Ameter method

Ans The Hall probe being smaller in size can be

ud ty map
simpler larger magetic feldAB MBrilegrn riagnetic fie
Also it is to use and can
measure
13. Why is the
three-pin Hall iC preferred over the fourterminal Hal
Ans, The output voltage is pke
higher in a three-pin Hall KC, t s
the alignment of the teminals needs not
be adjusted. cheaper and saer to gerae. Al-
14. How can you reverse the
polarity of the Hall voltage?
Ans. By reversing the direction of the
15. For a fixed magnetic field, how can
magnetic field or that of the canen
the Hall voltage be increased?
Ans. By incresing the current
through the probe, the Hall voltage can be
current should not be very
large to heat up the probe increased rioeer, the
16. Is it appreciably.
possible to measure the Hall coefficient with Hall
a
probe?
Ans. Yes. The Hall coefficient
R is given by Ry =, where V is the Hall
votage. s te
width of the probe, I is the current
through the probe and B is the applied
magnetc fieia fn
measuring knowing the quantities on the
or
right-hand side, R can be found.
17. What is the SI unit of the Hall
coefficient?
Ans. metre/coulomb.
18. Mention the factors
determining the Hall voltage.
Ans. The Hall voltage is controlled by the magnetic field,
the current in the probe he widn
the
probe along magnetic the
field and the Hall coefficient.
19. If n is the electron concentration in an
n-type semiconductor, what is the Hal coeicie
Ans. -1/ne), where e is the electronic charge.
20. If p is the hole concentration of a p-type semiconductor, what is its Hall coeicie
Ans. 1/pe).
21. If a particle carrying a charge q moves with a velocity in a magnetic field 3, whr is h
magnetic force?
Ans. qv x B.
22. The current carriers in Hall effect are electrons, say. If the current cariers become holes and ohe
things remain the same, will the direction of deflection of the cument cariers change Wh
happens to the Hall voltage?
Ans. The direction of deflection does not change, but the polanity of the Hall voltage changes
ISee also the 'Aids to the Viva Voce' of Expt. No. EM8.]

Experiment No. EM9

TO DRAW MAGNETIC INDUCTION-MAGNETIC FIELD ( B -
LOOP OF THE cORE MATERIAL OF AN ANCHOR RING

Theory
If current of I, ampere flowing through the primary winding P of an anchor ring A [Fie
that the field is uniform throughout the crose
a

3.EM9)1 produces a magnetic field Hi, then assuming

write
Section of the ring we can
 mgmaising n he anchar cing ciae the cument amgee sheeuagh dhe

e cznesnming n mmet y he secmncary S heiN

me c n in a i m n L tmugh the gcmary wining Pwil produce a change in e x

he seniarg S This change ef x wcaue a Sow of change i n the
n C aning he secmiry S amd procdacea ist threw radian of thhe moving part
e aranomeer. meraivte

()
wheeK s the consant ot he balisic atvanoneier, A is the log-decrenent, amd R is the total
e garvanomeer ciocL resistance
Lo EvODd detenminamon aË and a iay emermenit s
npene is
ough e prnary P oi a stancard solenoid . Epertormed
TEversed where a currernt ol
tme mean cross-sectional area
tre prunary PS he number of tens
per meter s and tme total
secondary S is N hem on Deversal af I number of turns n ine
ampere af curmemt throungn the primary will
cinarge 2 m the galvanometer cincuit cause a tlow oo
tine galvanomeher umdier coaining
tes cDmdihon s
he secomdiary S, of the
solenoid. If the first throw oo
radiam tmen we can walte

-2 1-Ke1 (vi)
where A is the
permeablity of free
space.
From (v) and (wi) we get

B-B = oN2(L\e

For small deflections, the scale

deflections, ie., 8, can be replaced by d,defiections can be
and 0 by d. Hence
considered proportional to the angula
B-B24Na
N2
xxd= md (vil)
where
2HoN24-2HsN(D
N2 =
 3 EXPERINUNIN
cdiameters of the iron in the Anchar ring and the primary Pa the
ere D, and D, epresent the mean

stardard solenoid, respectively.

