‘A UNIVERSITY GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH RANDOLPH QUIRK Uses Lanton [SIDNEY GREENGAUM Unset Lrdon Si 3 8888 035611710 § LONGMAN——<$£ i —£ fhesh beaday can be made, We have inded preity ths doutle ‘Gon nid Grammar of Connery Eni owls pros fect the rigton fe noneous spect tn thay, wba Svesan re hope wl te rewarding fo stant sane 903 PREFACE TO FIFTH IMPRESSION For the handel ot improvensots comport se the fet in ‘world who have presented ws with detailee ear ments wet! in pub- Tae reviews oa piatecosmunatos a price, e shoud Dien. Fried G Gant, RK. Hartman, R.A Had Y. Moran, N.E- Oso, hi, Rens, Sam rn Soa, 1. M. H. Stang, Gabi Sti, M. Sa, J Tg, and RW. ‘CONTENTS. Preface Simbel an techies conventions ora Varietiss of Engtoh Seta arte acre mo, ad nade Eloments of grammar ‘Sowene eeme Pas of pc 18S ennai 3: ‘orn genio on eeton 2 ‘Vor andthe verb phraso Teter oi ae repre 2propostions and prepositional phrases Peer ean Tie ae Other rion eo cae eit 6a compemeon fre atsre 16) Seven ‘The ample sontonce Teen ts Bs dss meg 1: Conard 16: ‘nt 6; Quin 91 Commands 2 ‘dlonets,dajunets, conunets (tend aac 1: ei 24: Ae of omer, cet nrann 25 f pae3h fine 237 Sod ‘Sel 32 Co 26 Nie ‘Coordintion and epposition (Bp; Coan ef les 24 Corton of ses 207 Fike ns ren spnton 78: ase ‘potion 22 Sentence connection Ties 5 al nec 287 Seton 296 ‘ra rene Eis lege 03 even ‘The complex sentence Pre mofooaris ae 30: Seber ont aati ti Nm cna ae 2, entre aan ie 7 Tote ‘The verb nd its complamentation ‘led pond ee 7; Conant of eee ‘Fe Crete 3; Coles ose ‘mimi; Dist componnin 9 us 2 wT ‘The complex noun phrase ar panna psn pe psmodaton eon yee 95h eee 0b ete m9 Se prmeion Focus, tome, and mph omni re eine Sri te pn ooenic! Wiord-formation Pepe tt eet; Come i; Conroe ‘pei tree, ythm, and intonation ‘pani Povetution Bibiogaphy nd +0 “8 68ee [SYMBOLS AND TECHNICAL CONVENTIONS. ‘Sis or wef yal arene, and the i follows anda ‘rac allbat we cot ere rs iol smn he mace ‘ey tab explanation cea eee owt fale inormation Benen, 439; App Lis ‘Creer ren by hater (or appends anti ae ‘a, ae: “rerio Ea, Bish rg 1.8. 5.¥.0,6,4, One: ‘Ste 23 whe led sn of he symbols refer te he ase ‘pes epi 72. "tee xia Caps exaples tae ae lable, aco ete te (Sasa ed aE ta end lng vt foe ound ee App MLD 7 “dredges inde on mace such, they sem os: 1 pectin eeston mark indies dolce cmb ha ani suger sal nae. lp me () wt: Pevnhseet tol to ating 97: eee. ioe. wesw {fon {ieee hve re indent free aenats the end of chapter are expe i the Biot, Ce tera enft ingen one asa) OG ditas fe ckatg give» wer ndaton of race sas ol a “Sint ence plone ranscipos, way of infections The Smt hel ot ar i rin eat, a te {Epi arts he fale of oo,one VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Wavinycstos Yee te merous vate ofthe Eoplsh angus, and wt we ‘BSSLAS mean by "Engl ea common core or males which ‘Slee al nh et forma of te angung tht we actual bea ‘Sn. We ending ide of vats range Elo and terete nny sal atenptoexpin. Regie: RoR RR ‘Education and socil standing: BEB! soject mater Anerference: Toleloles ‘Tefal hati tis ge thesomes ee" domiateslthevare+ scons that hoever eto remote ae yb ita Sedtirogh est of gmail sed ober characteris a are lomo toa rom theta pia oavars, is daied by heta frase tat ach ay cnt ate ely an at al pins 0 er er vray canes We shal Bower fu abd make Ca eto ls cin Toe cts themes te arate a 8 eee eer and be aceon wit come cat in wb ow “Yees conn tron aves wells label oth in pope [rand tecbncal ede” Gengrapialdspeson sin fat he ‘Skates fetingust arto, andi he cours of Ue nih oot ‘homasatoes and rutvereoteaei ach apron raul a ing t diac! tat we rear hes een apse. ‘Tans tage wa org age resists aad et hat tie aow Dutch, Engh, Geno, Swed but ha Bt beet ‘aced and may a esis Derech, he te moderne ‘reommansation) ih te dts of Els hat hoe ress on {hc repos! spraon of Englspesng commoner bh within the Be ae and throsshou be woe ‘Regalo some tte ele praomiaut la poosogy. ‘thts erly cps eet lect rom 2 peaks ro nin frst tat vocabulary (or fenon so isin. Gana vaiadon tends to be es exes and ex {aye obras Bat all pes of inguieganiation can ely ous be aed 3 Tis oie to ak how many dikes of Eglo hr re: heart Inde any depending ly oo hw dtd we wb incur ‘Serafin Bu heya fevne more obo names i he {owpsuted Roti thn in tbe more rn eled North Aerio {ntbesil mee eety sel Atal and New Zeal The oer ‘St praly In our eneraton depends cry upon ou sadpoit hata open curenpeence. An Eniabgn wil bear sa Arercan ‘Souther pm ar us Ameren sadoai asaSouherot ination iter obeaneation scale oan bisexprence of Arn Engi ales nals in toma it Te an Amc theme pe le a fie a2 Sotherer a then (bt ola o> ion) a Vin, nd the perp as a Piso Vig ‘One might eget some brad daca vias whch are rahe ‘Soe cape. Wart ernest pope wold beable ‘Ectaasit Canaan, Nev Eno Mind, 2 Soathera vanities ‘ot Fapia, With the Brith Ie, ei, Seo, Nore, Midland, ‘Web, Soat-westro, and London varie would be recog with eal pene Some of tee Ws and Sct freample= ous Se reomnind atch by many Amereay ad Atstalns to, we in Bain many pele cold mk rebiisous: Uter and Souter ig be dsleped wits for example and Yoshi pcket Tata's sion of rovoen each. Ban people can sof Sus ningun Nor eesee from al bes (BOW oot ‘aly Cans fos Ansan South Aas fom Australas hd New Zealanders (bough miner ae Ceguen), bot aot usally ‘strna fom New Zeaades. a Education and socal standing ‘Wn each of Set aren theres coasierablevariton nspesch Meg to cheating aed eo! sealeg Thom wy tapocat ‘ory a nected od else apech in wich te fer ean be tgnfes wih he repooal Gat mrecomaltely andthe ter moves [yo dtl geo form of Bg tat et acros iabea ‘andar On he bes baad here o single quton ofa nv enetcated Fogo evened East es eral ‘Sods odo ny feature of woedotd wea prombente- Sepcinth out gv ani! da mnt no eae, hich has bes ‘Sulsed fom al edtsed Eph bye psc ana ale fiom or heneeds of es but wie onic ave i neds ‘ech wheter Engh poten. Titcted spc by ded ke apse of ection —naturly tendo to be gen the Sona presi of gpveroment saci the [carmel proteins te plea prin the res, thew oust andthe fata scion whic nt stomp oats fo pbc ood te sade decal communi. The grr cepate of "BDC bagi for th puro ve amos af ces i pralled testa digatoafor eer edcted Uomo be Und Sates, "abort als By esata of eft at educated agi is tus ‘Covet no fol sd polite suc ieemes to erefeedo ‘Suntand Engi ao proided we renner hath oes nt mee ‘in Falah tht bas bed formally snared by ofl acto, as ‘Togs end meats ae snare, the teem wee od ppc Jn cost wih Senex for that repeal oko. Ell with uonvte (ihr than ict) ue are oft cad ‘nna Standard English {The deg of ecnpanceof singe standard of Eaplshtronghou theem wc aco hits of pli nd soca tems a wu ‘rksepbewmeon’ the moreso ste te eta fhe wiry [hele anti Instead nthe preset cer, Uniformity {ten ie what Com mow slenpoit the rately viper eer of apling. Althea pina hou nal Englsbapeakiog ois iy aren tata Geson Gos petri nd oie ela words Iie rele some peering gmt and ‘eset tthe tial sige stem, to mle ‘Shayne The one the satyite th eas oem ed ‘Menge spating coun except tbe Unie tt) with inti fem et stall ess of words clr, ee, felled ee. Te ‘See ste Amenca uty’ cbr centr, ned et Coad, the Beak rote i wot forthe most pt, bt tome ables: {anecaly porte Preis) flow te Nero abe td {be a mite Colr but ene) he Ameraa MidWest, Some Se re et tat pi) w+ aon Tn rma orb, tne Engh prea sowevbat est cttarlthccrvate bette othe wel anrenmen se ‘rir and ~ ar as Secs sggested eater ~ ses ctl ob ‘esng oder he pctof oer word commuieton an teed ‘tient ere oth ter 8 non-material The wernt 5 ‘Speilly dein irl fra ses (12) of writen Engh (11) subject mater (1:10) not of vow oc interest such ‘Soomstanes one cn eee goo fr page afer pug wit ‘sowing stare which weald ete English tbl 0 ‘Gov then ana ‘National standerds of Erlish ii and American English "There wo non aoard tht ar ovevningl predominat {thi henvmber of Sucve sges ane te degre 0 ich ee siocioe ee vnsiteoninnd' Amereay Baglsh ond Both ‘orl, Gramma! dflrocs ae few so the ost onspiaou ae ‘idlynowa ef hat Amita pax toe orgerand Be (nly one 210, for emample, and tat BE the ndefe pronoun Gre istepaied ia covets mre Am sh nent cel tn" ett Les engl fac ore momarou, but may of thee refit {ease of th wanda fr ean rate CE rato AmE), 19 Ponnien nd Sunde ' ap (Be, feae (Am; tan (BE fl (AME. More eet eat (thon ster ses endo sped apy oto. This wie ‘Soa ave a eles Br bt ibe in AE evn st ve ‘Sihoersy lero bth and onisrat ews wedintothasd- i ‘Sodan, tn, Cana SGGuNat ance ees! and edeatonal lions s pests Start th el content independence of BE and AME, hough the ‘Stren in pommar aad yosabulary ae aber few. Ish (Or ico) Eas shuld lo be eae tonal standard or {hongh welnc desig fs osstaning ary of Epos ‘ors andenlcy repels inrpedent of Br bees fu oreadeasing ete The rowaityo Ein ery EME population, aed fitore eas However a er He room (ire er aod devopmentef prt ranma and vol. “Contin Enh tin au yoo elton to Ark, Clot ccsumi soi and inte! ak slong 24000 rote ave ‘Surly cause geo oar at enormous iene 08 ‘hema, ot etn naguage Though a any respects Conan gl fs uth ale han Unsed Stats provi, i may be rope hn aponimated to AmE aa ems el feo inthe dren a ‘Sou Ac, Anais New Zeal ‘South Af, Ausland Now Zand arin. ery dieent poson, ene rom the det Go. impact of eter Br or ARE. While Imerthopapty tol gamma the South Aen Engi neo se 1 syed ih ey ter onsale lees in vos buay hae devon. ‘New Zonland Enh more Ske BE than any be non-Paropess suns hong ney fete powetlineoce of Auta and roma dogs ~of the United Sas, “Atsalnn Hag i undone the dominant form of Ealsh toc Astpodes ad is een exeting an lnfoence he sorbern ent, prcelay aBa hgh mutha whos inte {Absa Eogh cnne ofa we. a Pronunciation and Standord Enalish "Tt oes ot exe the renal ratios variants hat so toto he satus of suadrd (he Canbben gh be mestoned fr—————— exampl, bt the importa pint 1 soe ta ll of them are Samm ginny in the tral exe to wich even the ost ‘ele rand Am, dr rom eachother in val, Arai and ying We ave ber xe bowers, nto meton Rremnclaion iy tue comston, Pronunciation dings 0 ‘stan sana rm saath at medal sad completly a fits a mat obvour way the eon stands tothe repost in WE, ost of pronation comes cls enpying thet cf 'andrd: “Renned osuoition” or RP Bees is bat Seite) secned nibs pte edsaon ssi tad upon rrdog whl inltd from the cali he ape 19 ve ero state is gical nonrepinal td of consent rege But tae longs tov wig tnt bd athe fest ff the teat cet. 130 Varitie aording to subject matter ‘Veco sexing fo te ct mater iced ina Sic a omstne feed ta reper’. Whe one does ot ede th ‘osiliy tata pen spear may chose to speak a nations ‘Render one morse andina esa lect ar ean psy {ren sch tom on asin ear osnair~ te presumption ‘vtec tat an indian spt one ofthe vat ofr Gace {Sin pene form of Engi. Wit ares ceri owt flee te ther band the reeumpio eate hat the sme fers insa reper race and habia swcbes tote ‘reiatcoewesnon arn Mos peal peta te sich ‘rover noting move mn tring to terrae flex eos tually wed for haodig the bj in question: Ia, cookery, ‘agen. otal “Abou epic he pe of language requ by a partlar sugeet ater wou bray cosas apis fe vara aad ‘dud ers saonaltaoard te we of asp wast oe ‘lenge perppster he se oa speci sity of anther. A sri ornndpeettnce fr example peoppose mete sey oral Varietios according to medium, ‘The ely vnc sorting to metam that we oct to comer are hove cudoaed by sling and wring senpesiy. Most of te ‘iterece veld ete from mo eoutes One stato the we of weten madi normaly pees the beac of the esas) £0 ‘ome pee oflngmngeis soiree. Things De ess ot ‘rgrater expt te canal sd preci completion fare, {ae th he od word, soporte by gosta and ening wt ‘Ge speter ward by word o lok at hs ese as deo “Tesco suc of reac that mas of te devices we eto meat ngage by posh ees, Aydin, iontlon, temp, for ‘ample azine epost ih the Sal angl repertoire ‘Fecmetaalentiogpiy. They ar ct enough to reeset hese specl provocation: ef App I Theses hat the (Sheree to elon ar seston bis to convey fly and Nosy what ewan expres win te otogeaptie apse, Veritas socording to attitude Yarstie scoring to ater fences’ Yt Ihe apse iba tem whch ame wih erat fret esa. We ticbereconened wth he cc a ings for ta sede rom ‘itr atutode to the we (or reader to he set mate, or othe ‘urgose of ow commaniaon, And me postulte that the cent ‘put of th toning eomponet (hat iy the aid) te ‘Pneotbetoes si frm coi, enpsoal ths one band and ‘aed norma, waa, ely on the ote. i i to pau te lon of the “comnon See (bre, that We can akon 8 ‘ctl or womarted varity of Eagan earagao obvow obung {hat has boo nde by atte: On ch sie of thi, we ca then ining mess cobs fsteres hat are markedly foal or {atom ths book, we sal forte mos pat coute curses to fis taeetrm dticinn, levng the mile one waited and ‘teljing oly wages that erly formal iafreal: (ogd~)romear~(oeual)-reronaat(~faia) Varitie according to interference ‘Vareterscorfiog ta neste: ssl be seo a being on 8 vty “ies ts fom be ther ype of varity cused In his, feet the ce ket by sues ave nagange upon the foreign [Engage be ar aque, Th, tbe Fencban wao ay am hte SoS Tuy elongata we Eh inte is posing 4 Res exinsemaae wsae onthe Engi ‘Tod hei But there ar inefeenc veces Ua ar 0 Widependns common snd of sch oor sanding that ey may be thous 1a. soeiceate cough tobe rearded varies of Ena othr ‘Stores upon tanya rnin ‘Ria coanien wh iin ad fay tae varieties of Eagish ene due ea the be poll a profsonal