STA.

CRUZ INSTITUTE
Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur
SY 2020-2021

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Grade Level: Grade 12

2nd Quarter Unit 4: Reviewing the Literature
Module 1 (Week1)
Lesson Title: Writing Review of Related Literature

Engage

The review of related literature places one’s research in the context of the available information about the topic and lays
down the groundwork for crafting the conceptual framework as well as the conceptual and operationsl definitions of the
variables.

OBJECTIVES
 Presents written review of related literature and conceptual framework
EXPLORE
Base from your research cite some of your related literature.
Explain and Elaborate
Relevant Literature Sources for Quantitative Research
Differentiating Primary and Secondary Sources of Data
In quantitative research, statistical findings are key elements of a good literature review, which are
originally found in primary sources of data, while secondary sources of data offer summaries of these
findings that serve as useful quick references for your study.
Primary Sources of Data
Primary sources of data include first-hand evidence of the literature. Hence, these materials include
published research on academic journals. These are also original copies of theses and dissertations. This
also includes original sources of textual, tabular, graphical, or statistical data and mathematical models
(Georgia State University 2020).
Researchers use primary sources of data to explore specific details and other findings that were not
wholly reflected on secondary sources of data. Primary sources of data can give authoritative and
credible support for the findings of your study.
Secondary Sources of Data
Secondary sources of data are interpretations of pertinent information from primary sources. These
interpretations may be in the form of syntheses and summaries from academic books, encyclopedias, or
synopses and descriptions of works of art (Streefkerk 2019).
Secondary sources of information are necessary for having a wide background of knowledge of the topic
that you are studying. Secondary sources of data also help researchers access primary sources of data that
are not available to the general public or are difficult to examine due to the proximity of the origin of the
primary source from the researcher.
Examples of primary and secondary sources of data in quantitative research

Primary Sources in Quantitative Secondary Sources in Quantitative

Research Research
1. Original publications of research, thesis 1. Textbooks
and dissertation 2. Encyclopedia
 2. Journals of scientists 3. Atlas
3. Field notes of field researchers 4. Magazine
4. Observation sheets 5. Newspaper clippings
5. Printed spreadsheets with raw data 6. Summarized article
6. Research in academic journals 7. Interpretation of results of surveys and polls
7. Statistical results in academic journals 8. Manuals
8. Experimental results 9. Biographies
Selecting Relevant Literature for Quantitative Study
The main purpose of a literature review in research is to provide a detailed overview of the topics that you
have explored. This shows the readers that you have used all means to access relevant literature for your
study and educates them on how your study fits into the larger body of research (Fink 2014).
Since there are numerous online and offline readings, articles, and studies that you will need to review, you
will have to select literature that is relevant to your study. Here are important guidelines to help you choose
relevant literature for your quantitative study:
1. Select literature based on your Statement of the Problem (SOP).
Analyze your study’s problem in order to determine the subject of your research questions. Use the
subjects of your research questions as keywords for your search of related articles and studies for your
topic (Vanderstoep, and Johnston 2009).
2. Select literature that is related to your specific topic and field of interest or field of specialization.
As a general rule, search for articles related to your specific topic and field of interest or specialization
(Creswell 2013). For example, if your topic is about management strategies of small-scale store
owners, search for books, articles, and topics related to management strategies of small-scale store
owners.
On rare occasions when there are few books, articles, and studies related to your specific topic, both
online and offline, you can search for a less-specific topic, or a general topic related to your study.
This must be rarely done since general topics can give you too many articles or studies that may not be
related to your research topic. Let us try to look at the topic a while ago, what you can search online
and offline is:
Specific topic: Management strategies of small-scale store owners
Less-specific topic: Management strategies of store owners General topic:
Management strategies
3. Select literature that uses evidence.
Select literature that has credible sources on their bibliography or references. Look at the statistical
findings of the literature; it must be validated, and based on other studies.
Primary sources of data should act as the base of your study. This gives your study credibility and
foundation (Ridley 2012). Secondary sources of data should link their summaries to the primary
sources.
4. Select literature and studies that are current.
Your research adviser or research teacher will set the exact range of year of publication allowed for
your study. As a general rule, literature within five years or 10 years from the date of your research
paper writing is acceptable. There are literature sources published decades ago that are still relevant
today. However, it is best to consult your research adviser regarding this literature, whether they may
be included in your review or not.
5. Select literature published locally and internationally.
Locally published literature allows you to understand the current situation of the problem you are
studying in your immediate setting. Selecting foreign literature gives you the idea that it can be applied
in different settings or different contexts ( Neuman 2007). Hence, this enriches the findings of your
study.
Citing Literature Sources
Citations
Citation is an organized method of acknowledging literature sources used in specific parts of the
research paper. Citations that are placed in between parts of the body text are called in-text citations. A
list of citations at the end of the paper is known as a reference list (also called bibliography).