primary oftheanchor ring is changed
When the current in theobtain
fmam t-we get
Therefore, from Eq. (vii) we

Knowing B from Eq. (vi) and H, from Rq (i, ia determined fronm a. (vil) and the
oiresponding H from Eq. (ii) when is ditferent from .
ough the Plotting H(in A/m) along xaxis and the comesponding &tin tesla) along yaxis one half of the
BH bop will be obtained. The other half is then drawn îrom the aymmetry of the loop

Qn the

rent of I
onal area
s in the www-
flow of Am
throw of

Flg. S.EMOo)

Apparatus and Accessories

)An anchor ring (A) having aprimary (P) and a secondary (S), (i) a
P, primary and S, as secondary, (1) a ballistic 8alvanometer (B.G.), (lv) standard
as solenoid () with
three resistance boxes R,
R and R,. (v) a plug key K, (vi) a fwo-way key Ka (vil) a Pohl's
angular kevs K. and K, (ix) a rheostat R, of high commutator (C), (vii) two tapping
0 to 5A, (xi) a battery (B), and (xin) somecurrent-bearlng capacity, («) an amneter
(Am) having range
connecting wires.
Procedure :
1. Measure" and record
the constants,
and N, of the standard solenoia Fomeimesnanmely
n and
D na and N of the anchor ring A; and
D, na,
total rumber of turns, 1.e. rom "i *i/*O and na n have
to be
determlned
N,/L, where N, and D
from a measure f the
respectlvely repregent the
 374 AN ADVANCED COURSE IN PRACTICAL PIIYSICS
total number of turns and the mean diameter of the anchor ring A, and N, and L are the total number
of turns and the length of the primary P, of the standard solenoid F.

2 Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.EM9i). One of the cross conductors (od) of the Pohl's
commutator C is replaced by the resistance box R2 shunted by the tapping key K.

Open K, and close the key K,. Connect a and o of the two-way key Kz. Put R, = 0 and adjust R,
so that the maximum allowable current (say 4.0 amp.) fows through P. Bring the iron of the anchorring
into
the steady cyclic condition by rapidly reversing the maximum allowable current through P for
some twenty times by means of the commutator C, and finally keep the rocker of the commutator to
the right.
Close the key K, and bring the spot of light on the central zero of the scale by tapping the key
K. Reverse the current through P and observe the first throw of the ballistic galvanometer. Adjust the
resistance R, till the first throw is nearly full scale
(say, 16 cnm.) from the central zero. Ensure that R,
is still larger than the critical
damping resistance of the galvanometer. Keep this resistance
R, fixed for
the remaining part of the
experiment.
3. Note the maximum current from the ammeter Am. Reverse
this current two or three times
and note the first throw of the
galvanometer each time. Determine the mean throw
current and noting of the throw must be made when the (d,). Reversal of the
rocker is turned from right to left only. Find
H from Eq. (i) and B, from Eq. (vii); m is obtained from the mean value of (1/d)
below). Plot the points 9 (H, B,) and [see operation 15
Q (H-B,)
for the B-H loop [Fig. 3.EM9(ü))

a, (H.B,)

s
-H
H

a (-H-B)

-B

Fig. 3.EM9(1)
4. Open K, with closed.
K,
5. Turn rapidly the rocker from left to right
anchor ring into for about
steady cyclic state (defined by Q,). twenty times to bring the iron of the
Keep finally the rocker to the
Close K, and bring the spot of
light on the zero
right.
note the ballistic throw of the scale. Insert
a suitable
(d,). Note also the current I, from the ammeter Am. resistance in R, ana
6. Open K, and put R, 0.
higher value of R.
=
Repeat step 5. The ballistic throw is observed
here after inserting a
7 Repeat step 6, the ballistic throws being observed with
infinite, i.e. when all the plugs in the resistance box are increasing values of R, till R, 15
open. Finally put R, =
0.
 88. With , pen and R, 376
from one niile ta the otter far cosel, ontabllels lhe atealy
about eyelle ntate by
bring the lght spat to the zer of thehventy times, linally, koep the rocker rapldly
to the
turning tlhe t
ncale right. Close K a
9. lnsert a
sultably large value of R
10. Open K, and move the rackor from
reduces its magnitude. Note tbhe first thvow rlglht to left. 1This not only reverses the eurrent but
ammeter d of the galvanometer, also
and the current , from the