ioe uae Relationship betwoon vority clasts preening ese ale of rare in achat reasonp (1, ‘Redon ws ade ta each est acer ing eal rented to ‘Seti Buse weave ee, he ae limitations to his Since wit ae caret owe sal nt sre end be thon ete hf one vos natnal tdard nti dim, Led, he tree on onan to rpraet reploal of uneduated Eni In ‘isin, ne rai ow aaron gece to Sundard Engi ar ou [oll coment, For the ame resto hr afsome subst Een be oct wig and oer lea state a ‘Sa carey tebe in pene ‘Audiol vais ves esta of idependene iareaton to terrier ts on ob formal or informal on beet ot oc ia AmB ot BE, fo rape Bt informal esta nging> ‘Troon’ authonty yor ssn goose aig an a ‘So pet iy, aod on crn ops unr would b> ‘otuaiy dial. An step st formal ori tngage when {he eutet court o otal mould seem coma be ‘Ou approach ha toot ito keep our gs nly ed on th connor cont whieh cones the major part of say way of ‘Engl bowers seid and without whe enya any vay ia hig tan Fro le impos. Oa a pols where a ‘Fama! form's Sig dacton whic amoctel it specie ‘ew uta te made faethe form esa loge ete ‘mabe core. The vase ee inated on sch eran wl ‘Aa and Br; speech sad wong formal an normal ‘Veiaian within a varity “Trot pout tend tobe made Fis te aos contin stor, (Caen, sed, atta, for etc) ave wo bile eB: oe {iui oreaertacnsteat ako aotigreponeta the demands of {nformaliy or whee he factor maybe. The ouoeg rel bt ‘tne aad wale Seve, whee weave done all ees osenu xe he ne ee a ce gm est et Tiros he parameter st forth ig 1 an8 used la sbsequent paren. or eal, me can sy (wee) Hosted awesk or He stayed fora week Trotter Twos HelTinows fT bd ora without eter member of ic pits bag neces liked to any of Theva tate be pee. Wosayfomeines Bae x re fesion ont oow seer oe srr an anther, ot eel oe [sSlone, bot ltbogh a are acl form ite areal Foal ate ns nna ag, wecncmtaeaye ake Such au eneston, Also ar const chanig te ng aly es the ote lately ld ed roms metas f= ty ‘ibe eprint dpored oo the ew Gerke by thet you) hitters may led fo the leaps 9th oe) ‘Butea fw wil nl te Consent eter in out oe oriear te ferment dapoion. Pras Eng nay gies to och Ba thon nove than soe ther lngungs tease of is patently mixed ature: a tae Germanic wordstock, tes pater, worbormaion, {nso and nan over wih dasa and Romace wrdsok, ‘es ular, nnd formston ~andeven indo an ayn Tees {tortowhch een hy ete poopie il et he at aad Greek. ein oto andere igs wale lft oan ners: ‘Prae an afte fom and arene rom aad fas oben rom ‘te aie speakers of Egle to the varie sete ‘et tht clas tras aft and satan hat dere" (Et fom’; vera "vee fom’) aps wala Eoghan Won f te sass in which Engh st be eared a he most Therontoort of tngeagas a als poses to the vraton in Engl wage with which» pammar must ome totems, re Eg eC a any (3 Mes—<$— wo ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR Bh pores et this tetera expla ein nttandie features ‘Seon eat ngs ama so povidone Sinp fra tat ile ened o mock peste dtl nner opts ‘Ae ihany amalasle mp, reat any fates il te gored and ‘Sols contours wilt sutohed ost The reader’ atten Wil tbe saved ee by fora seferetzs othe pars the book i ‘ih te fou il alow sch sompeatin to become vl ut omen forthe idvasages otis dare of eesinpliao, ‘rebar hoped to aclee he avant of te pceaphie able [Svelstnabe words we ave edt vie eoaps been fore {oe ocoublteenarounertaed = aod pena we context = thet dete denson tha subeegs cape iva 2 Sie nd preinte otic tte general us abut he contrton of sexe tit ocuny eesry to fer fo sales ante setae el ‘Gar ft a st href eto explain what thse eal wits are ‘a weed otis oasing our atts fo the preten t 8 ‘seems wich ooh sowing caserble ast, are all of ally dementary true "Talo there primary tac Yerocen SUNJECT ani oa w Thesia a His rote 8 t i Me & They i Avthoug uc a von au esi pats which ae Gin hese ‘Nims very woe! sgn sn conten cous Je be tent har ae peal of th serene th went sur nites a otence for example, Another pbs nce set tere coor Tati, th se prs ever) {hat permite dsnce betwee singles lr te fm te aanpavon wither te sot sgl ari 2 thee ral Set i ad he ve thee an ape? wat a3 ‘Opes, ery, prenion remit wits sabes tee fw galas ha a0 $aiy make soul te priate See out exaps ave tate tenis to beurre compere eteogeeous ni We ee (eShop laments or conan One anion os San bee sues ceca ithe doe sexo ‘rliaton he sive th gi an spe id ven the gi avapale? a “this pariclr dso of the setts Help wt © undestan, for ‘amp, bow oteroptive td see serenes ae formed, bow ‘ein ejects are pstione, an how cero pes of empha ar Shoes=. . Py ot prio ad ee ‘Should ive been questioned by th pace? tbe oboe are ee question bythe poe es be shall the postive deat se epee regi: Tern teal day (Buea eyo day? Nita SEE Sal tverceitecrssas etary a GED one ort) ieee tas mt as Sintec ements ‘Xieueoce may serail te sen a8 comping Sie unsealed uamriers ot sete (or all se elo, a) ose: Sunvecy, sn, conus, OBJECT, ADVERDIAL, ber abe ed 8,V- 0,45 a () arly (A) searched (V) the room (0) o ‘Tepe ) sow (A) atten (©) stale siesiy(A) ‘iabeoter 9) gow () bape (©) gadualy (A) iy (6) ries) sey A) aby CO) ro He(S) had gen) the pit) anapple(O) 1 ‘Thy () make) tan (0) teens (©) every yea(A) (6 Westall ee in 211 thatconsdeabe variety posite eaizngeach Seen cf actre Indeed, a Acne heeled have te {neal couoet of ete: She) stat 1) rand) at dey AN) Hin bree) grew () ape (6) when hs fed S) ‘ered OHS) ™ That [e()onwered (the geton (0) erect AN 8) ‘ese V) a (0) enormouly (A) “The cig is intends to empath sina between sb ‘inte or epeen cues ond independent seneoes. AU he mse ‘Gnets andthe bracketing on eres} supe hat wher 3] hd oria Mad peat A, O, end respec (hough his Ship prt ie) wie ore impor big theres "espandel” Bye depends ses, a Complements ad obs emrnuon terse the rom alot ad the ote elements Inthe sentence ey rent rom te elation eee he gi] estos eect though bth ae beled be Even ore ‘Bony pebapr the two ements beled “oes” in 3 phy ‘Shp Shoei la eatence, We ped int ings vo {ppc of bjt and two types of compleneat nthe stents of ‘ene 4 2 obit 2 complene =a" “The dst be John cul seach throm 0.) u Hehad ge the pon op.) oy he yf emo gr Nad often oh Ec: AD oo — a ck thats apport ie te ter ening (he Geet oe) ead Tobe defor (reed he Init oe. "Tong fo complement, we may sae st the sbjet comple “Th gle now auton (Cat large ones pt 1 robe gem apie) aly aterete copes havea sighforard elton othe sets of ei senne uc ht tebe of [sso as | mise ey ak hi he chron) er eat @ ‘hat nto uy, he itt objet en bt complement inh exe, iS ee emma, coneapond to the subjet and tet compl etio Heit catrman C) a ‘Fre ae dient ips over coreeading doy ote feet ‘Spo of ebje and complement Seteses eh 2} 3 [whch hve soe complements, have Tans gt nd alors ‘toca ve nreenstvs va Toe ter sf