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Page 1 of 41 Dalton Transactions
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
Role of aromatic vs aliphatic amine for variation of structural,

electrical and catalytic behaviors in a series of silver phosphonate
extended hybrid solids
Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

Published on 01 September 2020. Downloaded by Cornell University Library on 9/1/2020 10:35:28 AM.
Tanmay Rom and Avijit Kumar Paul*
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-

136119, Haryana, India.
E-mail: apaul@nitkkr.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Four inorganic-organic hybrid silver phosphonate compounds, [Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)] (1),
[Ag2(C10H8N2)(H3hedp)]·2H2O (2), [C4H12N2][Ag4(H2hedp)2] (3) and [C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4(H2O)2]·2H2O
(4) (H5hedp = 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid) have been prepared by virtue of the variable amine-
directed hydrothermal strategy. The subsequent roles of coordinated aromatic amine (4,4'-bipyridine) and
coordination-free templated aliphatic amine (piperazine) are studied. The connectivity of the silver ions,
diphosphonate units (hedp) and bipyridine moiety can give rise to the one-dimensional structure of 1 and two-
dimensional layer structure of 2. In contrary, the silver ions and diphosphonate units are connected to form the
tetrameric and pentameric silver cluster units in compound 3 and 4, respectively. Such clusters are the rare
examples of fundamental building units in the piperazine templated two-dimensional silver based layer
structures. The room temperature dielectric studies show the extremely high dielectric permittivity of the amine
templated compounds (3 and 4) compared to amine coordinated structures (1 and 2). The synthesized
compounds also participate in various heterogenous catalytic reactions acting as active Lewis acid catalysts
which are observed for the first time in the amine-templated metal organophosphonates. The observed band
gaps and dielectric values suggest that the compounds 3 and 4 are more promising candidates for electronic
applications, while compounds 1 and 2 are comparatively better Lewis acid catalysts.
1
Dalton Transactions Page 2 of 41
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INTRODUCTION
Over the last few decades, investigations of newly designed extended hybrid framework structures with
various inorganic or organic building units have attracted enormous research attention due to their remarkable
structural properties as well as widespread potential applications in the fields of adsorption, separation, ion-

exchange, proton conduction, chemical sensing, catalysis, magnetism, luminescence and so on.1-10 So far, a large
number of extended hybrid framework structures with versatile architectures and interesting topologies have
been synthesized by traditional building units such as phosphate, phosphite, silicate and later on sulfate,
thiosulfate, sulfite, selenate, selenite and borates.11-19 In contrast with the traditional building units,
multicoordinated organophosphonates have several advantages as the phosphonate group could offer neutral or
numerous anionic forms depending on the pH values of the reaction medium. Again, the targeted materials can
be formed by the diverse coordination modes of phosphonate units and such materials generally adopt the robust
structures with higher stability in water or air.20 Therefore, organophosphonates are significantly improving the
structural features and generating a rich structural variety in the frontier areas of materials science. As metal
phosphonates are a flourishing subclass of inorganic-organic hybrids, numerous research efforts have been
devoted over the years for the assembly of different kinds metal phosphonates architecture accompanied with
various nitrogen-containing organic linkers.21-24 Amine-directed metal phosphonate chemistry is just a beginning
and many outstanding materials are yet to discover in near future.
Among the many desired properties of metal organophosphonate hybrid solids, the dielectric behaviour
still remains less studied till the date. With the attractive performance and remarkable innovations in the
semiconductor industry, the synthesis and the design strategy of novel dielectric materials has become a subject
of great interest in light of their emerging electronic applications in modern optoelectronics, sensors,
transformers, resonators, transistors, ion batteries and many mores.25-28 Few metal organic frameworks (MOFs)
and a series of coordination polymers (CPs) have been demonstrated for high dielectric permittivity, though the
hybrid metal phosphonates frameworks are not studied so far.29-32 The existing high dielectric permittivity of the
aforementioned materials mainly arises due to their high polarizability nature and the presence of host-guest
interactions through different polar molecules over a wide temperature range.33-34 However, shrinking the size of
dielectric components and strong temperature dependent dielectric permittivity which often shows the high
dielectric loss and it becomes a serious concern for application in real devices.
2
On the other side, the heterogeneous catalytic reactions, surface related properties, of organic-inorganic
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hybrid materials have been tremendously expanded for their several scopes such as simple isolation from
reaction medium, easy functionalization for several catalytic reactions, recyclability, highly efficient and eco-
friendly nature under environmental cognizance.35 Consequently, heterogeneous catalysts are often preferred for
any chemical transformation reactions if the efficiency is comparable to any homogeneous catalyst. Among the

various classes of heterogeneous catalytic reactions as namely Friedel-Crafts alkylation36, Diels-Alder37,
cycloaddition for CO2 fixation 38, hydrogenation39, Knoevenagel condensation40, Aldol condensation41, the
Lewis acid-catalyzed cyanosilylation reaction becomes more popular with hybrid materials because it provides
cyanohydrin derivatives through C–C bond formation which are useful starting material in several organic
synthesis as well as the synthesis of various biological active compounds.42-44 Furthermore, ketalization of
ketone is one of the most classical pathways to synthesize intermediates in many organic syntheses.45-46 The
reaction mechanism demands a mineral acid or Lewis acid to enhance the nucleophilic character of the carbonyl
group. Heterocyclic amine-coordinated hybrid solids with various transition metals are extensively used as
heterogeneous catalysts. But, the applications of amine templated metal phosphonate materials as heterogeneous
catalyst have never been examined till date, though the homogeneous catalytic reactions are reported by few
metal phosphonates.47
Our earlier attempts have been produced aliphatic amine-directed metal organophosphonate hybrid
frameworks with versatile architectures.48-49 Recently, we have communicated our initial observations on the
amine templated silver-phosphonate hybrid frameworks for exciting dielectric and electrochemical properties.50
As a part of our continuous study on metal phosphonates, we have explored the effect of N-heterocyclic amine
molecules for the formation of silver diphosphonate compounds (Scheme 1) with novel structural and functional
behaviors. During the course of our studies, we have synthesized four silver diphosphonate phases,
[Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)] (1), [Ag2(C10H8N2)(H3hedp)]·2H2O (2), [C4H12N2][Ag4(H2hedp)2] (3) and
[C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (4), in the presence of both aromatic (4,4'-bipyridine) and aliphatic
cyclic amine (piperazine) molecules. The present investigations are accompanied with the role of amine
molecules for structure building, dielectric properties and various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Here, we
describe the novel synthetic route, crystal structures, characterizations, dielectric and heterogeneous catalytic
properties in-detail.
3
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION View Article Online

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1. Materials
The chemicals and solvents (all analytical grade) were used directly as purchased without any further
purifications. AgNO3 (Avra), piperazine (Avra), 4,4'-bipyridine (TCI), 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid
(H5hedp; TCI), 3-methyl-2-butanone (Sigma Aldrich), acetic acid (CDH), ethylene glycol (TCI), ethanol