11. Repeat step 8.

12. Reduco R and repeat step 10.

13. Repeat steps 11 and 12 by decreaslng R, till the point Q the 8-H
14.
on
loop is approached.
Repeat steps 4 to 13. Por each current , flnd the mean value of Calculate
(ii) and B, from Eq. (vil). Note that B, has been d. H, from Eq.
already
points R Q, 9 R» , otc. on the B-H loop [Mg. 3.EM9()].
determined in step 3. In this way obtain the

Following the above process one-half of the B-H loop is obtained. The bottom half of the loop is
drawn from symmetry. That is, the
points on the bottom half are obtalned from the corresponding
points on the top half by merely reversing the signs of B and H. For example, (H, B) should be plotted
as
(-H,-B); (-H, B) as (H, -B); and so on.

15. To find the mean value of (l/d), the key K, is kept open and connection is made between the
points O and b of the two-way key K. By closing the key K, the current I in primary P, of the standard
enoid F is made low (say, 0.5 amp.) by adjusting Ry Close the key , and move the rocker of the

commutator C from left to right and also from right to left. In both cases note the galvanometer throws
and find the mean throw (d). Repeat the above operation several times by increasing the value of I in
Suitable steps (say, 0.5 amp.). Draw a graph by plotting I1 (in A) along x-axis and the corresponding d
in m) along y-axis, The graph will be a straight line passing through the origin. Find the mean value
Or (Wa) from the
graph and use this value for the calculation of n

Experimental Results
TABLU 1
Constenta of the anehor rlng A

Diam. (D) of Dlan. () of No. of turns per No. of tums

Total no. of m () of
turns (Ni) in the anchor rlng (N) on the
the iron core
m) the primary secondary
379

Length (1. of the

primary P
grinary

Caid damping esistatee cf e girncmeier = -

meriai figures ae i r i aaaly)

-ito+
12 1.2
L 22 22 22
15 34 34 3.4

Plot Inanpere)

TABLE4
Valne of
A x 10heny/metre.

N N Da D
from Tabie from Table | from Table froea Table froa Tabe frosm-d
2 2
m-)
A/m
(-
(esla/m)
s
378 AN ADVANCED COURSE IN PRACTICAL PHYSICs

Calculation of the hysteresis loss:

The loss of enengy in joule per m' per cycle of magnetization is given by HdB, where H is in A/m
and B is in tesla. HdB is the area enclosed by the B-H loop. If 1 smallest division of the H-axis
represents 'a' A/m and 1 smallest division of the B-axis epresents 'b' tesla, the area of 1 smallest square
inthe B-H plane is ab. lf the area enclosed by the B-H loop contains N number of smaliest squares, the
energy loss is

W Nab J.m3. cycle

By counting N, W can be found. The area of the B-H loop can also be deternmined using
planimeter. Another alternative method to find the area of the B-H loop is to weigh the entire graph
paper containing a known number N, of smallest squares in a chemical balance. Then the B-H loopis
cut out from thegraph paper and weighed in the balance. If the two weights are W% and W, respectively

we have N=Ng.
Wo
Proportional Eror
The proportional error in H, is obtained from Eq. () as

(ix)

since is a constant. Here is the value of the smallest division of the ammeter Am. Similarly, the
proportional error in H, is given from Eq. (ii) by

To obtain the proportional error in B, we note from Bq. (viil)

i)
where K is a constant. Therefore, the proportional is is
error B,
.(cii)

where d represents the,value of the smallest division of the scale on which the spot of light moves

