3 Using Headings to Proview 4 Picking out the headings in en etl is ane form of previewing. improves comprehension by helping you see the organization and major ideas. Headings «are usualy of two kinds: they preset orilustrete the mein idea oF section, or they give 2 small deta to catch the rader’sinterest The ones that te the main ideo re the mast helpful 5 @ Using Headings to Preview The anicle on pages 81-84 begins by Introducing ts subject. Answer the questions sbout heedings. 1. After the introduction, there ae ewo headings. List them below. introduction —_ 2 In this tory, which heading tells the main idea ofthe section? 1, Judging from the headings, what do you think you will ead aboot in Sections 2 and? © Getting Meaning from Context Guess the meaning of words from their context by following these trusts 4. ‘The ony uncommon word inthe tt is estan. To infer its meaning, ootice pwr psd conicton ith oe Age"Ear Lito ® _____ Relies "A pale constriction . is used ether For comparison or for contrast. So pessané means either something Kaw ‘ey similar to Ang or something very diferent, With this cue in mind, read lite the sentence on lines 44 048, and tell what you think s meant by apeasen diet xe 3s How dos this relat othe ile? tye : evil ‘ ey > A 8 cHaptER«® [Notice the context: “Eat simple foods, not elite treats.” The word not tells you that elite reat are the opposite of simple food. Elites alto used in line 2 to describe a group of people. Lookat this context too; then in your own words, explain the meaning oft Look atthe second word of the second paragraph: eet. It desribes the menu that makes up the entire fist paragraph. Read that paragraph and think about ‘what i special and unusval abou the grouping of foods desribed here. Then ‘explain the meaning ofthe word eclectic _ . Scam the fest two sections ofthe ess forthe noun affluence and it related adjective fluent, which are wed four times. From the contexts, Bue its tneaning and write it here Can you ako find a synonya for efuene inthe fifth paragraph, beginning with the leer 72 The word ensine is used thre imes inthe essay. Sean for it and, sing the contexts explain what you think means Introduction "You are what you eat" is @ popular Americen saying, and what you eat can contribute to improving or destroying your health. Aecording to modern research, certain cultures have healthier diets than others. The following article from American Heath magazine talks about the foods that can hep to keep us heathy. Try to guess the answers to these questions which are discussed in the articles, Eat Like a Peasant, Feel Like a King Research around the globe points toa recipe for well-being: Eat simple foods, not elite treats. 7 + Start with miso soup, a classically simple Japanese recip. Foi an appetize, try a small plate of pasta al pesto. On to the main course: grilled chinoole salmon, with steamed Chinese cabbage on the side, End with « Greek salad, ~~ Spinkled with olive oi, and a New Zealand kiwi fruit for dessert. ‘An edlectie menu, to be sure. But it could contain some of the Hestivaedtsiwre 81gatlic in Besto can all ith fight heart disease Even kiwi is rich in-fiber; potassium, and vitamin C.Tn the lst few years, } nutctionists have been studying such international superfoods— dishes from around the lobe that may hold the key to healthy eating. They're building ‘on research that began in the "40s and 50s, when researchers first realized that a country’s diet is intimately connected to “A Abas ae heslots of vegetables the health ofits people. ¢ Since then, an explosion of medical studies has produced a flood of information on diverse human diets—from the Inuit of the Arctic to the Bushmen of Aftice's Kalahari Desert. But the globe-trotting researchers have done more than discover the best features of each country’s cuisine ‘They've also demonstrated broad mutrtional principles that apply to people all over the world. And their clearest finding isa sobering one. Tamany countries, they've found, the healthiest detis simple, inexpensive, traditional fare—precisely the diet that people abandon as they move into affluence. Japanese immigrating from the high carbohydrate Pacific to high-fat America have a greater risk of heart disease the more Westernized their diet becomes. The seme pattern holds for developing nations that emexge from