Pre-requisites For Aerodynamics And Structures -1

Teja

Abstract—This is a report about the various types of flow,

Newtons law of viscosity, Bernoulli’s Equation, Reynolds
number ,Coanda's effect and various theories given for the lift
in an airfoil .

I. INTRODUCTION
Because it provides a chance to reduce fuel consumption,
aerodynamics is crucial in the design of road vehicles. The
need of enhancing cooling airflow is further highlighted by a
continually rising cooling demand. This is taken care by
aerodynamics subsystem..
A. Types of flow
1) Laminar flow: The only external factors that affect
flow are gravity and the driving pressure, which are often the
only two. The fluid flows linearly and smoothly in laminar
flow. The velocity, pressure, and other flow characteristics at
every location in the fluid are constant in laminar flow.
Laminar flow in a straight pipe can be seen as the relative
motion of many fluid cylinders, with the outermost one
anchored to the pipe wall and the others flowing toward the
pipe's centre at accelerating rates. Laminar flow only occurs
frequently when the flow channel is tiny, the fluid is moving
slowly, and the viscosity of the fluid is high.
B. Reynolds Number
Whatever criteria you choose to distinguish between
completely laminar and purely turbulent flow, it's crucial to
link the Reynolds number to each of these fluid flow
regimes. The Reynolds number has well-known upper and
lower bounds in each of the three primary fluid fluid flow
for simple systems, such as flow in a pipe. The Reynolds
number does not necessarily have clear boundaries in each
stream flow in increasingly intricate systems with complex
geometry. The change from laminar to turbulent flow is also
defined by the Reynolds number. In order to illustrate the
behaviours of flow patterns, the Reynolds number formula
and Reynolds equation take into consideration factors such
as inertial force, drag coefficient, viscous force etc
a) Laminar flow and reynolds number:

t
he dynamic viscosity of the flowing fluid (μ), the density of
the fluid (𝜌), and its velocity (u)
2) Turbulent flow: The turbulent flow regime, which The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial
corresponds to extremely high flow rates, lies at the other end forces to viscous forces
of the flow spectrum. One of the most mathematically
challenging aspects of fluid dynamics is turbulence. Even C. Bernoulli’s Equation
though the quantity of turbulence may be measured using The bernoullis law states that
statistical methods, turbulent flow behaviour is not always
random. The precise course of a turbulent flow is
deterministic and predictable rather than random. The
amplitude and direction of the fluid's speed at a given spot are Derivation
constantly changing in turbulent flow. Higher speeds and low
viscosity likely to be the conditions for turbulent flow. In a
pipe with turbulent flow, the flow velocity profile is relatively
flat in the middle and rapidly decreases very near to the walls.

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 The airfoil—the technical term for an aeroplane
wing—has a curved top surface, which Bernoulli's
theorem tries to explain in terms of lift. According
to the theory, this curvature causes air to move
across the top of the wing more quickly than it does
along the flat bottom of the wing. According to
Bernoulli's theorem, reduced pressure that is
connected with the greater speed above the wing
causes lift

2. NEWTONS 3RD LAW

Air has mass. In light of this, Newton's third law Air
below would assert that the upward force of the
wing causes an equal and opposite upward push, and
vice versa. This Newtonian explanation of lift is
applicable to wings of any form, whether they are
curved, flat, or symmetrical.
D. Newtons Law Of Viscosity
The shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity
gradient. The shear stress between the two adjacent layers of
the fluid is directly proportional to the negative value of the
velocity gradient between the same two adjacent layers of
the fluid. It is given by

1. Newtonian Fluids
The Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose viscosity never
changes. These fluids are not affected by the duration of the
shear stress that is applied to them. These fluids' viscosity
and shear stress have a linear relationship. 3. MARK DRELAS THEORY
2. Non-Newtonian Fluids Above the wing, a low-pressure area or partial
Non-Newtonian fluids are those whose viscosity varies in vacuum develops. For a brief while, the air above
response to shear stress. The Newtonian fluids are the the wing flows back straight toward A, creating a
opposite of these fluids. space or vacuum. This will then forcefully draw the
air back down B, filling it in and filling up most of
the vacuum but not completely. There is barely any
E. Coanda Effect vacuum left to draw the air into the curved channel
In fluid mechanics, the Coanda effect is the phenomenon that follows the wing C
where a flow along a solid surface prefers to follow the
curve of the surface rather than separating. The Bernoulli
theorem has the effect that a fast-moving stream pulls and
accelerates some surrounding air, resulting in a gradient in
air velocity and pressure: the quicker the air, the lower the
pressure around the stream. This explains why the ambient
pressure acting on the stream's and the surface's outer edges
is pushing the two closer.

F. Theories of lift in air foil

1. BERNOULLI’S THEORY
 Due to higher pressure at the top of the particles than
at the bottom , which generates the centrifugal force,
the air molecules closest to the top surface of the
aerofoil are retained there. The particles are pushed
toward the aerofoil by the high pressure above them,
which is why they remain affixed to the curved
surface rather than continuing along a straight route.
This phenomenon, known as the Coanda effect, has
a similar impact on the airflow across the aerofoil's
bottom surface. The lift is produced by the pressure
differential created by the curved bending of the air
molecules, which results in low pressure above and
high pressure below the aerofoil

4. THE EQUAL TRANSMIT THEORY

Air that split at the leading edge of the wing must
recombine simultaneously at the trailing edge. The
upper part must move quicker since it covers a
greater distance in a given period of time than the
bottom parcel. The assumption made in this
situation is that there is no physical requirement for
the two packages to arrive at the trailing edge
simultaneously. And they do not, in fact
5. THE SKIPPING STONE THEORY
According to the "Skipping Stone" theory, lift is the
result of air molecules striking a wing's underside as
it travels through the atmosphere. The air molecules
above the wing are entirely ignored by this idea.
6. THEORY WITH THE COANDA EFFECT