From Eq. (vi), AB=B^ -B2 md = K44. Therefore the proportional error tn aB is

8(AB),,
AB TT* (xli)

The proportional error in B, is

8 B-AB) B+6(AB)
(xiv)

Knowing the values of 6B, and &AB) from (xil) and (xli) respectively, B,/B, may be caiculated
from (xiv).
a NPERINIENTS

Se n maumum
magnetisimg euFvent ty bserye w batkistie tn, tie
mavimu ceet thaw he Nomary of the anchar ng ahould be pevrsd t wne t a

& N ap is equarad with the saturation value of B, then the mazpetisig eustent
SNding v d M Vaue of is tirst detemined as follows
Chse a mal value say, 05 amp) for the current passlng through the prinary hthe anchor
i verse this curnent by means of the commutator and note the ballistic throw. inerease te curent
in s2e orvanient sens (ay, U5 amp), and at each step reverse the current and note the balistic
Nepeat s neration until two or three consecutive throws remain practically steady. The
to the saturation value
ar magnetising curnent for which this steady throw occurs corresponds
since the
The magaetising curment should preferably be taken from a freshly charged battery
Current froa DC zmains may ttuctuate.
been adjusted to
not be altered after it has
he istanoe R, in the galvanometer circuitthemust
maximum magnetising curent.
give a l scae defiection of the spot of light with
resistance of the galvanom
7. Check that is greater than the critical damping
R,
primarybecause the magnetic
the centre of the
The secondary of the standard solenoid is at
field is uniform there.

Voce
Aids to the Viva
What are the
intensity (H9?
(B) and magnetic How are they
What the SI units of nagnetic induction
are the Gaussian system!
system or
units in the C.c.s, electromagnetic
coresponding Gaussian
related? The CGS e.m. units orthee =
ampere/meter. and 1 ampere/meter
ofHis
of B is tesla, and that 1 tesla = gauss
10
unit
gauss and oersted.
and
H are respectively
4xx 103 oersted. fux 9R
units of magnetic (1 Wb = 108 Mx).
2. What are the Si and C.G.S. e.m,
o is
maxwell.
unit of
CGS e.m. M, (d) Permeability.
A The S unit of is webe and Magnetic
Ans. intensity H,
(c) Magnetisation

induction B, (b)
e ta) Magnetic byY a particle
carrying a unit
and e) Susceptibility.
is the force experienced
the magnetie field.
to the
An 1he magnetic
induction B at a point
direction
perpendicular
a current I
S.1a) in a wire carrying
with unit velocity fromnasstraight
chatge moving at a distance r
Hat a point
b) The magnetic intensity moment per unit
volume of
the magnetic
is H Z). materlal is
magnetised
magnetisation ( of a
che
the material.
 : EXIMERIMENIS
Dlscusslons: 3719
1. Close the
the sot of light galvanometer eircuit only
must be only when
t

brought to rest by using thethrow is to be observed,

Before starting the
a
observed. Before reco
recording tnto a

ust be destoyed. This actual

experlment, tapplng
tho residunl
key.
may be done
maximum allowable curront follows:
Pass as magnetism the íron
of or

radually incrvase R, to reduce the through P of the anchor ring. times.

Repoat the process till the curent current through P, and for enchReverse this curenany
current reverse times. t
is very small.
3 etore changing the maximum
naium eurrent magnetlsing current to observe the the
achieve the steady through the primary of the anchor ring should be reversed ballistic
for some 20 t
cyclic condition. tie
4.
the B-H loop is
required with the saturation value of
B, then the magnetising curre
corresponding to the saturation value
of B is first determined as follows:
Choose a small value
(say, 0.5 amp) for the current through the primary of the ancnor
ring. Neverse this current by means of the commutator and passing
note the ballistic throw. Increase the current
in some convenient steps (say, 0.5 amp), and at each step reverse the current and note the ballistic
throw. Nepeat this
operation until two or three consecutive throws remain practically steady. he
minimum magnetising current for which this steady throw occurs corresponds to the saturation value
of i
5. The magnetising current should preferably be taken from a freshly charged battery since the
current from DC mains may fluctuate.
6. The resistance R, in the galvanometer cireuit must not be altered after it has been adjusted to
give a full scale deflection of the spot of light with the maximum magnetising current.
7. Check that R, is greater than the critical damping resistance of the galvanometer.
S. The secondary of the standard solenoid is at the centre of the primary because the magnetic
field is uniform there.