Trane steal day ro ot ony elton to m rained enya ay a or Meas rai diy all dey ute not oui to we te progresivein “Th il enw atten are oie 2 ‘The gil roo eng ase Joka knew the ane 10) ‘ob maha te asset serie on cerain en wi ot ait be ro een a (0) as ‘a(t aed the bs fe tedhoacic aod eta i minority ot nays ate an ‘uly be pens uni ion oso, See are, 218 Caugresof aver ‘Nesey take prelimiarlook at adverbial concerning oes iy witnech stetons arse nce) to epi sone fhe che ‘ions in souatrtng the eet ates, We ma bain By {Sokng ein ta sextene with wo adel “Theil now ent eae merty ‘Ti night ae a fever cones “Tei iastueat ot alae weterty ‘Tepitiastcent ‘Tegel ata egeersty bute seins cold ot ane en formed intial ‘nts eidence ne my sy tt header ow anda reo ery bong to iflrent css od ses ata o tel them ie ane" especie. ‘Coos: now he at a he veri cary a san 0) could be repay many her aking acetal sexes ec erty ony beseech he rom | sly et hous dy uti sane vehi were iment which hdtv ‘ve te etc wold Heo nacelle se Mesansow anata} | Post ate} ste eyuisceathat we ashe asus of aeris Benue he verbs wet iy et eccur allo the poses he amet fo 2188 TEMS epson ose to hve adverbial a proms ‘pe cence scare raging foster te dscns so fr made, we can present some stem les dagranatcaly ach Ln omits 8 cre ich stated by meno = comerpondiegy umered Eran heving fat hose obligatory abd cplova fares) ‘Keune tht ne specie ae frmtla Th edt in Whi he = ‘nents ape somo but by no esas Ged I «pile of {ieee option ht wh conte fiaror he’ eames ‘aie cr whe part whch aed tbe esd or ih sem {R comney the ptt formation per te ie pomieac of ree fA PE 0 an fete a I xt St: Os St 2 a nes Ca a ¥ 90 neo il ‘imo xc [Samp Of ernie f Stetnin London(2ow) Shes stent Landon (om) a Jab dh pln en i oi) (he he wat Ieking te fo) 8 ‘ates xdonty tesa fous Gn ape) ris ‘ele Age) “hy tet angi at Bu at ea Bi eared on) ome coco pl ote) (Gere coe) a “he ce im carnan witht argue Go ‘Waist som) 1 ‘isting are (qe) (te stan (ore we ‘sted ® an Tenet rata ‘Sete lometscre eich gv nratres of ery leat (Conder the thee pe fun te rb Sivas fantargsSTOEY cleat inte ain ote uss Mary aie toe (V) aztadet(C) tha aniesy (A100) {Carey (A) soaring (¥) theron (0)](A Sob oasd 2g {haa te chaman ()every ea (wa ery Ba) ete Sito non te eden the pe He maybe growing bape He ad Bon caged aly, 2nd having een chalege be was en Tha she answered he question corey ese bin aE ose Seppe roar sts noon pore my be a nee ‘intel longa cone stature having a poo a end, preceded Up oter word sch ana arte an sje, anor no nd flowed bya peposions paso y a alte ease; by 90 ‘Bean uncoaaon To ed allsuh es present in a ous pra ‘The nw a3 soe inthe wc ought aston as ry ‘tise oven Subjet complements, ect obes, an objet complenents may be rein bythe same rng: of sacs sss He war a= inom hese the cama: They made Mo he cama. Put abet ‘Su ober complenets ave te adatonal pony of Beng ‘enn by djecve pases having a acetve as ben) Seman acl oe the eer hae, hae fever posites tan sub iss and ter feast ae cy noon pase a ‘He had given her an apleser a ea 0B 0981 soe sunog ors noun pase domated by 2 prepeiion, Salto y caus fateoroorn! (Joba ey caf sear th oom (3).tey make ecb ery yer (0 Sted ora lage tery (ab He gom bpp hen hen aed ‘Sree th ge rad Jo opp i “he seuctresrelsingetence ements re compote of wit wich ttn tf eh Tt rE Jeb ome hy ead, comply, realy, very, th ey ayboty, on, hich ean witout ese of We ssl naive tat the examples a Ted at wo ia hi ‘eatin setncas oe they fencon a consort of pests: hse Sing oo ao a tbe ‘al roms the ple py and not he comparative Aap, the [ete (ore) grab he st zen he wt ose Sad sot the oto im, Sap 23 Ele of te exes a 212 sper at wot tan oe part of speech Giotssnoonand eb tas emonsrative od eaofnetn) and mre epee conta ave ton Ben nba! ets fms way ound, can be nous, verb, aie, ar, and peeson. Smee Gui nee a ret conepsodencetetmeen mon adetves and eat re ate atl contig of he forme plo, Lass ob see tere an aaporant corespondence between words Pe agl eo en for exam) aed many of te bexng Guth whew for xa) tsa te fre te lle 0 i ‘ator wordsan theater tropa word. Fs, That i tf ems ae claed recive or adap pew aoa oun I. Teyursin pater tli herent ina closed stem, a 0 ‘SRS a ae tn ne ba a fat ae an oxbusine veto (Gos, ofcourse wre tbe menbsip io extremely saa ‘ieeae of ts wt) ip sutures the BERET ot vi anyother oe canbe the ook ok bat ca tbe) ant Greipel dllag ks cay to stale De a opt ny adv tem ha ode ration he eto REE Ts may becerer nth Sontag nao. ve are (Sid tte stderr an examination, th ‘messing hat We ‘chs tid wi depend on boeing bow wany cannes ok casio tina eof four bas vty ira! wean oth in iat it Se mcs‘ cla as tanta dasa a et one pummel perience pot Ee eter fc (a ier sano eo acm ci ee PT oo cat crounictans (renmso ‘Sibecenset at vat sop Ths iatyafosy als ccthep tne ay tom inagopn cave welche Te eine mesa econo oe nos th TERM Ticen aay Ghote al ue. ne ol ot—_— a tie eb ee srt cy ne a a Fa ee irs ors dos ht cy naa ete ce chin pn gto ae sled emer Bak Wome tome Tasty winger sh ieee cad (ota) may st by this fountin GH ie at at tee That ad fe window omy slong Mokoard Pe et “The dtnton betwen ‘open’ and ‘lose pars of speech mst be tated eal, Rowse Or he on ad We mst ot arate tiene wih whch we set cw wore we cern 0 2th up ow utes ecaary pst of Seki in the wa tat making uP ew ven weve Om tee tan, We mt tot eae eet to hich part of psc net (9) S212 “close ae ‘pepunos (oul of tf prep 206 rep" Hk y ay of) Seby a0 meas impose “aiboogh hey have deepey pec, he puts fps end in act tbe tbr betopinont The adver ad the verb re pehaps ‘Specialy mie aes nc Suall ad fat welded poops (Sora ese tems songs te nd ag opens ten Sofarar the ver econ, hele ubproupisknowa by {he melted er “sual Wid he ade, ope may deny ‘he diction troaly cnn thse tha corespond toate: (Gomolted) acd the that 60 08 (no, thre orard ey fot cape. ‘The ope cael bave roe sosbegeocal characte, We have [ietsce at aders fhe rose late ie soot tame tion ‘Sih adheres, Tove a rela mordformatica process gag “perl eveforooe riaton Deter nous ad aces, aad ‘emcee outrand eon Forte te itl ose nouay ads, debs in conscton with he opposition of sative and dyaunie Erodord io 28. Brouly speaking oan and aijicties can be arated tur astate' enue ele oes hat re Tepe as sate, whether thee ae concrete (bya) ke hss, {hie paper or aba (of he mn) The hope bay nth: On he fterbar, vers aod avers ca be equal aeturaly Character a “Gyaumie': mos obiouy, ert, whch re ted (yr pay to sow ese ad spe fr exalt indesteaeon tiee ee rary or chaning condons Thee cation betwen tn oes clas Sore sammarind tu starve sone jive reanic sth adh Buwesawia.28 hat her weresome et shh wich coud ot somally be wed with te prowess (he i naw tat i tie oud not beeen