poverty into prosperity. Poor people who can't get enough to ext are at risk, of course, whatever their diet. But as @ countrys food becomes richer, the scourges of poverty (infectious disease and malnutrition) are replaced by the “diseases of A feet fod ed inn bey civilization’ — Grterioseerosi certain cancers, obesity). £ Thesimple, ideal diet—often called the ‘peasant dict’—is the traditional cuisine of the relatively poor, agrarian countries. It’s usualy based on a grain (ice, wheat, corn), fruits and vegetables, small amounts of meat, fish, eggs ot dairy products, and a legume. The ng 82 chaptersThe advantages ate obvious: low fat and high fiber, with most calories coming in the grains and legumes. “A low-fat, high-fiber dict isa preventive diet for heart disease, certain cancers, hypertension, adult-onset diabetes, obesity” says Dr. Wayne Peters, director of the Lipid Consultation Service ‘of Massachusetts General Hospital Eerly Diets: Nuts and Plants ‘According to Peters, “We evolved eating a low-fat diet, and that’ what our genetic composition is really designed to handle.” Studies of one of the world’s most primitive diets—and one of the healthiest ones— back him up. In southern Africa's Kalahari Desert, some tribes still eat as early humans did, hunting and gathering. “Hunting and gathering may rot have been such a bad way of life,” says Richard Lee, an anthropologist at the University of Toronto who has studied the ‘Kung tribe since the 1960s, "The main element of the ‘Kung diet is the mongongo, an abundant nut eaten in large quantities. They routinely collect and eat more than 105 edible plant species. ‘Meat is secondary.” Another student of the !Kung, 4 The King ppl est mgr, nebo Stewart Truswell, a profesior of human nutrition at Australie’s University of Sydney, says thir eating schedule is really continual “snacking” (the gathering) punctuated by occasional feasts after a successful hunt. They ace nutritionally healthy, the only shortfall being furly low caloric intake. Few people, though, would choose a [Kung diet—or even a simple peasant diet from western Europe (which is now much less common there). Tn an affluent society, it takes willpower to keep fat intake down to the recommended maximum: 30% of toral calories. (The average American gets ‘more than 40% of his or her calories from fa.) When a country reaches a certain level of affluence, asthe U.S. and Japan, grain and beans give way to beef and butter. In India, for example, many middle-income people ae now gaining weight con a rich diet—even though the poor half of the population still cant afford ‘enough to eat. As the middle class has become more affluent, they've been able to indulge, and Indian doctors are reportedly seeing more obesity, hypertension, and heart disease. Very recently, though, Indians have gone forthe diets and aerobics clases that ae popular among the rest of the world’ elite.84 LIfe just too difficult co stay with a really low-fat “peasant” dit, the alternative is to rehabilitate high-calorie dishes. Cut dowsi on overall fat intake and substitute, in the words of one researcher, ‘nice fats for nasty fats” ‘Americans have already been following this advice. In the past 20 years, the consumption of “nasty” saturated fats has declined, while we've taken in ‘more of the polyunsaturated fats, such a5 cora and safflower cils, that can help lower blood cholesterol. This change may help explain the simultaneous 20% to 30% drop in heart disease in the U.S. Why Socrates" Loved Olive mu Aneven better strategy for changing our fat intake may come from studying diets in the Meditecranean—Spain, Greece, and southern Italy. With some regional variation, people in these cultures eat small amounts of meat and dairy products and get almost all of cheir fat in the form of olive oil, says physiologist Ancel Keys, professor emeritus at the ‘University of Minnesota School of Public Health and leader in international dictary studies. nu Keys has noted that farmers sometimes quaff a wineglass of cil before leaving for the fields in the morning, Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, bread is dipped in olive oil. Salads ae tossed with it. Everything's cooked ini. Though people in some of these countries eat nearly as much total fat ‘as Americans, they are singularly healthy, with very little heart