Aids to the Viva Voce

1. What are the SI units of magnetic induction (B) and magnetic intensity (R What are the
corresponding units in the C.G.S. electromagnetic system or the Gaussian systemB How are they
related?
Ans. The Sl unit of B is tesla, and that of His ampere/meter.The CGS e.m. units or the Gaussian
units of B and H are respectively gauss and oersted. 1 tesla = 10 gauss and 1 ampere/meter =
4x x 10- oersted.
2. What are the SI and C.G.S. e.m, magnetic flux (
units of
Ans. The SI unit of , is weber and CGS e.m. unit ofis maxwell. (1 Wb =10 Mx)
3. Define (a) Magnetic induction B, (6) Magnetic intensity H, (c) Magnetisation M (d) Permeability.
and (e) Susceptibility.
Ans, (a) The magnetic induction Bat a point is the force experienced by a particle carrying a unit
charge moving with unit velocity in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field."

)The magnetic intensity

H at a point at a distance
r rom a straight wire camrying a current

is H M2).
(c)The magnetisation (M
of a magnetised materiat is the magnetic moment per unit volume of
the material.
 AN ADVANCED COURSI: IN TRAC;TICCALL PUYMCSs

In SI units, B, H, and M are related through the equation i -o( + M) wlere , is te permealbility
of free spate.
(d) Permeability (y) of a magnetic material is the ratlo of tho magnetic induction () and the
magnetic intensity (D, i.e. jl = B/M.
(e) Susceptibility (X) ofa magnetic materlal is the ratlo of he magnetisatlon (M) and the magnetic
field ( . In SI units, A and x are related through the equation
o(1 +) .
4. Define differential permeability (). 1s it different from the permeabillty ud B/+0
Ans. The differential permeablity () of a magnetic material at a magnetic intenslty H is defined
dB
as the slope of the B-H curve at that magnetic flelc; l.e.

Since the B-H curve is not a straight line, 8/H will be different from db/dti. Thus 4 is not the
same as .
5. Explain : () Retentivity, (Gi) Coercivity, and (li) Hysteresls.
Ans. (i) Retentivity of a magnetic material is the magnetisation retained by it when the
field is withdrawn and the material is 1eft undisturbed.
magnetising
i) Coercivity of a magnetic material is measured by the reversed magnetic field required to
demagnetise the materlal.
(ii) Hysteresis of a magnetic material is the property due to which the
befind the magnetic intensity H when the material
magnetlc Inductlon B lags
undergoes cycle of magnetisation.
a
What are hysteresis loop and hysteresis loss?
Ans. B is a double valued function of H. When H
the same curve that it does when H
changes from -H, to +H, B does not follow
changes from + o
loop is formed (sec Fig. 3.EM9(11)]. This loop is knov.. as -H.
As a result, in the B-H plane a
the hysteresis loop.
The hysteresis loss is the loss of
energy per cycle when a
alternating magnetic fleld. This energy loss is equal to themagnetic materlal is subjected to an
area of the
dissipated in the form of heat. hysteresis loop and is
7. In transformer cores and in the armature of
chosen? dynamos or motors, what type of material should be
Ans. Materials (such as silicon-iron) with a small hysteresis loop should be chosen to reduce the
hysteresis loss.
8. Which has a smaller
Ans. Soft iron.
hysteresls loop area--soft iron
or steel?