tea to something hat wan proget Vers so used we cae state’ othe shold ona pons within the uso verbs. Ther are exceptions he athe icin ‘none thenans ntl of whith ed be elane For example cd ‘muy te lteter on mau and emis the next. The iat on ‘similar wien we tor oe raining open Wout djtes ‘Abou thy ae peomianty stave ll re ol) sme dts ‘an reenble ee ia teeing oa ccs to trnoy cones ot tetavour or seul sek ss muh olen, Andee be at Se ‘ted to make pedaions having ty Roun ot adjsve at comple teste max ually te teen aden 28 that se se ecb ean ao be wed desma inthe progrsve, wen toe (py) lake, seme! to eae tat these primary dons ae Inthe are a eral carers tht uae ue: No ‘al at of language's ase er a xy. Tas we ea ae ermal dame em (Gy te er He wae the book) ao omit (Ta writing of he book), pend ae ee fo ste ie ation as satin’ So alo the wer ae Beet oan ‘seat. Again te pamearipefeet be et th oe Porikpates in te fentues both o heer (The i tng ee) Sid the sere (The stig gt Heisteing =Cr aw “Fos of the prs of posh ae aio, hover, a eer ‘Piacences nor reno o ech ter do hse ames ave ae feta et ei, ich nn a ded er ‘35S joan te pious ci for “ar ad of ‘Soret procore aves carr ceploaia corey esis (Gar itcan ee ara epee fora oun Jo seed the tg oom aod te sal oe o More wos weve, rogeus replace oan pasts ater than The man ined ite Sedge becnse heed he? ‘hee ae proforma for pic, Sin, ad oer adver der Marina Lando an Jb thereto eo Mary aed on Tuna So ted che oo i Sr sec th ig oom very erly and he al 998 ee o0 ut has ore important profncton, same, to elas slong shih" aba peition (23) ‘She hope hat be would search the om carl Brat ‘ria bt be i o> @ Hse do eles lhe iii portion the head verb sare and there ofthe pean, a8 show lo { nae | mnaiog peijaton ‘wohkd rc he oom eal. Gant deo que Bonet, he prorat ie aed by the operator -s: Medi’ ge he nape. 9: Yes et ‘Tey unpeeled gine bere aple abe had Flay, ty be rey obese ta the we of he ror rly facies eee conecign an), the osaning of snes 0 form compound sesens si [or (andthe Sorin of ‘onset iia ante forh‘conple setae aa uastion and nagation| 2s Wun “Toop foms ne bane bees consesig may he repel aig (pt ening: We iow what hist cero eo Teena elt (ial te 2.5 ateaion wat drama to coespondees of he te Shea tepe,e we ay nw cele the witwoeds of Engl a 4 Spec tof proforme diametealy opposed to becker ix hang {Gegeneramiog tw ot en own wha a tom frst aad toiocesta beste ofl. Ts fra sateen wl count thea of worms in quis: May's Lon ary ithe ‘By such ens, we can ak for the Menifstion of the subject, eet, Compleat ose serbia 4 sentence “They mak i he haioan i)eery yee) ‘Who kesh the caean every Yat? im ‘hom do they mae th cata eer year? a What do ty make bee) year? 8) ‘Whe do hy ke his the chara? Pl le mtd hatin ech ah hori pls postion ‘sha els hn is qrtonig te mbt a in nbn eve folio in ts normal second poston (2) he worm abel by ‘he operator (23) whi etre Fed byte mje nd pe ‘Reforma st ay leh yer te te ay, Teche Se NT i Yer gts ‘ese nequestony, wich etsestence tee te ueions whic sek ys on sponte ation {Steucidy ot omy) a enti predation ee now student? Did fn ach he oom? ad begin thesia pp? ‘Soci queion orl ope wih ax operator whic ste lowed phe subeet and he predation 23) 20 ‘Region ad so-so ‘Mile penne quest nova chalegebe ality of predation SURe eenton ese And ke yenno quan, epale ‘atte ave the operator, ein te ison of mot (the (Betoun) seven opera he proton “Tei it acedsat ‘ein i ot ear trom ead vente ga pee Wenz ose» farther sindariy Fewer questions ad npons, Lavell see nacht ‘eof bere chossaes w ncuron, Now, asatac canbe naatirien ene of tno way: 1 bums mete or by Bonga qusdon. We donot hecfore hve ‘independent sytem oskive: egtve dean introgaive tut ate ap inert tem in whic enerion nares oth po the and"Gedrue’ when anton sts eer eg the’ or nterpate" Te reonship may be agra thes: freon ~posveanddearatve fo beste “Whe itt o show ito’ a ing ewe th upper t= (ene poilte and deans th oer extreme "ea [toa to econ tht "intereatiehas e etina 0 ‘uzun sengig tke fom the "oa-aserton pode viene ‘rth isnotitexit Sn. Ascomyee wi he some he poste= ‘Gelatin [1 we any nthe corning quevion ad epton: 2.20 san dan een = ie fsb any cholate? a He ie oer ar any socles ti (Ghdt oa rareg eve ocd fr ape we SonoTHREE VERBS AND THE VERE PHRASE a ‘Typen of vor ‘Riese salon ways aw it wi be man to ey seb t hs caps. We bean wih a ctunenton ating fo the uncon ot ems ia the web pase. ‘This stipe lee ver fom the ste sen (1 of iy vet nd ahs he ae to extent ality, Bea, {Pinay ho, have, Se (Moda! am may shal il, ‘oul mip, sol, woul, mt, ugh, sed ed dare Aci 2 emt hem el rien and nae ‘Se vine pe a ose aes ‘eral forms and the verb ohease ‘Maty Engl verb sve efor: he BAS the FORD the as, thee panvictris od the sro ranvies. Elampls of thes {orm and an ination ofthe aston we vena al now, ‘Regular etal verb bath seston for bth he as ee snd the parte (ele, see) Lepr eal ver for ay ftom thee: pt pt, ping, see 2104) fo elt es ae waver, ea, bec, st 320), The modal naan are Sete ‘ot ny nti ema), opal (eying ed prtiple (nye ot epee ay Se Tutt $31 ose Vocal all he pent te Fink Stage penon Pit Sgt: sou mety caller Chinen cat Gsubjancive: He Sande ht he cl te bi (Gy bare aie He may cand he ‘ointative He ee @-sform Vs calle Sed pesos singular Grits preset ese Heel pun alvevey dy alla patente. He led Sank Ysera Dine pris Ving alg) pope apt Greet Sriking (het V) Hee rte) ting, ling ina maent (ying priee ‘Shear Cling ents, {found ter at bow (-odparidple Vek alll) prev apse. Gat rue ares Ved) He arte) Pet haat te water (pase vore Be Ve) een ask (o)is-e parce ‘Sut Chloe, etadagact beak ‘The abtevnton Ved wil used were Ve Bas th efor Ved” Vote sod ae phane 33 “The morphology of lexialverbe 2 ‘We wil cams eal vr under two hed euler (sca a cal) brea (eh dit lo hem the erm ond rt {ile are pedal rom te base form. They erin tate 0 ‘ei Toms in neu verb att be pete fom he De. aguas lexialverbe Regula vers have the lowing rms vonage call like ty Yang "ne waxstermes Salling thine ng Va Frome fal kere Vee rasslepranricirue fled lied ted ‘Ths ar plein that we eas pat he ote fof we know te tase of cha verb. This avery power rlsie he at the ‘orm ied in tina an ihe as myo gh eb belong torhisreplr das Frtetme alloe verb at r oaed oe ‘one fom te ages dog thi pte, ‘Tt and forme ‘The-igform na leona aon othe bse; ash~pushig slep~seping Sytbecaer to te lube tore the infection (sin writ riety and whether rao speakers pronounce el (in 7), Ther ponoused tre the into. "Toes form ao peiabe fo the base Tt ns the spoken veal: [oi wd od two speliogy sec (O)Prenused a ter bans oding avoid or vols sins pled ar ae th ase end ine omen rata ‘toes ‘mane = concep (@)Pronocce and speed ae ase eodig in ter vied scan et allel