(CDH), toluene (Avra), trimethylsilyl cyanide (Loba Chemie) and all aldehyde and imines substrates (Sigma
Aldrich) were utilized for the synthesis and catalytic reactions purpose for the title compounds.
2. Physical measurements
The powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements were performed using a Bruker AXS D8 advance
diffractometer with Cu-Kα source (λ = 1.5406 Å) in the 2θ range of 5 to 50º at room temperature. Theoretical
PXRD patterns were generated through single crystal x-ray diffraction (SCXRD) data via applying Mercury 2.0
software available from internet (http://www.iucr.org). Fourier-Transform Infra-red (FT-IR) spectra were
recorded on a Shimadzu IR Affinity-1S spectrophotometer in the mild-IR region (4000 to 400 cm-1) with KBr as
pellets. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for all of the compounds were derived from a HITACHI TGA DTA
instrument operating in temperature range 30-850ºC (heating rate = 10ºC min-1) with nitrogen atmosphere (flow
rate = 30 mL min-1). Elemental analyses studies (C, H and N) were operated on a Thermo Finnigan FLASH EA
1112 CHN analyzer. 1H-NMR spectra were collected in a Bruker, Avance III NMR spectroscopy operating at
400 MHz.
3. Syntheses of compounds
For the typical synthesis of compound 1, 0.0849 g AgNO3 (0.5 mmol), 0.078 g 4,4'-bipyridine (0.5
mmol), and 0.14 mL H5hedp (1 mmol) were dissolved in 6 mL distilled water. Then the reaction mixture was
homogenized through continuous stirring for 1 hour at room temperature. Afterward, the resulting mixture was
sealed in a 10 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and heated at 120ºC for 72 hours. The initial pH of the reaction
mixture was 1 and no appreciable change in pH was observed after completion of this reaction. Rod type light
brown crystals were obtained in the final product after the reaction mixture was filtered and washing with
deionized water for several time under a vacuum, and dried at ambient conditions. A similar synthetic strategy
was applied for the preparation of compounds 2 – 4 only by varying the organic amine molecules through
hydrothermal method. The synthesis conditions along with elemental percentages are listed in Table 1.
4
4. Single crystal X-ray Analysis View Article Online

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Single crystal data for the compounds 1 – 4 were obtained from the good single-crystal mounted up on
the glass fiber with cyanoacrylate adhesive with a Bruker D8 Quest PHOTON II diffractometer using graphite-
monochromated Mo-Kα radiation (λ=0.71073Å) operating at 50kV and 20mA with a ω and φ scan technique at
a temperature of 296(2) K. The SAINT program51 was applied for integration of diffraction profiles and an

empirical absorption correction (multi scan) was finished with SADABS52 program and the obtained data sets
were reduced using the program of APEX3. Earlier the present structures were solved by SIR9253 and refined by
the full matrix least-square method on F2 using SHELXL9754, present in the WINGX package of programs
(Version1.63.04a).55 All the non-hydrogen atoms were located in different Fourier maps and finally refined with
anisotropic thermal parameters. Hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and refined using the riding
model. The solvent water molecules were highly disordered and hence could not be located. Hence, the
hydrogen atoms for water molecules were not included in the refinement. One can find A-level alert in
compound 1 and B-level alerts in compounds 2 and 4 due to the missing hydrogens in oxygen atoms. The details
of the crystal structure solution and final refinement parameters for compounds 1 – 4 are listed in Table 2.
Selected bond distances and angles are given in Table S1 to S4 (see Supporting Information). The
crystallographic files can be obtained for the compounds 1 (No. 2011075), 2 (No. 2011076), 3 (No. 1999280)
and 4 (No. 1999281) from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC) via
www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
5. Dielectric Properties Measurements
The dielectric behaviors were measured on the pressed-powder pellets (6 mm in diameter and 0.82–
0.87 mm thickness) of the compounds 1 – 4 by employing a HIOKI IM 3590 chemical impedance analyzer with
the applied electric voltage of 0.5 V at room temperature in the frequency range of 250 Hz to 0.2 MHz. By
reason of pursuit to produce huge single crystals were unsuccessful, so these powder pellets were used instead
of single crystals. Before the measurements, the surface of each pellets was well-polished and coated, using
silver conduction paste for ensure a good electrical contact and dried at room temperature. The samples were
kept in a vacuum furnace to avoid the effect of air humidity during final measurement of dielectric permittivity.
6. Typical Procedure for Catalytic Experiments
(a) Cyanosilylation of aromatic aldehydes
In a typical experiment for cyanosilylation reaction of aromatic aldehyde, a quantity of 0.1 mmol
powder catalyst 1 (47 mg) was placed into a 100 mL two neck round bottom flask with dry dichloromethane (10
5
mL) followed by the addition of the aldehyde (0.5 mmol). Trimethylsilylcyanide (0.75 mmol) was addedView
into
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reaction mixture under stirring condition and the overall reaction mixture was stirred for the next 4 hours under
nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The progress of the reaction was checked by TLC (thin layer
chromatography method using a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate/n-hexane (1/9, v/v). After ending the reaction,
the resulting solutions were filtered by using Whatman qualitative filter paper, Grade 1 for detached the solid

catalyst, washed with dichloromethane and dried in vacuum for further reused. Next, the solvent was evaporated
under vacuum and 5 mL of 1% aqueous NaHCO3 solution was added into it. The crude products were received
after the extraction of the organic components into the layer of ethyl acetate and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4.
The isolated yields were determined by column chromatography on silica gel (100-200 mesh) using the eluent
as petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (1/5, v/v) and was confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The same procedure
was employed for remaining catalyst 2 (61 mg, 0.1 mmol of 2), catalyst 3 (46 mg, 0.1 mmol of 3) and catalyst 4
(102 mg, 0.1 mmol of 4) respectively.
(b) Cyanosilylation of aromatic imines
For the heterogeneous cyanosilylation experiment, we kept imine (0.5 mmol) and trimethylsilylcyanide
(0.75 mmol) into a 100 mL round-bottom flask with the dry DCM solvent (10 mL) and then purged nitrogen gas
to make a moisture-free environment. After the addition of the solid catalyst (0.1 mmol of each compounds 1 –
4), the overall mixture was stirred for 4 h at room temperature in the N2 atmosphere. The progress of the
reaction was monitored by TLC with n-hexane/ ethyl acetate (9/1, v/v) solvent mixture. When the reaction was
completed, the solid catalyst was removed from the final reaction mixture by simple filtration and excess solvent
was removed under vacuum. Hereafter, NaHCO3 solution (5 mL of 1% soln.) was poured into it and the product
was extracted into the layer of ethyl acetate and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The resulted product was finally
purified with silica gel (~200 mesh) column chromatography using n-hexane: ethyl acetate (12/1, v/v) as eluent
and the structure was analyzed by 1H-NMR. The similar procedure was followed with various imines.
(c) Ketalization reaction
For the ketal formation, we used a model ketone i.e. 3-methyl-2-butanone. Typically, 0.05 mmol
portion of the catalyst (compounds 1 – 4) was suspended with 10 mL of toluene (as solvent) into a 100 ml round
bottom flask. Thereafter, 16 mmol of ketone and 16 mmol of ethylene glycol were introduced into it. The
reaction was refluxed at 80 oC for 12 h. After completion of the reaction, the resulting solution was then cooled
under room temperature and solid catalyst was collected from mixture by simple filtration which was reused up
to 4 consecutive cycles without further treatment. The isolated products (ketals) were obtained by following
6
method. Firstly, the filtrate was extracted via treatment with ethyl acetate in a separatory funnel for separate
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the unchanged diol. Next, the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and solvent was removed through
a rotary evaporator to obtain the crude product. After that, vacuum distillation was performed with this residue
to remove the unchanged ketone. After distillation, the final product was isolated by column chromatography
over silica gel using hexane-ethyl acetate in 1% triethylamine as eluent. All isolated yields were determined by