disease. Now laboratory studies of olive cil help explain why. Unlike most other vegetable oils common in the West, live oil consists mainly of “monounsaturated” fats. Recent research indicates that monounsaturates do a better job of preventing heart disease than the more widely touted polyunsaturates, ‘As Americans become ever more concerned with to pay more and more nations, we've started to seek out ethnic Flavors from everywhere. “Foreign” ingredients, from seaweed ‘and bean curd to tortillas and salsa, are now readily available in large supermarkets. And ‘Mexican and Asian restaurants have become more widespread than any other eateries ‘except ice cream parlors, hamburger stands, and pizzerias, according to the National Restaurant Association. o But the trick to finding healthy food, wherever it comes from, isto look carefully at each dish. No single cuisine is all good or allbad. Each has something to teach us. ve ols heat er you Source: Eat ihe Pesan, Fel Like a King" Anerean Heth Mogan Anew Reis) *Sozates wes an arcet Grech hosophe: He's cin ued o represent awsome, cnapren s© Recalling Information Based on whst you have read, match the food onthe left tits description onthe right. Food Description a grain, a legume, fruits, a. monovasaturate that ses to prevent vegetables and abit of heart disease seat eggs or fish b. sch in fiber, potassium, and vitamin C ©. may help prevent cancer 4 the simple “pease diet” that i good 1. miso soup and exbbage for you can help fight heart disease Strategy Paraphrasing Main Ideas Lear to express the main ideas from readings in your own words, simply nd clea ‘This is sometimes called paraphrasing. You cen use words or short phrases taken rectly from the author but rot long phrases or sentences, @ Paraphrasing Main Ideas Read and respond tothe items below. Use your own words 1. The iain ida ofthe article is given in simple terms in the ttle and the ‘talcied sentence tht follows it. In your own words what iste main ea? Another key idea is the relationship between affluence, dit, and heath ‘The article ilastates this by referring to several diferent societies. Explain how affluence changes diet and heath, and refer to atleast rwo cultures that illustrate i.Strategy Recognizing Synonyms ‘Synonyms are words with similar mesnings ike fast ond quick. You can enrich your vocabulary by leering and using synonyms. This wil also add variety and interest 0 | your speech ond wing A _ © Recognizing Synonyms Match each vocabulary word from the reading to ite synonym cx defntion nthe ight column, Can you use thece words in good Or. Engish sentence? i Vocabulry Word Synonym S 1. affluent 4 combining different influences ia 2, _— evsine be simple, rom farm Me a ech ae 4 alte 4. wealth soe 5. peasant (jective) upper cass i a: rep £. syle of cooking @ 5 zhi +) Strategy | 98 Ocu | Organizing Information Using a Continuum you (ne way of geiing information ft enki ut tin ode by showing the | you | relaonsip of ciferet items on a contewum. A cominuumis a cagram. ke the one 4. Bec | ent top of page ht stows fee anes or dees of sametir: ints | wpa case, dgreesofhesthiness in food | ate ( ee a they prod QB @ Ranking Foods on a Continuum Work ih 2 partner to rank he food Li tems below fom most hel oles heathy Wete them onthe coninuum. Then compare your work wth that of th rest ofthe class. 2. Crea So —_—___ ame {beans cegunes) racers tan chee dishe | beet cogs noodles tell th buater fh alve ol cveese fet pica ken quecancle tee 86 chapTens2445678 9 10N 213 14 ‘Most healthy Leasthealthy @ Taking a Stand: Agree or Disagree? Workin smal group. Read the folowing statements ond choose two tht you al agre upon tether fr or again. With you group, wit ait of reasons that support your stand cn each of he two «questions. Be prepared to defend your postion tothe clas. 1. Tea is better for you than coffee. 2, Exercise is essential for mind and body, and the best exercises running, ‘3 Fast food is junkfood: no exceptions 4. You can never be to thin 5. Isis more important to sleep well han to exercise. 