rob~ratt fow-fons Notes do~ dae penser (eyPrenouncd and pele ater bts edgier ves sods ot u ‘eps and the ed petite ‘Test edad tee paripl (Vado ela eb ple “Et ul the Ba a io) have ee spoken eliatins hates ening a od 2 iat pt aa et enti voted oads te ha er nnn ‘aie ed ir baat i voids otc ha Nt (repel ‘rps further nection apelin rules Donte: crema Fmd tase comonants (sept =) ate doubled before inition Fepining wih vowel tr shen he peesfing vowels sessed nd ‘pel wha angle eter: tor rring Bored omit —pemiting ported ‘Thro dotting who the vowel usr or writen with two ter enerng ented Gut eong Sale (a) Buses ending in seri consnsnt are bled a fer sale beoberp loempreerey feeb bet Ibe roe tating tracked (ee, a sic thom AmB, beste ele with pet ce fsa tor consoaae aa: ol omy B= signal sigaling stalled (XE) fiat Sgrling eae (AMP) fret trveling roel! BE) reel mel mead (ADE)5 Vote ond hove ae 38 regen) meee mevaned porran” pregame programed (ASE) ‘roohp mathe ershipped ef) woukp woh worsiped (AME) Mos ets ending inp, bowee, have the ela spins in ek BE ed AME, deo, eel, pally gor as ‘Treatment ot "ee bows olin in conoat-+, he allowing chines oer eto inrins at oso wie i corywearieseany~coried bat earpwearyng “The pate Ea faonig eo ra a change yf tee owt ey porpad ‘Soysl bas te same change of sping bet, in aon, « ‘haoge of ome, elo 3. (yin tse coding ini he es placed by» before thei inc. em tg en bing Daten o-« Pale a egty roped ere the dg snd eines: sve soveg shed Vets with ta a, 96-06 and often ear xspiont this ‘Me nth they da ao rp tbe eoreing ba ey Bo rope {ores abo bo forms nee ed) Ze fee te hot Ge sige ager ged Irregular oxoa vedo a0 [eel es web ii fom regulars te folowing wae () equa vets ter do nt havea fo intone drat oe beck hele a 360 cd isto ‘heart bene the lr med a, (erga vere tpi, Hat no ees, he vsiton tins bate ome: (fod~fomd~fund—_wteerte~en (o equa vers haven vring amr oft forms. ice the {snd ig forme prdcale fo ear nd ie ves “ike teeny forms ane ste for eplevet are the TRE GF th pt ed andthe pat parle Qed). Mest rae vertshavs ne pul verb ol one common orm for {hep and tee pri but econ eatin in is reec a the abe ons: ale af ae ra MeteVeets ret fe ot Vive, Tome ome come terest ‘ok goke pen ‘ree eharacteriis form he bis f te csiaton that tows ‘Dama ss hep vert ang he sae intone: wea ate doe does tat the Som ote as With Cg iStesoas Lass 1 Ved seni wit Ved, Sotuation ed bat vlna one cet nal he pats yi v vet Te tebe tet frome) ft tae a) cor ae ‘pent eur tte eri pty An at i Frm elyan Bas 2 ers esl with Ved, (ena) (ieee aren ely eri An an ‘ithe 3: AU the prs Vd nd Vad ee ened ‘Nowa or chase th tse vowel Vand Ved VantVel Vand Ved ee) i) ae (dake a(R) er a It a om ca ee) Soest ct ra) eet) i Ses wed) het oe va) a Biss 4: Ved dat wit Ved Novation (Change ae vom rarer) reat am hon a ate a gm ee {EA pt el ne esc "ced one’ (hited ponte cpa ane ais hss 5: Yoder; Ved Ba to Forms one eu the ter =a Se 0) ieLass 6 Vad, and Ved re repr te ate hay sued ad ‘uly wih eh Thee sues los: ‘A: Ved and V4 have te sme vorel B: Vand Ved, bets came vows {Cal te prt vee vowel Seat ne aaa ae eee oe sos an SEE sss Cae ate ete md wi ° Be a we aa ete ty bn _ i ee Sar fear Sea rasa Se eet ee CLASH: Ved, and V.edy ave eather iso sisation at there lvaye ome vor eaage v Vet Vins Te besiege ‘enn me tow ne fra awn ff sean ag ‘oe 3 rf coe fens emg oe ones Were ane ‘The ausliaies do, have, bo a iy don ont fre ide on abet weet {i Sime Pa ata aot arr ‘eae veo erm) and a poe asthe all ag of Pe ea spent jr tan te past rte de (eesie: ‘Wat hve 00 Ben da foday? MRCS Goo wold ie act does, a Tacha teflon forms = fae stom ‘or oe ie Tere “Shree _ Hany ona vo) [vate 039 tpumion esta opty Become {Sel Ant pe oct fea) rtePS aoe once rd 27 ect and suey veh Be eo ving it rent os ne emons lsh vet ‘base be — ae Secu eve = toma'rm0t it mut Ned pean, poe eral Sieioem ‘hogan dani er et tenet ime Srepintcs weet cute neath, bce sere monte “The medal avatar at ‘Te oda anlar he low jeu could not coul't nay inayat nat eh mite soe shuld oan ‘Soule ol ' Wellner wot woud ould rot oa to Cis Sekar ‘testo medorie oie aria to set cdot ear ae deenet et eon atte ne ae Bisa ant honey ste tt Ant clay ate ne Sieesrsnena oti amtan ating alignment ‘cat en ae our sate ah Marginat medal auxlaros ed ava take the tovane and ccs ely nthe pat ts. amy take the ob contrition a wc ease the pela 0 ed foand desc oboth osu, Telateroptie connation ud 2 ‘Repeal bed hese peed i both AME aed BE ‘Dae and med ean be estroced eer 36 ol aus ih bare ntnive and with o eect for) o ae eal vers (vis (olakate sod hides form), The modal et conection 1 rested to saraseruve contents (ee 220, € mul) egave nding sentences, wheres the Il vb cnsvucon cat Sage be aed and fat the more common. Date sh etd at Solas aepobay turer in AE than in BeFonte Me adit go ow ‘He ie ed wg 2" [iBtomtve Neel begooow?” Deere ec go 0m mae "rosie _Nedi'-be go sow? Pisa tt re Satire ea weber Sareeee coe eens Sit came ene am oe Finite and non-fnite verb phrases 33) “The webform operatein Ste ad soe er pase which ae ‘hinged ft: 1) ite ver phrases have tense dtnetion = 9 > sl nin G o> Tan Youefbeytoe — Helfict i ‘With ec vec cosatis ete toner betwen Jedd waded pason Sagar pea: Herel) he pps vy oing ‘yseetey can play the eo Fists 49, In cotat the “use rte gs eae moods amp") aa ‘ero pais const fone 0 more such ems: Carat oar extly To amok ie tat mt te “ngs He se orig ‘ow ho working He hal meee ore Hang eo fender a Temata rte reine a pi tow i, (TID, sys ftiowes by an incisive, ain He would wk (GREER, sw towed by 20 ed form, ain He bd visto (RGR. vay toed by an ig Frm, sia He wa visting He woud hae teen ving (1 QRRRBDRR ways ftiowed by a ed frm, asin He wa vito He woud av bee ing vised Thelast examples added for competes butte full age of s- ries rarely oun sila hs wa (ough rare with iegetpunive:7) Raters bento oe det ‘Site Eslowed, ape ae parol wormal Fer exp SIV: Heber bec ited nas Contests axpretod inthe verb phrase Tnaddos tote contrasts often sp nd moe och are elt ich inthe preset chap, 326-9) ty be convenient oat ere The other jor cosine wich fee ver rte ea which erp conta pny potty» ete nd ee 38 (0 Yee aving to stv ston, ‘Aor wil examin te aptians "teapots wl examin by «dator (©) Questions reusing sujet moreneat involve the ws of an uly epee Joba ag Wi ob ng? Sobnsane~ Didobn ig? (6 Negron makes analogous we of operators asin ot ales ~ So ong Shaan —obe 0d wil te nde a 723-2, (@ mph which sequent cai Wy the operator sin Jot wi. sag! ot Bb Sg! intrested ia 1435 (© tnperatics asin Gobo, You home, lh; Do's (es) go ets ats go home, ate dics in 138-2 “ons, aspect and mood ae erred (or suple a completed ois progr), whle mand ws the vera ‘in ouch endins as erat, cbenton, nes, esi. in fat owevet