9. Why is the material demagneti sed at the start of

the
Ans. As the nature of the
(B-H) experiment?
loop depends on the history,
10. In the
experiment, why is an anchor ring used insteadpast of
demagnetisation
is necessary
Ans. In the
case of an anchor ring there are no free
a
straight rod?
absent, and the force is the same as the poles. Hence the
magnetlsing demagnetising
11. When is the differential magnetic field inside the primary effectcoll
permeability
Ans. With increase in H, B at first nearly zero?
This phenomenon is known as increases and then becomes nearly a constant, i.e.,
nearly zero in this reglon. Note magnetic saturation. The differentlal saturare
that the
permeability (B/H) Is
permeability, i.e, dB/d
12. What type of materlal should be
used in the construction non-zero.
Ans, A materlal with a high of a permanent
magnet?
13. What is relative
reterntivity and a high
coercivity, such as, alnlco should be used.
permeability?
Ans. The relative
permeability
permeability of free space.
is the ratio between the permeability of the medium and the
Part 3 EXPERIMENTS
14. What 381
the relative values of the
are
relative
a ferromagnetic substance? permeability for a diamagnetic, a
Ans. The relative paramagnetic, ad
pemeability of a
diamagnetic material is slightly less than
paramagnetic material it is slight'y larger than unity. For a unity while for
larger than unity. ferromagnetic substance, it is mucha
15. What is Curie
temperature? What is its value for iron?
Ans. The
temperature above which a ferromagnetic material behaves
is referred to as Curie as a
16. What is the
temperature.
Its value
is 770°C for iron. paramagnetic material
importance of the hysteresiscurve?
Hints: See answers to
17. 1s the
questions 7 and 12 above.
phenomenon of hysteresis shown by diamagnets and
Ans. No, it is exhibited
by
paramagnets?
18. When is a ferromagnets.
ferromagnetic specimen said to be in steady cyclic condition?
Ans. A
in the
ferromagnetic specimen is said to be in steady cyclic condition when, for the same
magnetising
is the same in
tield (H) from a given initial value, the change
change in the magnetic induction
every cycle of magnetization. (B)
19. What is the SI unit of
Ans. henry/metre.
permeability?
20. What is the difference between B and H
Ans. The B field
fields
originatesfrom both the free and the bound currents in the
medium. The Ä field
originates only from free currents.
21. What is a
magnetic circuit?
Ans. The lines of B form closed
to well-defined
paths. If the whole magnetic flux (or almost all of it) is restricted
paths, then these closed paths make a magnetic circuit in analogy with the electric
circuit formed by closed lines of electric current
flow.
22. What is the source of the
magnetisation M?
Ans. The source of M is the bound currents in the
atoms and molecules of the medium.
23. Do you know an
empirical formula to estimate the hysteresis loss?
Ans. Yes, Steinmetz formula : W=
nBnax where Bax is the maximum value of B to which the
specimen subjected.
is The value of Steinmetz constant
between 1.4 and 1.8 for different materials. The formula is depends
on the material and k lies
valid for B < 12 kG.
24. Define quantity (or charge)
sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer.
Ans. It is defined as the corrected throw in mm on a
scale 1m away caused by a charge of 1
microcoulomb passing through the galvanometer.
25. Does the area of the hysteresis
loop depend on temperature?
Ans. For the usual ferromagnetic materials, the area of the
appreciably with temperature changes much below the Curie hysteresis loop does not change
temperature.
26. Does the permeability of a
ferromagnetic substance change with changing temperature?
Ans. In the normal range of
operation of machines using
does not change appreciably with increasing temperature.ferromagnetic cores, the pemeability
However near the Curie temperature
Tc drops rapidly as the temperature is increased, and reduces to a small value at T
27. Do you know of dielectric materials
substances?
showing phenomenon of hysteresis like the ferromagnetic
the

Ans. Yes. The plot of the electric displacement D versus the electric field E of
Rochelle salt, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH,PO), barium titanate (BaTiO,, dielectrics like
hysteresis just like the B-H plot in ferromagnetic materials. etc. shows
materials, Such dielectrics are called ferroelectric