1H-NMR spectroscopy.
(d) Esterification reaction
For the esterification reaction, we took 0.05 mmol catalyst (compounds 1 – 4) along with acetic acid
(16 mmol), ethanol (16 mmol) and 10 mL toluene into a 100 mL round bottom flask. The reaction was carried
out at 60 °C for 12 h. The remaining procedure for obtaining the isolated yields from esterification reactions was
same as mentioned above for the ketalization experiment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Crystal structure of [Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)], (1)
Single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis revealed that compound 1, [Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)], crystallizes
in monoclinic crystal system with a centro symmetric P2/n space group (Table1). The asymmetric unit of 1
contains 13 non-hydrogen atoms, which has one crystallographically independent silver atom with a special
position of 2f with site multiplicity 0.5. Interestingly, the asymmetric unit comprises of the half of the hedp unit
and half of the 4,4'-bipyridine unit (bpy). Here, the silver ion (Ag+) is coordinated with two oxygen atoms of the
diphosphonate unit (hedp) and two nitrogen atoms of 4,4'-bpy unit forming the distorted tetrahedral geometry
(AgO2N2, CN=4) (Supporting Information, Figure S9–S10). The Ag–N and Ag–O bond distances are 2.226(5)
and 2.613(4), Å respectively (see ESI, Table S1). The different bond angles between O/N–Ag–O/N vary in the
ranges of 78.4(3)–135.8(3)° with an average of 107.7o confirming the tetrahedral geometry of the silver-ion
(Supporting Information, Table S1). The average P–O bond distances and <O–P–O angles are 1.532 Å and
111.5°, respectively. The one-dimensional chain of the compound 1 is formed by the alternate connectivity of
Ag+-ions and bpy units. In this structure, diphosphonate ligand is attached to the silver ion via ƞ2, µ1 –
coordination mode and it acts as chelating ligand (Figure 1). The diphosphonate ligand is hanging from the
metal ion in alternate side of the one-dimensional zigzag chain. The one-dimensional chains are stacked in AA
fashion along the crystallographic b-direction. The roles of the hedp units are only to fill the tetrahedral
coordination environment of the silver-ions and occupy the inter-chain spaces. The bpy unit only supports to
build the one-dimensional infinite chain along the c-axis. The three-dimensional packing structure shows the
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possible intermolecular O–H···O and C–H···O interactions between the chains to provide the active secondary
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supporting role in this structure. (Supporting Information, Table S5).
Crystal structure of [Ag2(C10H8N2)(H3hedp)]·2H2O, (2)
The single crystal structure shows that the compound 2 has monoclinic crystal system of non-
centrosymmetric Cc space group. The structure consists of 27 crystallographically independent non hydrogen

atoms in its asymmetric unit accompanying two silver atoms, two phosphorous atoms (one hedp unit), one bpy
moiety and two lattice water molecules. Out of two silver atoms, Ag(1) is connected with three phosphonate
oxygen atoms and one nitrogen atom of the 4,4'-bipyridine unit forming distorted square planer geometry
(AgO3N, CN=4), while Ag(2) has distorted trigonal planer geometry connecting to two oxygen atoms of the
hedp unit one nitrogen atom of the 4,4'-bpy unit, (AgO2N, CN=3) (Supporting Information, Figure S11). All the
Ag–O bond distances are in the range of 2.265(5) to 2.708(5) Å (av. Ag–O = 2.464 Å) and Ag–N bond lengths
are in the scope of 2.188(5) to 2.192(6) Å (av. Ag–N = 2.190 Å) which are closely similar with the earlier
literature of silver phosphonates (Supporting Information, Table S2). The average O/N–Ag–N/O bond angle for
the neighbor atoms is 89.3o, while the average O/N–Ag–O/N bond angle for the opposite corner is 162.8o
confirming the distorted square planar geometry of Ag(1) center. In case of Ag(2), the average O/N–Ag–N/O
bond angle is 119.6 which clearly signifies the distorted trigonal planer geometry of the silver ion. The average
P–O bond lengths and <O–P–O angles are 1.532 Å and 111.1°, respectively (Supporting Information, Table S2).
Here, the P(1)O3 unit of the diphosphonate ligand binds with three Ag+-ions via ƞ2, µ3 – coordination
mode, whereas P(2)O3 unit is coordinated to one silver ions via ƞ1, µ1 –mode (Supporting Information, Figure
S12). Hence, three oxygen atoms of each diphosphonate unit are free from the coordination. The combinations
of both the trigonal and square planar silver centers are attached through the diphosphonate units creating a
zigzag ladder like structure (Figure 2a). Although, there are few free oxygen sites which can coordinate to the
metal ions for improving the dimensionality of the inorganic ladder. It is very interesting that the slight variation
of reaction condition has improved the dimensionality in compound 2 compared to compound 1. Such inorganic
ladders are parallelly linked with the 4,4'-bipyridine units giving rise to the two-dimensional network along the
ac plane (Figure 2b). The overall two-dimensional layer structure of the compound 2 is formed by the
connectivity of the silver centers, the diphosphonate unit and the 4,4'-bipyridine unit. The layers are closely
packed to form three-dimensional structure along the ab plane (Figure 2c). The possible O–H···O and C–H···O
hydrogen bonding interactions can support for the stabilization of the three-dimensional packed structure
(Supporting Information, Table S6). Here, the Ag−Ag contact is found to be 3.178(1) Å which is less than the
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sum of the van der Waals radii of two Ag atoms (3.440 Å), indicating the existence of argentophilic interaction
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in compound 2 (Supporting Information, Figure S11).
Crystal structure of [C4H12N2] [Ag4(H2hedp)2], (3)
The single crystal x-ray diffraction study indicated that the compound 3 crystallizes in the triclinic
crystal system (P-1 space group) including 16 non hydrogen atoms in the asymmetric unit. There are two