Citation is important to avoid intellectual property issues, such as plagiarism. It is also a good practice
to acknowledge and properly attribute the contribution of other researchers in framing the current state of
the research project. Specifically, citations serve the following purposes:

● Gives credit to other researchers. Proper citation of sources gives credit and proper recognition to
the authors of the ideas borrowed and used in the research paper.
● Supports arguments. Proper citation provides evidence of the claims made in the study. Citations
inform the reader that previous studies on the topic support the arguments being stated in the current
research work.
● Identifies and organizes literature sources. Both in-text citations and a reference list allow readers
and future researchers to identify possible literature sources for their respective research papers.
In-text Citations
Recall that the main purpose of citations is to provide proper attribution to the original owners of the ideas
being used in the research paper. The most common method of putting citations is through the use of in-
text citations. An in-text citation is a marker placed before or after the text that was quoted or
paraphrased.

In-text citations are not necessary for all ideas in the research paper. Purely original ideas from the writer,
such as own explanations and conclusions, do not necessitate in-text citations. Similarly, ideas considered
as general knowledge do not require in-text citations. Information that is commonly known to be true is
classified as general knowledge. Examples of information considered as general knowledge:

● The Philippines is an archipelago.

● Fidel V. Ramos is the 12th President of the Philippines.
Here are some examples of ideas in the research paper that need in-text citations:
● Theories and definitions - In quantitative research, theories are formed from testing hypotheses in
order to describe, explain, or predict a particular phenomenon. Using the same theories to provide
answers to the research question would always need citations because it is a collaborative work of
scholars on the topic. Similarly, definitions of variables are usually formed from the identification
of indicators and conceptualization processes by previous researchers. Thus, providing definitions
of variables based on existing studies would also need proper citations.
● Ideas in the literature review - The literature review contains a synthesis of ideas and arguments
on the topic coming from existing studies on the topic. Ideas from previous studies that will be
quoted or paraphrased by the researcher must have corresponding in-text citations.
● Hypotheses and previous results - The hypotheses used and results reported by existing studies
also require citation. The researcher may cite these hypotheses and results to help address the
research question.
● Data collection and analysis techniques - Data collection and analysis techniques used by previous
researchers must be cited in the paper should the researcher wish to execute similar procedures. This
information could be in the form of a standardized sampling design or technical procedure in an
experiment. Sources of these protocols should be cited in the research paper.
 ● Data sources - Existing data figures, tables, and graphs may be used to complement the discussion
and justify the results of the current study. These must also be cited in the research paper.
Types of in-text citations
In-text citations may be done in two forms: parenthetical or narrative. Both forms of in-text citations
require important details about the reference material, such as the name of the author/s, year of
publication, or page numbers.

In a parenthetical citation, the citation details are put inside the parentheses and are placed at the end of
the sentence containing the referenced material.

Example:
The Philippines is primarily an agricultural country because of its rich natural resources (Dela
Cruz, 2010).