6. Smoking four or five cigerestes a day does not harm your health, 7. Iki always better to eat at home than ata restaurant. © Guided Academic Conversation Gain confidence and improve your speaking tilt by doing one ofthe folowing tasks with one or more of your classmates. |. Become a Salesperson! Choose a food mentioned in the article and make uupa TV ad frit Fist think a carey phrase—one that extches peoples attention. For example, “Olive cil will make you live longer” Then present it ina surprising or humerous way. For example, a group of people singing while they make a salad with olive ol. Finally, talk about the good qualities of your product. For example, “I's ealthy, sy, easy to use” Write out a serie and perform your ad forthe class ora small group. 3. Create a Men fora Healthy Restaurant. Pretend that you have just opened a cetaurant and want to attract health-conscious customers. Invent a catchy same for your restaurant and make up a menu of thre courses (appetizers, main dishes, and desserts) and alist of beverages. Then show the menu to the clas, ‘eli them about each course, and explain why it is good for their health,Analyzing Compound Words ‘As we saw in Chapter 1 (page 10, mary Engish words are rade up of two shorter words. These are called compound words, andthe are usulyadeatives or nouns. Some compound words are writen witha hyphen between tem, suchas woh chars such es wheglss are win as one word. Breaking apart compound words can help you understand ther nearing, For example look atthe word walbeng in the introductory qucte inthe reacing selection “Eat Like 2 Peasart, Feel Like a King.” Se ‘What do you think it means? a When taking vocabulary tess, try breaking apart the compound words o help ‘ understand ther meaning, cer Practice Choose the word or phrase that best explains the meaning ofthe underined wort or ‘Phrase. Refor back ta the selection “Eat Like a Peasant, FeelLike a King” if necessary, t 1. globesvoting researchers tne 26) ® professors and students of geography a D inestgetors who travel round the wold D pecple who study the movement of the Earth o D experts nthe banat of eere 2. shortfal ne €2) D snvsua setion ® shit rombed to good — D changein he way of thinking] absence of sometiog needed 3. take nes 85) D interference @ entering into tthe body) ®D planning for the futured ®D disease 4. ide income tine 90) Deen D wwrvng eaty ® overweight ®D overage salery 5. seaweed line 126) ® plans tat eed sun © pions inthe ocean D etnicood D plans inthe desert ow 7 thi 6. widespread e130) _ D tegein see GD presenta mary locations a D opento the pubic D completed by core ues wi 88 cuartens© what Do You Think? Reed the paragraph below and then discuss the _estions that flow. Smoking ‘Medical evidence proves that smoking is a health risk. Smokers have 4 greater chance of developing cances, emphysema, and heart problems Second-hand smoke, which exposes nonsmokers to smokers’ fumes, also increases the chances for nonsmokers of developing serious diseases, Yet, ‘many smokers feel they have a right to smoke and that it is no worse than certain other practices, such as overeating or drinking too much alcohol. 1. Are the people you know who smoke smoking more or less nowadays? 2, What do you think about restrictions against smoking inside public buildings? Should it also be cestrieted ouside? Explain, 2. Do you smoke? Why or why no? © Discussing information from a Chart Look atthe chart and the Ist of bones below. Then answer the questions ‘Some Benefits of Quitting Smoking ‘Souce: The US. Sugeon Genera Report andthe American Cancer Society 20 minutos aftor quitting 1 yeer eter quiting + Heart sae and blod pressure crop __] * Excess sk of coronary heart isaso i al that 12 hours after quiting Sacantg exch, Cerbon monoxide lve the Blood ops tonermal_| 5 years after quitting 1 + Fisk ofeancer ofthe mouth, toa! esophagus, ‘2 weeks to 3 months after quitting Chaikin hype ‘adr Kney, and pancreas decreases + Lung fureton increases 10 years after quitting lw Omoohu alerting + Lung cancer death rate cout hl that of * Coughing and shortness of breath decrease coca Sicha + Cita tar to regain norma funtion inthe ngs, 15 yoars after quitting Increasing the obity to handle mucus, clean the ' Fisk of coronary heart disease is that ung, reduc infection P ‘oF nonsmokers 1. What, according to this chart, are the benefits of quitting smoking? Can you think of other benefit that are notin the chact? 2, Imyout opinion, which three of the benefits from quitting smoking ae the most Jimportant? Why? ‘2, Which benefits might be most likey to motivate people to stop smoking? Howth an inure 89