crystallographic independent silver atoms, two phosphorous atoms (one hedp unit) and half of the piperazine
unit in the asymmetric unit. Ag(1) is forming the distorted tetrahedral geometry by coordinating with four
oxygen atoms of the hedp unit (AgO4, CN=4). The remaining Ag(2) has square pyramidal geometry connecting
through five oxygen atoms of the hedp unit (AgO5, CN=5) (Supporting Information, Figure S13). The bond
distance of Ag–O are in the range of 2.275(3) to 2.601(3) Å (av. Ag–O =2.429 Å). The <O–Ag–O bond angles
vary from 97.67(12) to 130.34(13)o with the average of 108.27o for tetrahedral Ag(1) center (Supporting
Information, Table S3). Interestingly, the average apical and basal <O–Ag–O bond angle is 93.17o, whereas the
average <O–Ag–O bond angle for the opposite side of the basal position is 164.29o confirming the distorted
square pyramidal geometry of Ag(2) center. Here, each diphosphonate ligand (hedp) is linked to seven silver
ions (Ag+) through ƞ3, µ6 – mode of P(1)O3 unit and ƞ2, µ3– mode of P(2)O3 unit (Supporting Information,
Figure S14).
The overall connectivity can be understood well through the connection of four phosphonate tetrahedra
(CPO3) and four Ag-polyhedra (two AgO4 and two AgO5) creating a basic building unit (Supporting
Information, Figure S15). Such secondary building units (pseudo SBU-8) are attached together and constructed
a two-dimensional anionic layer structure along the bc plane (Figure 3a). The layer structure is completely
constructed by the coordination of silver ions and diphosphonate ligands. Here the aliphatic amine, piperazine,
is free from the coordination and the two nitrogen atoms are biprotonated in the final structure. The free
protonated piperazine units are present inside the 2D layer and stabilized via extensive N–H···O hydrogen
bonding interactions (Supporting Information, Figure S18a). The protonated cationic piperazine moiety also
helps for the maintaining of the total charge of this anionic framework (Figure 3b). We have also found weak
argentophilic interactions with Ag–Ag distances ranging from 3.1495(9) Å to 3.1927(8) Å) as observed in
earlier literature of silver based framework materials56-57 (Supporting Information, Table S7 and Figure S13).
Crystal structure of [C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4(H2O)2]·2H2O, (4)
The compound 4 crystallizes in the triclinic system with P-1 space group. The asymmetric unit of 4
contains 32 non-hydrogen atoms in which five silver atoms, four phosphorous atoms (two hedp units), half of
9
the protonated piperazine moiety, one coordinated and one lattice water molecule are crystallographically
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independent. Here, Ag(1), Ag(3) and Ag(4) have distorted tetrahedral geometry (i.e. AgO4 unit), whereas Ag(2)
and Ag(5) are formed square pyramidal geometry (AgO5, CN=5) (Supporting Information, Figure S16). The
distances of all Ag–O bonds are lying in the range of 2.287(6) to 2.652(6) Å similar to the observed distances in
compounds 1 to 3 with the average of 2.422 Å (Supporting Information, Table S4). Interestingly, all the <O–

Ag–O bond angle of 4 show the similar bond angles as found in compound 3 which confirm the characteristic
features of square pyramidal and tetrahedral geometry of the silver ions (Supporting Information, Table S4).
Here, P(1)O3 and P(2)O3 units of the hedp(1) unit are attached with the eleven silver ions through ƞ3, µ7- and
ƞ3, µ6 -coordination modes, respectively. While P(3)O3 and P(4)O3 units of the hedp(2) unit are connected to
the six silver ions through ƞ2, µ3- and ƞ2, µ5 -coordination modes, respectively (Supporting Information, Figure
S17). Here, five silver ions (Ag+) and two diphosphonate units (hedp3-) form a basic building unit (pseudo SBU-
9), which are joined together to form a two-dimensional sheet structure in the bc plane (Figure 4). Similar to
compound 3, we have also found that the two-dimensional layer is formed by the alternative connection of silver
ions and diphosphonate units in 4. The higher nuclear cluster is formed by the variation of metal-ion
concentration in the reaction mixture. In Compound 4, the piperazine moiety also plays a similar role as found
earlier in the compound 3. The framework structure is stabilized by the free diprotonated piperazine molecules
through the N–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions and the total charge is also balanced in the anionic layer
(Supporting Information, Table S8). In 2D layer, a large number of argentophilic interactions with Ag–Ag
contacts of 3.0051(12) –3.3041(9) Å (av. Ag–Ag = 3.154 Å) is also observed (Supporting Information, Table
S4).
Characterizations and Thermal Stability
All the compounds were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), FT-IR, UV-visible and
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies. Purity of all the synthesized compounds were analysed by room
temperature PXRD patterns. All PXRD patterns are in good agreement and well fitted with the corresponding
simulated XRD patterns received from single crystal data indicating the products are new and all the compounds
are composed of pure single crystalline phase (Supporting Information, Figure S1– S4).
The FT-IR measurements clearly provide the evidence about functional groups as well as water
molecules present in the title compounds. The FT-IR spectra of all the compounds are quite comparable as
shown in Figure S5 (Supporting Information). The compounds have strong absorption bands at region 3500 –
3325 cm-1can be assigned for the υ(N–H) modes of the NH2 group while broad band in this region indicating the
10
presence of water molecules (O-H stretching vibration of H2O). The C–H stretching vibrations are appeared at Online
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the region of 3088 cm-1 to 2939 cm-1. The symmetric and asymmetric modes of C–C bonds, N–H and C–H
bending modes are observed in the region of 1630 cm-1 to 1326 cm-1. The sharp peaks between the region at
1270 cm-1 to 816 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching vibrations of the tetrahedral CPO3 groups.48-49 The
characteristic absorption bands at 1410 cm-1, 1056 cm-1 and 729 cm-1 for compound 1 as well as 1219 cm-1, 1070