A narrative citation is incorporated into the sentence structure of the body text. A common way of
putting narrative citations is to put the last name/s of the author/s within the text and the year of
publication inside the parentheses.

Example:
According to Dela Cruz (2010), the Philippines is primarily an agricultural country because of its
rich natural resources.

Citation Formats
The specific format for parenthetical or narrative citations differs across the different citation style guides.
Each citation style has its unique set of rules for citing different kinds of reference materials. Disciplines
and fields of study differ in terms of their prescribed citation styles. The three common citation style
guides in research are the APA, MLA, and CMOS.

APA Style Guide (7th edition)

APA stands for American Psychological Association. It is one of the most commonly used citation
formats in academic writing, especially in natural and physical sciences and the social sciences. In-text
citations using the APA format require the surname of the author and the year of publication.

Variations of APA in-text citations

Number of
Format Sample
Authors
No author (Italicized title of the A systematic mechanism for gathering customer
book, Year) or satisfaction and feedback is an integral part of business
(“Title of webpage or development and growth
article in quotation
(Growing Your Business,
marks,” Year)
2010).

One author (Surname, Year) A systematic mechanism for gathering customer

satisfaction and feedback is an integral part of business
development and growth
(Dela Cruz, 2010).
Two authors (Surname 1 & Surname 2, A systematic mechanism for gathering customer
Year) satisfaction and feedback is an integral part of business
development and growth (Dela Cruz & Dizon, 2010).
 Three or more (Surname 1 et al., Year) A systematic mechanism for gathering customer
authors satisfaction and feedback is an integral part of business
development and growth
(Dela Cruz et al., 2010).
MLA Style Guide (8th edition)
MLA stands for Modern Language Association. It is a commonly-used citation format in the field of
humanities like language, arts, communication, and literature. In-text citations in MLA format require the
author’s surname followed by the page numbers of the cited content.

Variations of MLA in-text citations

Number of Authors Format Sample

No author (Italicized title of the book Economics is a field in the social

page number)
One author (Surname page number)
Two authors (Surname 1 and Surname 2
page number)
Three or more authors (Surname 1 et al. page
number)
CMOS (17th edition)
CMOS refers to the Chicago Manual of Style. It is used by multiple fields like social sciences,
humanities, and other physical sciences. In-text citations for the CMOS style comes in two forms: the
notes and bibliography and the author-date system.
sciences that deals with the production
and distribution of wealth (Introduction
to Economics
67).
Economics is a field in the social
sciences that deals with the production
and distribution of wealth
(Bautista 67).
Economics is a field in the social
sciences that deals with the production
and distribution of wealth (Bautista and
Sy 67).
Economics is a field in the social
sciences that deals with the production
and distribution of wealth (Bautista et
al. 67).

The notes and bibliography system for in-text citations uses superscript numbers at the end of the
sentence or paragraph followed by footnotes that show the bibliographic information of the literature
cited.

Fig. 2. Sample notes and bibliography system

The author-date system for in-text citations is similar to the APA style. Page numbers may or may not be
included in the in-text citations depending on whether the writer used specific parts of the reference
material or not.
 Variations of CMOS author-date in-text citations

Number of Authors Format Sample

No author (Title year) The 21st century learner is capable of using digital
technology to make learning more efficient
(21st Century Education
2016).
Single author (Surname year) The 21st century learner is capable of using digital
technology to make learning more efficient (Reyes 2016).
Single author with (Surname year, page The 21st century learner is capable of using digital
specific page numbers number) technology to make learning more efficient (Reyes 2016,
15-16).
Two authors with (Surname 1 and Surname The 21st century learner is capable of using digital
specific page numbers 2 year, page number) technology to make learning more efficient
(Reyes and Cruz 2016, 15).
Three authors with (Surname 1, Surname 2, The 21st century learner is capable of using digital
specific page numbers and Surname 3 year, page technology to make learning more efficient
number)
(Reyes, Cruz, and Santos
2016, 18-20).
Four or more authors (Surname 1 et al. year, The 21st century learner is capable of using digital
with specific page page number) technology to make learning more efficient
numbers
(Reyes et al. 2016, 22).
Summarizing Literature Sources
Summary and Synthesis
Summarizing is a process of explaining the content of any material in a concise and coherent manner. A
summary provides an objective discussion of the main arguments or ideas of a literature source. By
objective, a summary does not contain personal interpretations of the researcher about the source material.
The summary contains essential information on the main arguments and claims of the material.

