by one DFIG
match with each other. On Fig. 10(b), where a DFIG wind farm is wind farm connected to Ribatejo bus and two VSSG wind farms
connected on EP1 bus, it’s visible that the two impedance trajectories with CAM mode active connected to Sines bus.
match with each other, at t = 0.5s the two trajectories have a small
divergence.

V. P OWER S WING
A. Power System Stability
The stability of a power system is determined by the ability
to return to the initial operation mode after the system has been
disturbed [12]. The stability of a system can be classified as:
Static Stability - when the system has a steady state and after an
occurrence of a small fault, the system returns to the initial point of
operation.
Transient stability - when the system has a steady state and after
an occurrence of a large disturbance, the system returns nearly to
the initial point of operation.
In a AC system all the generator rotates on synchronism. A
disturbance on the system can put it on a transient state and cause
a loss of synchronism between the generators [12].
When the generators lose the synchronism they can cause great
fluctuations on voltage and current values. The current swing, steady Fig. 11: Unifilar scheme of the electrical grid on study.
 6

Using the grid presented in Fig. 11 a fault in the middle of one

of the branches that connect Ribatejo and Sines buses is simulated.
In this simulations the fault occurs at t = 0.1s and the fault is
eliminated at t = 0.6s (Fig. 12 and 13) and t = 1.5s (Fig. 14 and
15).
• Fault elimination time: t = 0.6s.

Fig. 15: Impedance trajectory measured on A1 (cyan) and A2

(blue) distance protection.

The analysis of Fig. 12 to 15 shows that the increase of elimination

Fig. 12: Temporal evolution of Active Power of Thermoelectric time generates the increase of the fluctuations of the impedance and
Power Plants of Sines (blue) and Ribatejo (red) and of Wind farms the active power. The impedance oscillations when the elimination
connected to Sines bus (pink and cyan) and to Ribatejo bus (green). time is 1.5s cause the trip of Distance Protection.

C. Influence of the type of wind farms

To understand the influence of the weight of DFIG wind turbines
and VSSG in an electrical grid, the grid on Fig. 11 was adapted and
the wind farm connected to Ribatejo bus was changed to a VSSG
wind farm and the one connected to Sines bus was changed to a
DFIG wind farm, Fig 16.

Fig. 13: Impedance trajectory measured on A1 (cyan) and A2

(blue) distance protection.

• Fault elimination time: t = 1.5s.

Fig. 16: Unifilar scheme of the electrical grid for the study of the
influence of the type of wind farms.

Using the grid presented in Fig. 16, like in the section V-B, a fault
in the middle of one of the branches that connect Ribatejo and Sines
buses was simulated . In this simulations the fault occurs at t = 0.1s
and the fault is eliminated at t = 0.6s (Fig. 17 and 18) and t = 1.5s
(Fig. 19 and 20).

Fig. 14: Temporal evolution of Active Power of Thermoelectric

Power Plants of Sines (blue) and Ribatejo (red) and of Wind farms
connected to Sines bus (pink and cyan) and to Ribatejo bus (green).

• Fault elimination time: t = 0.6s.
Fig. 17: Temporal evolution of Active Power of Thermoelectric
Power Plants of Sines (blue) and Ribatejo (red) and of Wind farms
connected to Sines bus (pink and cyan) and to Ribatejo bus (green).
Fig. 18: Impedance trajectory measured on A1 (cyan) and A2
(blue) distance protection.
• Fault elimination time: t = 1.5s.
Fig. 19: Temporal evolution of Active Power of Thermoelectric
Power Plants of Sines (blue) and Ribatejo (red) and of Wind farms
connected to Sines bus (pink and cyan) and to Ribatejo bus (green).
Comparing the results of the simulation of this section with results
on the section V-B it’s verified that the active power has a similar
7
Fig. 20: Impedance trajectory measured on A1 (cyan) and A2
(blue) distance protection.
behavior on both electrical grids. The oscillations of impedances
measured on Distance Protection terminals on the grid of Fig. 16 are
more significant than on the ones measured on distance protection
terminals on the grid of Fig. 11.
VI. C ONCLUSION
The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior of Distance
Protections installed near wind farms under a voltage drop. To
accomplish this aim several simulations using PSS/E software were
performed.
In Chapter III the behavior of the most used wind turbines in
Portugal in a transient system was study. The most popular wind
turbines in Portugal are: DFIG (Doubly fed induction Generator)
and VSSG (Variable Speed Synchronous Generator). In this work
it was assumed that wind turbines have a control system that gives
the ability to remain connected to the grid during a voltage drop.
The VSSG supplier gives three options of performance during a
fault: ZPM (Zero Power Mode), APM (Active Power Mode), CAM
(Current Angle Mode).
In Chapter IV the behavior of Distance Protections near DFIG
wind turbine, or VSSG wind turbine with ZPM active mode, or with
APM active mode or with CAM active mode, were analyzed. Besides
the different operation modes of wind turbines the tripping zone of
Distance Protection is the same. The type of wind turbine in action
only influences the trajectory of impedance measured by Distance
Protection.
This study does not consider the influence of frequency fluctu-
ations on impedance value, so for this reason, there was made a
study to understand the importance of frequency fluctuations on
Distance Protection operation. This analysis lead to the conclusion
that the frequency fluctuations do not have impact on the operation of
Distance Protections but it is important to refer that this fluctuations
have more effect on impedance value when there are a DFIG wind
turbine.
Also in section IV-C the influence of line reclosure after the fault
clear in the Distance Protection, was tested. The reclosure doesn’t
have any influence in Distance Protection operation.
At last, on Chapter V, a study on the behavior of Distance
Protections about the influence of power swing on wind turbines
was made. The effects of power swing on a network with wind
turbine only cause a undesirable trip of Distance Protection for a high
value of elimination time, this values are not normal to the protection
system. In this chapter the behavior of Distance Protections was also
analyzed having in consideration the value of power produced by
DFIG and VSSG generated on the network. With this study it was
 8

concluded that when there was more energy produced by VSSG

wind turbines the value of impedance measured on the protection
terminals have greater swings.
In summary, the behavior of Distance Protections installed near
wind farms was not influenced by wind turbines when typical fault
elimination times are considered for the national grid.

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