cm-1, 1040 cm-1 and 725 cm-1 for compound 2 are attributed to the stretching vibrations of the 4,4′-bipyridine
molecules.58 The absorption bands at 800 cm-1 to 425 cm-1 can be hired due to the P–O, P–C, and Ag–O
stretching frequency respectively.
The UV-Visible spectra of all the compounds 1 – 4 and ligands i.e. HEDP, 4,4′-bipyridine and
piperazine were measured at room temperature (Figure 5 and Figure S6 in Supporting Information). The
compounds 1 and 2 exhibit single transition at 315 and 325 nm, respectively. The observed transitions are red-
shifted from the π-π* transition of 4,4’-bipyrine ligand which is found at 270 nm. Hence, we can predict the
electronic transitions of the compounds 1 and 2 can favor the π-π* transition of the ligand as well as it may
support to the ligand to metal charge-transfer (LMCT) along with a π-π* transition. In case of compounds 3 and
4, we can observe the sharp electronic transitions at 292 and 295 nm, respectively. Such transitions are closely
similar to the transition observed in hedp ligand. So, the templated compounds exhibit the ligand to metal
charge-transfer (LMCT). From the UV-vis spectra, we have estimated the band gaps using Tauc model for
compounds 1 – 4. The band gaps for these compounds were found to be in the range of 2.95 – 3.7 eV
(Supporting Information, Figure S7).
The thermal stabilities of 1 to 4 are examined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the
temperature range of 30-800 ºC under nitrogen atmosphere (Supporting Information, Figure S8). The TGA
studies indicate that compounds 1 is highly stable as there is no coordination free ligand or solvent molecules.
The framework has started to collapse above 350 oC. The calculated weight loss of the organic moiety (39.87 %)
is almost similar with the observed weight loss (41.90 %). Compound 2 has shown an initial weight loss (5.50
%) for the loss of two lattice water molecules (calcd 5.98 %). Then the gradual weight loss of organic moiety
(29.64 %) is observed above 300 oC. Compounds 3 and 4 are stable up to 200 ºC. Upon further heating, both the
compounds displayed continuous multi-step weight loss due to collapse of the framework structure. The total
observed weight losses are found 22.01% (calcd. 24.86%) for 3 and 12.21% (calcd. 15.01%) for 4 corresponds
to the loss of the amine molecules, guest molecules and organic moiety of the frameworks. The final residuals
11
after TGA are not collected for characterization as the final residuals of all the compounds react with View
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
crucible made of Al2O3.
Dielectric Properties
To examine the semiconducting behaviors of these present compounds, the dielectric measurements
were performed over a frequency range from 250 Hz to 0.2 MHz at room temperature. The dielectric

spectroscopy, a fundamental and reliable technique, has been widely used in many MOFs, coordination
polymers (CP’s) and perovskites systems to the study of charge-transport behaviors.59-61 The dielectric
permittivity (ε′) and loss (tan δ) versus applied frequency diagrams of compounds 1 – 4 are presented in Figure
6. The dielectric permittivity (ε′) values of all the compounds progressively decreases with increasing frequency
and turn into constant at the higher frequency region (Table 3). The high dielectric permittivity (ε′) values in
lower frequency region are appeared due to the existence of space charge or interfacial polarizations. 62 Also, a
gradual loss of polarization is responsible for the reduction of dielectric constant with increasing frequency
which can be attributed to the ineptitude of rapidly revolving dipoles at higher frequencies. The same decaying
tendency was observed in case of tan δ versus frequency plot for all the compounds as displayed in Figure 6.
In general, the dielectric behaviors of compounds 1 – 4 have been analyzed by their structural
phenomenon and the information stay in our hand. As shown in Figure 6, it is noted that the room temperature
dielectric permittivity values of the compounds 3 and 4 are much higher compared to the compounds 1 and 2. It
is obvious that the values of dielectric permittivity (ε′) for compounds 1 and 2 are quite large related to the other
reported framework materials. The high polarizability nature of silver ions can influence to display the high
dielectric responses for the compound as found in the earlier report.63 From the structural inspection it can be
seen that, the presence of cationic piperazine moieties in the compounds 3 and 4 enhance the polarization with
anionic host frameworks. The extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions of the templated polar guest molecules
develop a strong host-guest polarization to exhibit such colossal dielectric responses. In case of compounds 1
and 2, strong polarizations are not observed as the aromatic bipyridine moiety is coordinated to the metal
centers. Additionally, the presence of dipolar guest water molecules (ε′ for water is 78.5) in compounds 2 and 4
are responsible to enhance the dielectric permittivity (ε′) values through the hydrogen bonding interactions as
compared to compounds 1 and 3, respectively. The polarizations of inorganic−organic hybrid solids often
include several mechanisms which are operating simultaneously in large extent. The complete discussion about
high dielectric response for compounds 3 and 4 are also summarized in our recent report.50
12
Heterogeneous Catalytic Studies View Article Online

DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
The hybrid framework materials are being explored continuously as a better solid catalyst in any
heterogeneous catalysis reactions over the years as they are generating negligible toxicity and displays better
cost-effective performance with higher recyclability.64 The catalytic efficiencies are strongly correlated with
ionic size, coordination number and various oxidation state of metal centre including connectivity with different

flexible ligands.65-66 It is noted that the transition metals with d10 system show potent Lewis acidic behavior by
their co-ordinately active/unsaturated metal centres. Our earlier efforts towards heterogeneous catalytic
performance43-45 prompted us to investigate the catalytic efficiency by the present compounds as the protonated
amine- templated organophosphonates have not been tested for such catalytic reactions so far. In this study, we
performed the catalytic experiments through well-known catalytic reactions such as cyanosilylation, ketalization
and esterification reactions.
Initially, we embarked on our catalytic investigation with the cyanosilylations of aldehyde and imine
reaction using benzaldehyde and aldimine (N-benzylideneaniline) as the model reaction at room temperature.
The optimize conditions of both the reactions have also been checked in presence of catalysts 1 – 4 as listed in
Table S9–S10 (see Supporting Information). In order to understand the scope and limitations of both the
cyanosilylation reactions, various substrates of aldehydes and imines were treated with the present catalyst
under the similar conditions. The isolated yields of all the desired products are very high for both the
cyanosilylation reactions under applied conditions which are summarized in Table 4 and Table 5. The
compound 2 shows the highest activity while the compound 3 is less active compared to all the compounds. The
insertion of the electronic groups on the aromatic aldehydes and imines are slightly affected for the product
formation as shown in Table 4 and 5. Aldehydes and imines with electron-withdrawing groups (–F, –Cl, –Br)
provide higher yield compared to electron-donating ones (–CH3, –OCH3).
Next, we carried out cyclic ketal formation reaction by introducing a model of ketone i.e. 3-Methyl-2-
butanone (16 mmol) with 16 mmol of ethylene glycol in the presence of all catalysts. The quantitative
transformation of aliphatic ketone to ketal was observed with excellent yields ranging from 80% – 96% (Table
6). At last, we investigated the esterification reaction between ethanol and acetic acid with catalysts 1 – 4.
Esterification reaction provides the yield in the range of 50% – 69 % after 12 h reaction at 60 oC (Table 6). No
improvement of yields (%) was found after the additional 4 h duration of continuous stirring for the
esterification reaction. The optimizations of both ketalization and esterification reactions have also been pointed
out in Table S11–S12 (see Supporting Information). Although the catalytic activities of four compounds for
13
cyanosilylations are not varied noticeably, but the amine coordinated compound 2 shows very high activity
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ketalization and esterification reactions compared to amine-templated compound 3. The 1H-NMR spectra of
products for all catalytic reactions along their substrates scope are well agreement with earlier reported
literatures which are represented in Figures S19 – S32 (see Supporting Information).
Furthermore, we have also conducted the blank experiments for each catalytic reaction without any