toa pat ene! the thee catego inplegeo0 ‘eichothern pul he cree of ene preted past ant ‘ened separate rom aspect bd te expression of he ature ‘Selly bound wp wih mood. Tense end aspect ‘eter cousder the pres and ps tesa etion tthe prapresice A pec aspect The fags case se in the tec Hae ons na speci pe" ling he Bk wth a pase ang he verb be wre ete vite Imvring present feiss Pa lpefecine fave writen (resent spat wrote od wton poor poe perfect prorsice fave een wing (presen poet tnd en hing post (ope perfect ‘Were 0 ditngish the hase es of resent: (Tle erred Wi ttle prea om 1 alway) write wit spel pn hen Tics my ame) ‘As wl a epee ita seta a are, he acess peseat ‘fed for eiveal atement sot “The un ssi he wet Stes have et es (Lint xed with he pest progressive 1 om rite (nts cain with x pec pen nce T have isl my eda oe) Normale rin London batt present et iin Boston In indie ht he sone wed aio procs ad of ited ‘orton, he peepee can eps incompleteness even With 2 ‘elie sp whte acto cu ay have orton fue ‘topped. Tee progress (rally with an ave of bih fe {ae eam ao be sed of ul acto, coveyig a ems. thon closing nach a eran ce aay wg witha pecial pe i! bec eke (6 Instron, exes its eer the singe (pei ia Seto) othe propre fom:e ts od ee pene 3.28 Watch cri sow ist te wit your pen 0m, Tite wih pci pea ‘as yous Ham dopig he one into the water ‘he smple pest Bower, in rai comnts on {pon (Moore pais to Caron) ad in eta erfocative Ufssdone (sme hr ip Snag it abt, iat kine ston Pat Was avg taken plas at a pate pit of ine w= (vera ped fe ater the prod may been (extending upto he prea, ot (@)seaig ely oh pst fe ater, it may evened as (@)baving been complete, ost (Ghae hea ee come Pret Fes o ee a (9) eg a ig Se ‘Type example wil be sent ave he pert nd prosesive sspetsa wel se de pa ()Lwot my eter 16 Jae 1972 with ssi pen (Ga) fave writen witha alpen sine 1972 (Gt Two with pcp oa 19091 1972 (Gay nar wing poy wit speci pe abil activity can io ers wit hsp ps (Healvays ‘ote ith special pen), butane ne he snl present £200 Th paste pte ® ‘ot impli without stat ave i of vs commonly) sould sma be eed to bag ot thie? (rte is pel pen ine eee th rt mT ey ‘ethno mh joao we of comma ‘The pst nd he pert Invelaton to Qa), ot he ine seid i the etc but the Pod flat eine speed tt mt send fo he pen, Joa edn Pair en eae (ch entathat the pid of rien hancometoan en ad wich doit the putty tat Joba dnd wt Jobe hardin Pai te es ih etl that Joa si ie bat priate siden in Pai to ‘eed ei othe preset (he sl interpeatin oto some os ‘peed cate inthe pst Compare i! ewe Np pe Temas ea, nnn “Test cans tat Neal itl potion opodace more oes lulbers een i op tine may ve daend se fhe ast ma re= ated. The cod sentence, onthe oa tnd, aroma ‘wheter ay fre wins can be rogue by Sparta “The coowe of pete spect soctl vith tne oes and cnsequeat ao wih various telat (ty ny, fer, 20 Ie enon Hallo ome the oto eo amples(roped now pus) (ele toa prod being ‘he pst nd reine vp to epee) psec (rig) ene Torked {hough January The worked. lor Tay tony “(ttf {Ne um mc ope an) we pay tne Pein tae es ah am Todt nd dete Throop satiny tava pes of ine foment meson tthe prt the prev hasan indeilers which aks itn tee nt eb expression for intedulg a tops of dco Arte ‘ope i narowed dom, the emering tees is mared by the ‘itl fast wl inthe aa prs 430, Pr eal Te sy ha he Aton mete a one ime (teen crest actor td the eset) ‘He says that hes the eto stot that enero eo ext ‘Compara Did you tow that Jobe har pated 8 porto Mary? ‘Did ou now tat Joon pad ts port of Mary? an Past pret agi repeats 23/—pl hea pfe wh eect eenés bain inte paste et Peeent etre ot ys pre a) We et ent ot he pas tet the mpl pst andthe pst pect ne interchange ‘ae in eonjnc ferieaficietspeicton oat ta th rival fum he shopping api ad shen ace oes extn Sethat te ex ine intstion by means pst perfecto ‘etindan, “aloe athe afte arpa Meaay ‘Sainte ett ‘Te pet nd te popeine ‘As wih the present (20, the prev when wie withthe pst ‘ees he ted aration ofan set sat wing ith spel pn fora pero at night uty band eerie Incoeseeecy, its comes devi ta india a ime spn win ‘wc apse eest (etd by he spe pent bese aking aS ‘While Tar writg, te phone rng ‘The abi to express ncompeacton vith tbe progrenive i ite tested ty the cotaing pa He ead took that vesig (pin tht be hd He worreanga boo that eens Ginette i oo ih) and more skigy by: ‘The gt ar doing ie he ke it prt "bu someone eda tod sed her) ‘hei arabe akeHatta acy may be espresed by the posesine proved tx A al tine, me wre ating erry ay aot rely spoeati: ‘We wer somtimes aig te ice ‘Bt soc hais may te peor end of 328): My othr ar ay sn i ere an ‘The pret proesive Limited durtion (or incomplete) and curentrlevinee ca be Jovy expend th te ports roti, Compe He hr eaten my holt (hey ae al gon) He sa eng my ebsites (ot ped bi) He has bon ning my eboolie (bat he te ome) Frequent the pecs popresive iis an ecily en ati, {he ent of wich at ban, td the aves hs eommon aca Te hari eet dine you we ere On oot set ee in ‘Vera mesing ad the pogesie ‘AS pita out 28, the prog oc aly with nami eb (Grmoee sorte, ih ete in dais) Thor eb lite fre hss wl teste vers [BE whic low the ropes, ct bese a longing fone ef two cases. loys 0) Acily vers bono, aa, beg, cals, nt, ey ear, ar, at ly, am, teat, se, tho, hig, or wrt (a) Proc wer: shnge, ero, som, mate, slow down, den Bot activi and proces verb ae egy ed Jnpropesseape to fod nome events in progress (0) ers of toy Seaton eke, ert, ee bv ihe sine or ropresive set with ite dines (o Transition evet es (ari eal, ee, sar wa © cat inthe pore at with + cng of mei ae feed wih stople spect, Te proses ims incepio= [Eonly he approach the aston. (6) Momentary er (mp, Hk, hock, nod py, ave Tite dunten, and ther the progesive spect poverty sige epton mi srazive (Overt of ine peceton and cops: ator, aire, inh ele dee te, eth, dos fel fee es. fhe, Snag, pre, ined, non, ie, oe, mer, fini prose, ple, prefer presi, rele rec reo repo reerber aij ol pa te, ‘hk rtd, wan, with Some of se vet) geste ar pet ube (71 in whieh ese hey ‘elon with the A elas. Compre! 1 hn you st 1) {king of you he ine A] (2) Relations vest: apt 0 everyone) be, Bln 10, concern, ut of oti, cat died om dere, pt, he, Il, tte, lack, mater, ed ove, vt ses, emai (Gato, rg, sem, ee sun fie, tod ‘Te future Pt ‘Thee sno obo ft teat n Engh comesponding tothe tne) {entiation fo pret sn pest ested tee re trea postities {oe acting fu tine. For, modal, and aspect re closely ee and ft ine rendered by eas of sol suis ot ‘entaularie orb spl psa! forms o rome frm. Wa at at il oan al penone ‘hs inv Gt pomon ony ey BEE) lial arc tomoeow HDS ere alo our “The fue and modal funtion of thse aun can hardy be sept (f 390), at sal 2, paral wl ae te closest ‘pronation on cols, ssl ote. Wir furecan be wed n'a gemoas thoughout the Englshapeating wore, whereas shal (rit pn) arbre nth spe to sotere Be.