A summary is different from a synthesis. A synthesis links multiple summaries coming from various
sources in order to form a coherent and logical explanation of an idea or argument.
Differences between a summary and synthesis

Summary Synthesis

Presents information from different parts of the Combines information from different parts of each
individual source (e.g., Introduction to Conclusion) individual source into a single narrative

Highlights the important points of an individual

Highlights the important points of multiple sources
source
Excludes personal analysis of the researcher on the Includes personal analysis of the researcher on the main
main points in the discussion points in the discussion
The literature review is a synthesis of concepts, ideas, and information coming from existing studies on the
topic. Before accomplishing a literature review, the researcher must first know how to summarize information
properly.
 Examples of excerpts from a summary and a synthesis

Summary Synthesis

According to Suarez (2005), it has been proven that Suarez (2005) forwards that it has been proven that
Philippine societal practices in the 18th century were Philippine societal practices in the 18th century
predominantly influenced by Spanish culture with were predominantly influenced by Spanish culture
Chinese culture also playing a role. with Chinese culture also playing a role. Dela Cruz
et al. (2001) and Marquez (2003) add in their
works that these cultures intermingled with
existing indigenous practices.
Starting a Summary
Writing a summary involves identifying essential information from the source material. A good summary
is essential to creating a synthesized discussion in the literature review. With this, the information in the
summary must be accurate, reliable, and organized.

To write a good summary, the researcher must pay attention to these parts of the research paper:
The introduction provides essential background information on the topic, such as context, research
questions, main arguments, and objectives. Information from the introduction can be useful for the
researcher to provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the research topic.
The methodology provides essential information on data collection and analysis techniques and procedures. In
reading the methodology section for the summary, the researcher may look for the following:
Research design (e.g., survey research or experimental research)
● Data sources (e.g., description of the needed data)
● Data collection materials (e.g., survey questionnaire)
● Data analysis procedure (e.g., name and procedure of specific statistical tests)
The discussion of results essentially provides the findings of the study upon gathering and analyzing the
needed data. This section provides the study’s answer/s to the research questions. This section also
presents interpretations of the results of the study and how they relate to the research problem. The
researcher must pay attention to the details of the results in order to provide an accurate summary and to
avoid misconceptions.

The conclusion directly gives the reader a generalization of the key results in the paper. Some researchers
opt to read this part to know if the results of the reference material fit the needs of their current research
project.

Writing a Good Summary

1. Identify if the topic is relevant to your current study. Upon gathering multiple reference materials
on the topic, the researcher must know which materials are relevant to the current study based on his/her
research questions. An effective way to make an initial assessment of the relevance of the source is to
read the abstract.
2. Locate discussion of key concepts and variables based on your topic. After making sure that the
paper fits your needs, the next step is to locate the discussion of key concepts and variables coming from
your own research topic. The discussion of key concepts and variables is usually found in the essential
sections identified above: the introduction, methodology, discussion of results, and the conclusion.
For example, your research topic is a quantitative study on cost-effective business plans. Among the
key concepts of your study are cost-effectiveness, business strategy, and profitability. Ideally, you
look for a discussion of these key concepts in the chosen reference materials. Here are some guide
questions to help you process these discussions in writing your summary:

● How did the author/s define (concept)?

 ● What are the other concepts or variables related to (concept)?
● How is the author’s discussion of (concept) related to the research problem?
● How did the author/s incorporate (concept) in the methodology?
● What are the author/s main conclusions about
(concept)?