catalyst to examine the specific role of metal centres in the catalysts. A negligible amount of product formation
ensures us the effective catalytic nature of our present framework compounds (Supporting Information, Table
S9–S12). Subsequently, the recyclability tests were performed for catalytic cyanosilylation, ketalization and
esterification reactions up to 4 consecutive cycles (Figure 7). There was only a slight decrease of reactivity
without any appreciable losses of yields were obtained after each catalytic cycle which indicated the
heterogeneous nature of the present catalysts. Further to verify the frameworks phase stability, the PXRD
patterns were collected with recovered catalysts (1 – 4) after four runs of each catalytic reaction. The PXRD
patterns are well matched with the synthesized compounds (Supporting Information, Figure S1 – S4). These
observations suggest no signs of frameworks collapse and decompose during the catalytic cycles and it maintain
both the structural integrity as well as crystallinity. On the basis of catalytic results, plausible mechanistic
pathways have been proposed for the cyanosilylation of aldehyde and imine reactions as depicted in Scheme 2
and Scheme S1 (see Supporting Information). The catalytic process of aldehyde started with the initiate of
carbonyl group through the Lewis acidic silver sites, leading to an increase of the positive charge density on the
carbon of the aldehyde group. Afterward, the activated aldehyde group reacted with nucleophilic −CN group of
the TMSCN generating the intermediate species through the formation of weak Si−O bond. Finally, the silyl
group of the intermediate migrate to the oxygen atoms which attached with Lewis acidic silver surface, and then
producing the cyanohydrin products. The detailed explanation for the mechanism of imine cyanosilylation is
provided in Scheme S1 (Supporting Information). Moreover, the overall high catalytic efficiency of our new
amine templated silver diphosphonate framework materials established new examples of efficient Lewis acid
catalyst for several heterogeneous catalysis reactions.
Summarizing Discussion
In present study, all four compounds are displaying the amine-regulated extended framework structures
with different dimensions. Here, the connectivity of compounds 1 and 2 involves silver ions, diphosphonate and
bipyridine units whereas compounds 3 and 4 have the connectivity between the silver ions and diphosphonate
units besides coordination free templated piperazine. The silver centers have different coordination
14
environments which vary from trigonal planer to distorted square pyramidal geometry. The structural
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differences are occurring mainly due to the tuning of the synthetic parameters along with variable organic amine
molecules. In compound 1, the diphosphonate units are not participating for the formation of the one-
dimensional chain and they are acting as chelating ligands. This one-dimensional structure is also related with
the previously reported cadmium thiosulfate structure

[Cd2(C10H8N2)2(HS2O3)2(S2O3)2][(C10H9N2)2(C10H8N2)2]·8H2O, where the thiosulfates were used instead of the
diphosphonate units.67 Compound 2 also possesses Ag-hedp ladder structure linking with the coordinated bpy
units. Tang and coworker also reported similar type of silver organophosphonate structure where the
dimensionality was improved with the bpy linkers.68 Moreover, compounds 3 and 4 show anionic 2D Ag-hedp
layer structure. Protonated piperazine moieties are present between this 2D layers and acts as templating agent,
space filling and charge balancer. Although few structures of amine-templated organophosphonate are
investigated but the supporting role of organic amine molecules in silver frameworks and structure-property
relationships are not examined in detail of their structures.21-24,48-49,69-72 To find out the structural novelties of the
present high nuclear building units of 3 and 4, we have compared many reported compounds with silver clusters
along with their Ag···Ag interactions. R. Fu et al. reported the first zeolite-like framework of a three-
dimensional silver diphosphonate compound.73 The compound comprises extended Ag4-clusters with Ag···Ag
interactions ranging from 3.063(3) to 3.214(2) Å, although the structure has formed a neutral framework without
any templated amine moiety.73 Das et al. also reported a phosphate contained one dimensional silver-bipyridine
coordination polymers with significant argentophilic interaction.74 There, the argentophilic interaction was
observed with the highest Ag···Ag distance of 3.3340 Å. Two porous sliver clusters [Ag16(SO4)8][Ag4(SO4)2]
and [Ag10(SO4)5] are reported by Mak et al.75 Both the mentioned compounds encompass of 12-connected
[Ag16(SO4)8] units, 8-connected [Ag4(SO4)2] units and 14-connected [Ag10(SO4)5] clusters. One highly
luminescent [Ag8(SO4)2] octanuclear silver cluster is also synthesized by Tong and coworkers.76 Again for better
understanding about structural innovation of the present compounds, we have compared crystal structure
parameters between various reported silver phosphonate frameworks along with our synthesized compounds 1 -
4 (Supporting Information, Table S13). It has been found that, the Ag–O and Ag−Ag bond distance values of
different reported silver phosphonate frameworks are comparable to present framework materials (Supporting
Information, Table S14). From the overall literature survey, it is clearly manifested that amine templated
diphosphonates frameworks with high-nuclearity silver clusters are not discovered till the date.
15
Moreover, the organic amines and metals ions play a crucial role for the dielectric response of our
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present compounds. In case of compounds 3 and 4, the high values of dielectric permittivity at room temperature
is observed due to the charge separation between anionic layer of metal phosphonate networks and cationic
templated amine moieties which are absent in case of compounds 1 and 2. Moreover, a comparison table is
presented for room temperature dielectric permittivity (ε′) values between reported frameworks materials and

present compounds (Supporting Information, Table S15). Such extremely high dielectric constants are obtained
by the hydrogen bonded host-guest interactions in the compounds 3 and 4 compared to amine coordinated
compounds 1 and 2, which have not been observed before in amine-templated organophosphonate frameworks.
For further verification about our catalytic results, a careful literature survey has been made for
cyanosilylation of aldehyde and imine, ketalization and esterification reactions catalyzed by different MOFs and
other framework compounds (Supporting Information, Table S16 and S17). In case of cyanosilylation reactions
(both aldehyde and imine), catalysts 2 and 4 show marginally better yields than the catalysts 1 and 3 which may
be due to the presence water molecules in the structures. It is well well-known that the water molecules promote
the cyanosilylation reactions to generate the final product.45,77 Even though yields are superior with various
substrates in cyanosilylation reactions, but the electron-withdrawing groups can favor the reactions due to
release of more electrophilic centers in the reaction mixture.78-79 Moreover, cyanosilylation of aldehydes can
produce better yields rather than imines as the nucleophilic attack occurs in more polar C=O group compared to
a less polar C≡N group under Lewis acidic environment which can be derived from the possible mechanistic
pathway. Comparing the ketalization and esterification reactions, we can assume that the bpy-coordinated
compounds 1 and 2 are more efficient Lewis acid catalysts than piperazine-templated compounds 3 and 4. The
overall results of catalytic reactions can establish that the catalysts 3 and 4 are less proficient than the catalysts 1
and 2 as more charge separations are take place in the frameworks of 3 and 4 (Table 4 and 5). Finally, we have
obtained structural novelty of our synthesized compounds along with an interesting role of aromatic and
aliphatic amines through dielectric measurement as well as various types of heterogeneous catalytic reactions
for first time in the silver phosphonate frameworks.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, four new silver diphosphonate phases have been isolated hydrothermally with the
variation of organic amines under similar reaction condition. Tuning the reactivity of the diphosphonate ligands
through introducing the organic co-ligands can drastically affect the molecular architectures and functionality.
16
The aromatic amine can bind the metal centers to enhance the dimensionality of the structures, while
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aliphatic amines become protonated for the stabilization of the anionic frameworks. The observations of new
building units with high nuclear silver-ions are noteworthy. Room temperature dielectric measurements and
calculated band gaps from UV-Visible spectroscopy indicate the semiconducting behavior of the present
compounds. The Lewis acidic natures of the synthesized materials are examined through various heterogeneous