“Te aula contrition ie alowed to fer to sateen Son the ps fom a pint of cet i th ft “They wil ove ibd hl book by net eat a8 Being to alive ‘Ths constrocton dents tre flea the een’ Looked at more earful, Be gong bus two more see eae, of ich om ate of preset tention ue hey wih prea uj: When ar ow goin to et maid? ‘Tie nee feof sat ae’ nhs vb Shes ang to haze a aby Wot in Both ofthese opt tht he tent aed onthe ways Begg ‘snot gael ed inthe min cla of edna entonss wiE tah ig prefered fsa yon leave now, yet never ge it Pret ‘The present popessie refers to afte bappesig ated nthe pra al cig ed rangemet, or prosamn= Hetrmexing to London Soc the progresive used to denote retn os wel fui, a ine Evert shen wis tea nich meatng the Vb beng ed ‘Thea wig hits {2", “Tie ret opie pc oun vith da sto tet is ares com, bu tar, op WE lr ra ‘iene to oa polos ‘The plane king of 20 ‘The Presa cong t the UN th wee 2 aentgepenie ® Sipe rat ‘te rect irl inbred ht ‘tool doce by fn ee eporlGtodued soo thre hen, SIL ‘Wat wil ou say tary ay boss? ‘Te goss wil dra afore ey we “The ue ft sale pret in siecle may Be said tepesent a Tavted futur asec unweit, at tbat tote {resomehing fb pastes one sory soc Wi preset hd pst vents rd for satemets bout he led: Yesersy was Mond, ody i Tosa, and tomorrow i Woned snd to deci inutile eve of Estar ‘Mine high ie? ‘What ie the otal ath? Bot he sine peet and the progrenive (828) ae oft ed with hai apna vera: em, come lee, bth Dang the haneg pa” of propre Toetnia {eg} toni rom Cie at ais pogresine ‘Tosuslay verb constuction (3.37 cn be sed together witht poe freaelnolineto ante afte mtr sous lata (es Ving. Te we af is comboation aves the inerpretin (o leh wl, hal, an beg Yo te bate) of oon, sence Held best tare coin eterrtio psi) Het be doing is Ws tute nterpretaton ox) ‘This compes constration ct bud to coney ger at di ‘ition thn he ne snary corto oe (coming? ‘when wil you { ote perormance? Ween vio:ne Beste ‘hs ees arrangement, @) commando (contingent future: (We ae tobe marie 008 Pere fo beta nesttion (q)You aioe bck by 10 olock (Ot rv razed, he nt work harder 20 Beato ative ‘Tos contraton exces nar tas, nmin nt: “Te tas brand woe an ave (it endef eso wu ory an to th ‘Be of utr exreion; wih ether tana agin (hon ale tin (el), fate expo evel with modal mening He cen abe sting (= erin tha wi dire) ame in in fe pst Some ofthe fate contractions rt diac cn be wd othe pst tee to expe tie wih in heft when sen om Newpsk ‘a bey (avxsuuay i aie 3) “Te time wa ot arf when he won ere ths deion Dte going to4swvinirve (on ith te sense of “unl Inesion) ‘You were sig em your ass ‘rare meocxessive at meg a Boreas be nxt dy (Oe onariv Gormal='a dete’, as arn) He was ater rege his dion ‘The meg at Be ell he elo wog week (te ao 0 Con he pot oF): 348 ie wa aout ot me Consraverion with woul (are teary as Mood xcs in Epi to yer mir exe by the sbjscn, Soe ithe toa much gate etn! by past tense Forms ai you tow me, woul earn gully bt above al by mans of te modal ania, tin Wie sang that he hal ave 0 ery he mbt Free eg of sutjuatt may Ue dain: (0) The MANDATIVE SUBIONCTIVE in atlases as aly oe form, th ase (Vth mann there's ck a the replarade the comord beeen sujet and Ee verb inthe 3d person ‘gaa rect od he ewe dps ees ending hE, The tgs con be ued ih any vs a nbd toler nie hein cane contains aaerresiont recom: ‘Beda, renin, Cana, nels 0 ie dened pu, moe ot ge, her) The eo hi satjocne | ‘se chy in fom se (andespecial Sn Am) wie nes formal sone one woud rater make we of ber vcs, ach 1 iii or ul nie: Teas acesry Ha every meme frm ins of doe ‘le nfs that ery member sould oem Rio ee Inset or every meer ifr imo ess @)Meronnveatcwoencriveal cons of the Se (V) bt is ay aed incase ner et expos which ave 0 be Sond od conse ser an in rors ateropine verte Hk wish Ge HLA, Ios a th et and ed son sings te ery mtg te sate es, ‘TREK the more common feral ee rete {donot Heottomen {ot sat si ey enti Aiwa meron eyo aw ‘Moda ast 5st as coal ep wren wee sin coe or wae engions involving all oe Yer Unf, the ps tse ia enveys the impostality. See fre, 114, Other tl ae ‘nodal uss ofthe a at lated by 1 wondedf you'd ike a ei wih aves a8 atta ater than 4 ine Stina from ender fo ke sk’ ed We nrc th dock nan iti ety Blk leady hic teem to ped oa a covert suboraing dae vc a We ped tat. awe he pas tne spel taper, The wes fhe medal meataieg Extlcovse () Abity Hoon speak Baga at be caw rhea iter wel Cs abe o speak embed capileot akin @remision Tenote is hee? alowed Be peed (Cons oem ‘ha my a ese) (CAs allowed to skein are?) (©) Theor positiy Anybody cn make mista (Contastmay= The oad cen be Mocks (1s psie __ fet pom rsa Tver old pny ie aslo (DyPrewet oft pane (0) Psat psutiiy (eer setae. (@ coatingest poy or aity ons “Teno cn uo uct ety (wih pt et 35) ar esto ope pte My nee anh gs ening) waviunon (Pian You may tonow ayearifvon “eloedto a Bisse may more fmt ono {ermal hac lonad sé You [tenet swe to| ny ogee music ed a teaeateto epee po sosoe) @ Femi eal ial) ‘The voed maybe CH pone iat he oad Poni blok te oad)arate Soe RST Feralas Sea Meee ae oe se ee (@ "Putative" use after cerisin Mis odd that you shoul sy this to Taeememememtmmnaiatetee LEE asteee Beiter see Perot D1 Tameaneeet myers qesceajacee costars eth ‘mala ue snes 2 "Sem fait Birlewoorn Sha onal sof 13) ‘D Wilingaes oa We par of Ho thal pt mney he ser nnd ta SdYon sl do acy you wih ‘@ tnenion on the aro tie Ta one restr, oj lt jenn Weshal lt you know or dasoe esha octeome Dates Recticed we You sl doa esha epi ap and quasiegal The vendo shall mata the ‘alncoa ‘uel neo rei ‘Oftes teins oly theo of etentine ti widely ed today. Sali onthe whol and epecaly ote Be, a neque! lly with etre ue compared wit shoul wl, nd wou ll ‘spear peter, ecept est peson quests Shal/*WiI come at once? 1 he it prc loa et What lit we dk? ‘el a fr instraions, an will no oon fre pei ‘AmB Wives bean resin common nately cones Fcm-eional fatty (Tse your bua insets Frente, perpen, ‘How will get re? Wha nl do?) Which wil tke? ‘This ages eedominaty Ame (ough stad icommoal peered) ‘at example may be oud ic BYE oo A sila ang acon ‘eyed be gt to ‘What are me going to dot Wcoutngeat wei ee saveskepecty bays {wo ioe esod _temaincaie (Smeal) wed thectsos) (Piacatier ore ea Tiyou sould change your Bid, CCraioor pine haoe as ‘wituwoutn wal or3a7, (Dogs Usa pole eguee intention, Usually eostaced Twiteawonastan ‘ijmaily atpeton Weve! tay loa nao (CVn Sted bese He wl die wbtoerouay "teontcton (etnias on doing) (Hettaitdony were ‘Saye into hi eee) (oPstion Ge lr mewsings of er exes for pa cry aod baal ‘seat Toecoetacte fom iis consoe (© tabi penn EW alma) er hounit 00 eh he hace