3. Summarize the information regarding the

identified key concepts. Upon locating the
discussion of these concepts in the literature
sources, highlight the essential points made about
these concepts. Put together these essential points
into a brief summary.
The following are the characteristics of a good
summary:
● The discussion incorporates the key concepts of your research topic.
● The overall essence of the summary is relevant to your research problem.
● The summary is objective and concise.

Fig. 4. Sample summary of a journal article

Synthesizing Summaries
Writing a synthesis is similar yet different from summarizing literature sources. Remember that synthesis
is composed of multiple summaries that are weaved together to form a single, coherent narrative.

As stated above, the literature review is composed of multiple syntheses. Each synthesis that makes up a
component part of the literature review is also composed of multiple summaries. The following steps are
guidelines in writing a synthesis:

1. Set the main argument/s of each synthesis. As a combination of multiple summaries, a synthesis can
discuss a range of arguments about the research topic. Setting the main argument/s of the synthesis can
provide direction to the flow of the discussion. This is also an essential step in knowing which
information from the summaries to include in the synthesis.
 For example, a quantitative research topic on voting preferences of Filipinos can have a literature
review that discusses the development of voting patterns in the Philippines. This literature review can
contain multiple perspectives that can either be contending or complementary. The literature review
can be composed of the following sub-parts: one synthesis can focus on the main arguments that
explain the history of elections in the Philippines; another synthesis can tackle the main arguments
that explain the development of politicians’ campaign strategies over time; and, another synthesis can
tackle previous studies which discuss the composition of the voting population and their respective
voting patterns.

Overall, these three syntheses that will make up A literature

the literature review can inform the research review and
topic on voting preferences. Thus, it is its sub-parts
(syntheses)
important to set the ideas and arguments to be
tackled by a synthesis.

2. Group summaries according to

idea/argument. Upon determining the main
ideas to be discussed by each synthesis,
gather the summaries of the literature sources
and group them according to the synthesis
they are most related to.
Upon identifying which summaries are useful for each synthesis that make up the literature review,
make a more specific identification of which particular ideas in each summary are related to the main
topic of the summary.

The illustration shows that the ideas of the article

summaries by Authors A, B, and C inform the synthesis
on the history of elections. On the other hand, the ideas
of the article summaries by Authors B, C, and D make up
the synthesis on another main idea regarding campaign
strategies over time. Notice that the article summaries of
Authors B and C were used for both syntheses; this
means that the contents of their article summaries are
relevant to both parts in that they contain salient
information that can inform both the history of elections
(Synthesis 1) and development of campaign strategies
over time (Synthesis 2).

3. Write the synthesis. In writing the synthesis, it is time to weave the relevant ideas from multiple
summaries together into a coherent narrative that corresponds to the identified main argument of the
synthesis.
 In constructing the narrative, make sure to identify similar and contending arguments from different
authors. A piece of practical advice is to engage the different authors in a ‘conversation.’ Moreover,
remember that a synthesis differs from a summary in that the former can now contain the personal
interpretations or opinions of the researcher. To recall, a summary must be objective and must only
discuss the main ideas of the literature source. On the other hand, the researcher has the prerogative
to insert interpretations in the synthesis discussing how the different ideas relate, support, or
contend with each other.

History of elections in the Philippines

[Write the introductory sentence]. According to Author A (Year), [discuss idea]. Similarly, Author B
(Year) discusses in his work that [discuss idea]. Both Author A (Year) and Author B (Year) agree that
elections in the Philippines are [discuss ideas from both authors]. However, Author C (Year) presents a
different perspective. According to Author C (Year), [discuss idea]. In a way, this argument was tackled by
Author A (Year). Author B (Year) disagrees and presents [discuss idea] instead. These ontending ideas from
the different authorspointtotheview that the history of elections in the Philippines is [discuss personal
interpretation].