catalytic reactions which confirm the active catalytic behavior of the amine templated metal
organophosphonates for the first time. Although the dielectric constants of the amine coordinated compounds
are low, but the catalytic efficiency is better than the amine-templated compounds. Here, the substitution of
bipyridyl linker by aliphatic amine unit has not only affected the structural counterpart but also triggered the
dielectric and catalytic activities. We believe that our present study will provide valuable feedback for designing
novel structures, and development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts and dielectric materials with interesting
applications based on organic-inorganic hybrid solids.
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
Supporting Information
Selected bond lengths and bond angles, few structures, PXRD patterns, FT-IR, TGA, UV-Visible and Tauc
plots, optimization reaction condition and comparison table of heterogeneous catalytic studies, mechanism of
cyanosilylation reaction and 1H-NMR plots.
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Science and Technology through INSPIRE
Award (No. IFA14-CH-144) & Science and Engineering Research Board, India in the form of Start-Up
Research Grant (No. SB/FT/CS-098/2014). We are also thankful to Dr. Anurag Gaur, NIT-Kurukshetra, for his
fruitful suggestions. T.R. thanks to Sourav Roy (dept. of chemistry, IIT Ropar) for the help in catalytic studies.
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24
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
Table 1: Composition and conditions employed for the synthesis of compounds 1 – 4.
Sl. Compound aComposition Temp bProduct cYield (%)

No.No. (˚C) and
. Time
(hours)

1 0.5 mM AgNO3) + 0.5 120 and [Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)] ~54%
mM bpy + 1mM 72 hr.

H5hedp + H2O (6 ml)
2 2 mM AgNO3 +1mM 120 and [Ag2(C10H8N2)( H3hedp)]·2H2O ~60%

bpy + 1mM H5hedp + 72 hr.
H2O (6 ml)
3 2 mM AgNO3 + 0.5 120 and [C4H12N2][Ag4(H2hedp)2] ~70%

mM ppz + 1 mM 72 hr.
H5hedp + H2O (6 ml)
4 1mM AgNO3 + 1 mM 120 and [C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4·2H2O]·2H2O ~62%

ppz + 1mM H5hedp + 72 hr.
H2O (6 ml)
aCompositions are given in millimoles (mM); bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine, ppz = piperazine,
H5hedp = 1-Hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid
bElemental analysis (CHN) for 1, AgP O N C H
2 7 2 12 15, Calcd (%): C, 30.70; H, 3.22; N, 5.97. Found: C, 30.81; H,
3.14; N, 6.03. For 2, Ag2P2O9N2C12H18, Calcd (%): C, 23.53; H, 2.96; N, 4.57. Found: C, 23.72; H, 2.86; N,
4.63. For 3, Ag2P2O7NC4H10, Calcd (%): C, 10.40; H, 2.18; N, 3.03. Found: C, 10.35; H, 2.14; N, 2.97. For 4,
Ag5P4O16NC6H16, Calcd (%): C, 7.05; H, 1.57; N, 1.37. Found: C, 7.01; H, 1.52; N, 1.31.
cYields are calculated based on the respective metal concentrations of the reactants.
25
Table 2: Crystal data and structural refinement parameters of compounds 1 – 4. View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
Structural parameter Compound 1 Compound 2 Compound 3 Compound 4

Empirical formula AgP2O8N2C11H10 Ag2P2O9N2C12H16 Ag2P2O7NC4H10 Ag5P4O16NC6H16
Formula weight 468.02 609.95 461.81 1021.43
T(K) 296 296 296 296
λ (Mo Kα) (Å) 0.71073 0.71073 0.71073 0.71073

Crystal system Monoclinic Monoclinic Triclinic Triclinic
Space group P2/n (No. 13) Cc (No. 9) P-1 (No. 2) P-1 (No. 2)
a (Å) 5.4579(5) 13.7091(4) 5.6217(2) 5.7341(3)
b (Å) 10.4871(9) 18.1676(5) 6.9511(2) 13.4208(8)
c (Å) 13.0653(12) 7.1474(2) 13.1285(4) 13.6754(8)
α (deg.) 90.00 90.00 102.124(1) 80.861(1)
β (deg.) 92.130(3) 93.851(1) 92.883(1) 87.591(2)
γ (deg.) 90.00 90.00 94.665(1) 78.768(2)
V (Å) 747.31(12) 1776.12(9) 498.72(3) 1019.08(10)
Z 2 4 2 2
D (g cm-3) 2.080 2.281 3.069 3.329
µ (min-1) 1.609 2.437 4.267 5.114
F (000) 462 1192 442 964
θ range (deg.) 1.94 to 26.00 1.86 to 28.29 1.59 to 25.00 1.51 to 25.00
Reflections collected 2952 16167 8484 22942
Unique data 1461 4392 1747 3585
R indexes [ I > 2 σ (I)] R1 = 0.0501 R1 = 0.0335 R1 = 0.0246 R1 = 0.0343
wR2 = 0.1260 wR2 = 0.0804 wR2 = 0.0770 wR2 = 0.1015
R indexes (all data) R1 = 0.0532 R1 = 0.0529 R1 = 0.0289 R1 = 0.0495
wR2 = 0.1319 wR2 = 0.1161 wR2 = 0.0941 wR2 = 0.1305
GOF on F2 1.348 1.177 1.286 1.210
R1 = ∑║FO│-│FC║/∑│FO│. wR2 = {∑ [w (FO – FC )]/∑ [w (FO ) ]} . Empirical formula and formula weight
2 2 2 2 1/2
of all the compounds are given from CIF files. Some hydrogen atoms are excluded as they are not located
exactly.
26
Table 3: Room temperature dielectric permittivity values of compounds 1 – 4 at different frequency. View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
Compound ε′ (250Hz) ε′ (1 kHz) ε′ (10 kHz) ε′ (200 kHz)
Compound 1 440 157 116 114
Compound 2 390 191 125 123

Compound 3 16500 3290 255 85
Compound 4 21000 5920 1090 120
27
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
Table 4: Substrate screening for the cyanosilylation of aromatic aldehyde in the presence of compounds 1 – 4 as
catalysts.
O OTMS
4 h / RT
+