Campaign strategies over time

SimilartothediscussiononthehistoryofelectionsinthePhilippines,Author B (Year) and Author C (Year) discuss

the development of politicians’ campaign strategies over time. According to Author B (Year), [discussidea].
Author C (Year) forwards that [discuss idea]. On the other hand, Author D (Year) presents multiple factors
that relate to howcampaignstrategieshave evolved across decades of elections in the country. For the purpose of
the study, Author D’s (Year) ideas provide [discuss personal interpretation].
The figure above presents an example of how the ideas coming from multiple summaries can be weaved together
to form a narrative that relates to the over all idea of the synthesis. Also, just like in any part of the research
paper, proper citation of all the sources used in each individual synthesis must be provided. Putting these
individual syntheses together will form the literature review.

Ethical Standards in Writing Literature Review

The literature review is a section of the research paper that provides a synthesis of consolidated ideas, theories,
and/or frameworks from different reference materials tackling the research topic. Ethical standards guide the
researcher in knowing the right and wrong ways in constructing the synthesis of literature sources. These
standards are based on general research ethics that tackles the “dos” and “don’ts” in conducting a research
project. This section enumerates the different ethical standards that must be observed when doing a literature
review.
It is important to set and follow a set of ethical standards while summarizing ideas from related references, and
consolidating data from previous research studies. These standards allow the researchers to reflect on the right
things to do, and help them avoid wrong actions. Table 1 provides a list of the usual “dos” and “don'ts” when
writing a literature review.
Dos and don’ts when writing a literature review

Do’s Don'ts

Collect relevant literature sources.
Review the data presented and extract essential
information.
Summarize the essential information from each
source using your own words.
Paraphrase the contents of the source while
retaining the main thoughts of the content.
Avoid main use of secondary source literature.
Avoid directly copying the content of the literature
source.
Avoid directly using the tables and figures presented in
the literature source.
Avoid redirecting the main idea of the literature and
including your own perspective on the topic.
Attribute ideas accordingly by providing in-text
Avoid missing relevant citations in the literature review.
and bibliographic citations.
Provide complete and correct information of the Avoid providing incomplete or wrong information of the
literature sources in the bibliography. literature source in the bibliography.
Defining Plagiarism
One of the most common yet serious errors when writing a literature review, or a research paper in
general, is plagiarism. Plagiarism refers to the “act of copying or using works from another person and
presenting it as your own.” Plagiarism can occur in the process of writing the literature review when the
researcher does not give proper attribution (i.e., citation) to the original owners of the ideas being
synthesized.
In the Philippines, the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or Republic Act No. 8293 protects the
intellectual works and property of people, such as books and inventions through registered copyrights.
This law covers issues regarding plagiarism.
Common Types of Plagiarism
Direct plagiarism - This type of plagiarism is committed when the content is directly copied from the
source without revision and proper attribution.

Example of direct plagiarism

Inadequate paraphrasing - This occurs when the act of paraphrasing is done by simply replacing
selected words in the sentences with synonyms or other interchangeable words. This is still considered
plagiarism because paraphrasing is the process of restating the main ideas of the content using your own
words and according to your own understanding.

Example of inadequate paraphrasing

Self-plagiarism - This type of plagiarism occurs when the researcher lifts the contents of his/her previous
work, and places them in the current work without proper attribution. This is also known as the recycling
of contents.

Example of self-plagiarism
Incomplete citations - This type of plagiarism is committed by the researcher when they provide
incomplete citations in the following forms:
● Incomplete citation details (e.g., incomplete names of multiple authors)
● Giving false information (e.g., wrong title of the work)
● Fabricating citation details (e.g., putting a non-existent detail)
 Example of an incomplete citation
Avoiding Plagiarism
Summarize properly
To summarize is to extract essential information from the reference material and to restate them in
brief, concise terms. A good summary provides and is limited to the main points of the source material.
A researcher must know how to write a proper summary by identifying and highlighting main ideas, and
filtering out less relevant details.
In summarizing a literature source, one must focus on making a generalization of the paper. This can be
done by reviewing the main sections of the paper and noting the main ideas per section that support the
research problem. Essential ideas are mostly found in main sections such as the background of the study,
methodology, results, and the conclusion.

Summarizing a source
Paraphrase contents
Paraphrasing refers to the process of expressing the essential ideas of the source using your own words
and based on your own understanding. Common mistakes in paraphrasing include simply replacing the
words in the passage using synonymous words or merely rearranging the words in each sentence. As
discussed above, inadequate paraphrasing constitutes plagiarism.
Essential steps to correct paraphrasing is reading the entire paper and understanding the flow of its
content. Similar to creating a summary, essential information must be highlighted and noted. It is
important to fully understand the content of the source so that the main ideas can be expressed in your
own words. Moreover, one should avoid taking shortcuts wherein paraphrased content is only based on
specific segments of the source like the abstract or conclusion sections.

Example of paraphrased content

Add in-text citations and list of references
In-text citations are attributions to owners of the literature source located within the body of the paper.
There are two main kinds of in-text citations: parenthetical or narrative citations. Regardless of its kind,
in-text citations are the means in attributing ideas to their owners, thus, avoiding plagiarism. Since a
literature review constitutes a synthesis of ideas coming from multiple sources, providing in-text citations
organizes the ideas based on their corresponding sources.
On the other hand, a reference list ( also bibliography) refers to the list of all the sources used or cited in
the body of the research paper. The sources cited as in-text citations must be listed in the reference list.
The bibliography contains all the necessary publication details about each source. Providing a reference
list with complete bibliographic information is key in providing proper attribution to the sources.
Moreover, it allows readers to explore the same sources for their own research topics.
 Overall, the inclusion of in-text citations and a bibliography is important in providing proper attribution to
the owners of the reference materials. Remember that the act of non-attribution constitutes plagiarism.
Proper citation also allows readers to easily validate the cited content in the research paper.
Avoid self-plagiarism
Self-plagiarism, as discussed above, refers to the act of recycling your own work without adding proper
attribution or explanation that the content was first presented in your previous works. This can also occur
among seasoned researchers, who often have several papers on the same topic, thus, the tendency to use
the contents of previous works when doing their current study.
You can avoid self-plagiarism by putting in-text citations after the borrowed phrase, sentence, or passage,
even if the source is your previous work. For example, if Juan Santos is writing a paper on herbal
medicine in 2020, and he is using the information or findings he got from his paper previously published
in 2009, then this 2009 paper must still be cited properly. This work must also be included in the reference
list. Doing this informs the readers that the idea is not new, and that it has already been established by the
author.
Avoid false and fabricated citations
A false citation refers to incorrect reference information. This can occur by providing incorrect author
names, titles, or publication dates. A false citation is often unintentional but may still be avoided. On the
other hand, a fabricated citation refers to non-existent sources that were still used as citations for
particular ideas or passages in the paper. Using fabricated citations is intentional and more severe than
false citations. Fabricated citations can complicate the validity and overall coherence of the paper. Both
false and fabricated citations can be avoided by gathering the complete bibliographic information of a
source and ensuring that these details are appropriately placed in the paper.
VALUES INTEGRATION

EXTEND
Applying the lesson in writing related literature in a Research, search for a related literature in this topic: “ Use
of Social Media”
 SCORE

EVALUATE

ACTIVITY (WEEK 5)
NAME:
SECTION: DATE:
With the use of your goup research’s related literature, present it by completing the table below

Research Title :

Issues, Ideas, and Principles Associated with your Source of Information

research (give 5 items)

Title of the Article Source

 look for Journal Articles about your study Write properly the citation of source using the
 give 5 articles different reference style --- APA, MLA, and
Chicago. Use only one style for each Article.
Indicate what reference style you used.