H Me3SiCN
dry DCM CN
H
Catalyst 1 - 4
R R
Entry Substrates Products Isolated Yield (%)

catalyst 2 Catalyst 4
(catalyst 1) (catalyst 3)
1. O OTMS
99(90) 96(84)
H CN
H
2. O OTMS
98(89) 94(82)
H CN
H
F F
3. O OTMS
98(91) 95(82)
H CN
H
Cl Cl
4. O OTMS
96(90) 93(81)
H CN
H
Br Br
5. O OTMS
90(82) 88(78)
H CN
H
H3C H3C
6. O OTMS
88(80) 84(75)
H CN
H
O O
Reaction condition: aldehydes (0.5 mmol), Me3SiCN (0.75 mmol), catalyst (0.1 mmol), and dry
DCM (10 mL), room temperature, 4h.
28
Table 5: Substrate screening for the cyanosilylation of imines in the presence of catalysts 1 – 4. View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
R2
R2
N
4 h / RT
H
+ Me3SiCN
dry DCM HN
Catalyst 1 - 4
H
R1

R1
Entry Substrates Products Isolated Yield (%)

Catalyst 2 Catalyst 4
(Catalyst 1) (Catalyst 3)
1.
N HN 98 (88) 93 (82)
2.
N HN 96(85) 91(81)
F F
3.
N Cl HN Cl 97(86) 92(80)
4.
N HN 92(82) 87(78)
H 3C H3C
5.
N CH3 HN CH3 88(79) 82(75)
H3C H3C
6.
N O HN O 85(76) 80(73)
Reaction condition: Imines (0.5 mmol), Me3SiCN (0.75 mmol), catalyst (0.1 mmol), and dry DCM (10 mL), room
temperature, 4h.
29
Table 6: Results of cyclic ketal and ester formation reactions employing for the catalysts 1 – 4. View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
O
HO 12 h / 80o C
+ HO Toluene
O O
Catalyst 1 - 4

3-Methyl-2-butanone Ethane-1, 2-diol
Entry Catalyst Temperature Time (h) Isolated yield

(°C) (%)
1 80 12 91
3-Methyl-2- 2 80 12 96
butanone 3 80 12 80
4 80 12 88
Reaction condition: 3-Methyl-2-butanone (16 mmol), ethylene glycol (16 mmol), catalyst (0.05
mmol) and toluene (10 mL), 80 °C, 12h.
O 12 h / 60o C O
H3C OH + OH Toluene
H3C O
Ethyl alcohol Catalyst 1 - 4
Acetic acid
Entry Catalyst Temperature Time (h) Isolated yield

(°C) (%)
1 60 12 61
2 60 12 69
Acetic acid 3 60 12 50
4 60 12 55
Reaction condition: Acetic acid (16 mmol), ethanol (16 mmol), catalyst (0.05 mmol) and toluene (10
mL), 60 °C, 12h.
30
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
Scheme 1: Representation of the preparative route of four silver diphosphonate compounds along with different
organoamines.

31
Scheme 2: Proposed mechanism for the Lewis acid catalyzed cyanosilylation of benzaldehyde. View Article Online
DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

32
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

Figure 1. Packing diagram of the one-dimensional chains of compound 1 in the bc plane.
33
(a)
34
(b)
Dalton Transactions
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Page 34 of 41
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

(c)
Figure 2. (a) One-dimensional ladder arrangement by the connectivity of silver and hedp units in the compound
2. (b) Ladders are connected through bpy moieties forming two-dimensional layer of the compound 2. All the
hydrogens and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity. (c) Overall packing diagram of the layers along the ab
plane.
35
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

(a)
(b)
Figure 3. (a) Two-dimensional layer arrangement of the compound 3 in the ab plane. Note the pseudo SBU-8
unit in the structure. All the hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. (b) Packing diagram of the layers with
templated piperazine moieties in the bc plane.
36
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

(a)
(b)
Figure 4. (a) Two-dimensional sheet arrangement of the compound 4 in the ac plane. Pseudo SBU-9 is also
highlighted. All the hydrogens and solvent molecules are omitted for clarity. (b) Three-dimensional packing
arrangement with templated piperazine moieties in the bc plane.
37
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

Figure 5. UV-visible absorption spectra of the compounds 1 – 4 at room temperature.
38
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

Figure 6. Frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity (ε′) and dielectric loss (tan δ) for the compounds 1 – 4.
39
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DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K

Figure 7: Recyclability tests of four catalysts (1, 2, 3 & 4) during the cyanosilylation reaction of aromatic
aldehyde up to 4 consecutive cycles.
40
“For Table of Contents Use Only” View Article Online

DOI: 10.1039/D0DT02796K
Role of aromatic vs aliphatic amine for variation of structural,

electrical and catalytic behaviors in a series of silver phosphonate
extended hybrid solids

Tanmay Rom and Avijit Kumar Paul*
Four silver phosphonate frameworks have been prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions in presence of
different organic amines. The amine molecules have played the crucial roles for structure building, catalytic
behavior and dielectric properties.
41

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or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising

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Role of aromatic vs aliphatic amine for variation of structural,

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

Tanmay Rom and Avijit Kumar Paul*

Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-

Four inorganic-organic hybrid silver phosphonate compounds, [Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)] (1),

[Ag2(C10H8N2)(H3hedp)]·2H2O (2), [C4H12N2][Ag4(H2hedp)2] (3) and [C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4(H2O)2]·2H2O

View Article Online

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

and many outstanding materials are yet to discover in near future.

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

[Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)] (1), [Ag2(C10H8N2)(H3hedp)]·2H2O (2), [C4H12N2][Ag4(H2hedp)2] (3) and

[C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4(H2O)2]·2H2O (4), in the presence of both aromatic (4,4'-bipyridine) and aliphatic

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION View Article Online

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

4. Single crystal X-ray Analysis View Article Online

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

5. Dielectric Properties Measurements

6. Typical Procedure for Catalytic Experiments

(a) Cyanosilylation of aromatic aldehydes

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

(102 mg, 0.1 mmol of 4) respectively.

(b) Cyanosilylation of aromatic imines

(c) Ketalization reaction

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

(d) Esterification reaction

same as mentioned above for the ketalization experiment.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Crystal structure of [Ag(C10H8N2)(H4hedp)], (1)

supporting role in this structure. (Supporting Information, Table S5).

Crystal structure of [Ag2(C10H8N2)(H3hedp)]·2H2O, (2)

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

in compound 2 (Supporting Information, Figure S11).

Crystal structure of [C4H12N2] [Ag4(H2hedp)2], (3)

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

Crystal structure of [C4H12N2][Ag10(H2hedp)4(H2O)2]·2H2O, (4)

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

Characterizations and Thermal Stability

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

stretching frequency respectively.

(Supporting Information, Figure S7).

crucible made of Al2O3.

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

Heterogeneous Catalytic Studies View Article Online

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

and esterification reactions.

provide higher yield compared to electron-donating ones (–CH3, –OCH3).

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

catalyst for several heterogeneous catalysis reactions.

the previously reported cadmium thiosulfate structure

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

for first time in the silver phosphonate frameworks.

Dalton Transactions Accepted Manuscript

applications based on organic-inorganic hybrid solids.

cyanosilylation reaction and 1H-NMR plots.

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

phosphonates, ACS Materials Lett., 2020, 2, 582−594.

2020, 59, 4311−4319.