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 
General Chemistry 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 12: Stoichiometric Calculations and Gas Effusion
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

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Development Team of the Module

Writers: Ralph V. Pasion
Content Editors: Corazon A. Quintos
Lilia P. Peregrino
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Rodgie S. Demalinao
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 Senior High School

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 

iii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Modular Distance Learning (MDL) Self-

Learning Module on the Stoichiometric Calculation and Gas Effusion!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
public institution to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet
the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELCs) in the “New Normal” situation while overcoming their personal, social, and
economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

In view to the new normal world we are facing, this
module was created to answer that education
should not stop for our learners.
This General Chemistry 1 Module for Quarter
1 is all about Stoichiometric Calculation and Gas
Effusion. In this we are trying to allow our learners
to work independently in discovering through simple
and enjoyable activities/ experimentation that are
aligned to the competencies that they should learn.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Modular Distance Learning (MDL) Self-

Learning Module on the Stoichiometric Calculation and Gas Effusion!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In
the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

v
 Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

vi
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master and General Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into one lesson, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Applying the principles of stoichiometry to determine the amounts
of gaseous reactants and products
• Lesson 2 – Relate the rate of gas effusion with molar mass

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the quantitative relationships in a balanced chemical equation;
2. Calculate the amount of volume, number of mole, or mass of gaseous
reactants and products;
3. Determine the importance of stoichemistry in determining the amount of
volume, number of moles, or, mass of gaseous reactants and products in
everyday life; and
4. Relate the rate of gas effusion with molar mass.

1
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper

1. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about stoichiometry?

I. It is study of quantitative relationship between amount of products used
and reactants formed by a chemical equation.
II. It is based on the conservation of mass.
III. It starts in a balanced chemical equation.
IV. It is the study of quantitative relationship between amount of the
reactants used and products formed by a chemical equation.
a. I, II and IV b. I, II and III c. II, III and IV d. I, II, III and IV

2. Why do we use stoichiometry?

I. To obtain certain amount of product from the reaction.
II. To know how much product will form if a certain amount of reactant is
used.
III. To study the quantitative relationship between the amount of reactant
used and the amount of products formed.
IV. To balance chemical equation.
a. I and IV b. II and III c. I, II and III d. all of the above

3. Which of the following should be done first in calculating stoichiometric

problems?
a. Determine the moles of unknown substance.
b. Determine the moles of known substance.
c. Determine the mass of the unknown substance.
d. Write the balanced chemical equation.

4. Which of the following statements state the importance of stoichiometry?

I. The cost of the products you buy lower.
II. It increases efficiency in laboratory.
III. Decreases waste in manufacturing.
IV. Produce products more quickly.
a. I and II b. III and IV c. II, III and IV d. I,II,III and IV

5. Which of the following is the proper sequence of steps in solving stoichiometric

calculations?
I. Determine the moles of the unknown substance from the moles of the given
substance.
II. Determine the moles of the given substance from using a mass- to-mole
conversion.
III. Write a balanced chemical equation.
IV. From the mole of the unknown substance, determine the mass of the
unknown substance using a mole-to-mass conversion.

2
 a. I, II, III and IV c. III, II, I and IV
b. II, I, IV and III d. IV, III, II and I

6. Balance the given equation: ___NH3 + ___O2 → ___NO2 + ___H2O

7. The balanced equation shows that 1.00 mole of NH3 requires how many number
of mole(s) of O2 (N= 14, H= 1.0, O= 16)
a. 0.57 b. 1.25 c. 1.33 d. 1.75

8. Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when 27 g of aluminum reacts with excess
hydrochloric acid according to the balanced equation below. (H =1, Cl= 35.45, H=
1, Al = 27.0)
2Al + 6HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
a. 1.5 g b. 2.0 g c.3.0 g d. 12 g
9. What is the total mass of products formed when 16 grams of CH4 is burned with
excess oxygen?
a. 32 g b. 80 g c. 44 g d. 62g

10. Which of the following is not always conserved in a chemical reaction?

a. number of molecules c. number of atoms
b. moles of atoms d. mass
11. It refers to the movement of air particles through small opening.
a. Effusion b. Diffusion c. compression d. expansion

12. Which of the following statements is/ are TRUE?

I. Air diffuses in the atmosphere from high concentration to low

concentration.
II. Effusion is the movement of air to small opening.
III. Heavier air diffuses more slowly than lighter particles at different
temperature.
IV. Gas effusion is directly proportional to the square root of its molar
mass.

a. I and II b. II and III c. III and IV d. I and IV

13. Calculate the ratio of effusion rates for nitrogen (N2) and Neon (Ne).
a. 0.859 b. 0.849 c. 0.869 d. 0.840

14. Who formulated the law of Effusion?

a. John Dalton c. Thomas Graham .
b. Jacques Charles d. Amadeo Avogadro

15. Which of the following situation indicates gas effusion?

a. The smell of flower fragrance.
b. Dispersion of perfume particles to the air.
c. Shrinking of the air balloon that contains helium gas.
d. The smell of the grilled pork barbecue.

3
 What’s In

In the previous module, you have learned about Dalton’s law of partial
pressures. When Dalton studied the properties of gases, he found that each gas in a
mixture exerts pressure independently of the other gases present. Dalton’s law of
partial pressure states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture.

To further understand this statement, let us take the example of how do the
partial pressure of nitrogen gas and helium gas compare when a mole of nitrogen gas
and a mole of helium gas are in the same closed container.

Figure 1.

1 mol He 1 mol N2 1 mol He + 1 mol N2

P1 P2 PTotal

To check your knowledge of the previous lesson, Activity 1 will help you recall
some terms about planning that can be an aid for you to understand better the
present lesson.

Now you have already refreshed in the Dalton’s law of partial pressure, you
are now ready to do activity 1.

Activity 1
Directions: Using the legend below, draw a circle for the products of the following
gaseous compounds. You may use any coloring material for your
drawing. (Refer to the example given as shown in figure 1.)

4
 Source: Dingrando, Laurel et al. Chemistry: Matter and Change. Glencoe/McGrawHill. 2005. p.912

1. 1 mol S + 1 mol O2

2. 1 mol C + 1 mol 1 mol O2

3. 1 mol H2 + 1 mol O

What’s New

Career Using Chemistry

Are you interested in taking an active role in the heath care of others? Would
you like to advise physicians as well as patients? Then consider a career as a
pharmacist.

The pharmacist must understand the composition and use of prescribed

drugs and medicines, and over- the counter medications. They advise doctors and
patients about proper use, harmful combinations, and possible side effects. Although

5
pharmaceutical companies supply most medicines, pharmacist may do the actual
mixing of ingredients to form powders, tablets, capsules, ointments and solutions.

Activity 2A: Four Pictures One Word

Direction: Analyze the following set of pictures in each number and identify the term
described.

Source: shuttersstock.com Source:paleofuture.gizmodo.

Source: medium.com Source: thouhtco.com
com

Source: decathlon.ph Source: en.wikionary.org Source: thouhtco.com Source: shutterstock.com

1. ______________________________ 2.___________________________

Source: thespruce.com Source: environmentalscience.org Source: shutterstock.com

Source: swallowingdifficulties.com Source: wikiwand.com Source: mckesson.com

3.______________________________ 4._________________________

6
Activity 2B: Unlocking Terms

Directions: Supply the word puzzle below

7
 Lesson

1 Stoichiometric Calculations

What is It

Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships

between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired
quantitative data. In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure, so
stoichiometry literally translated means the measure of elements. In order to use
stoichiometry to run calculations about chemical reactions, it is important to first
understand the relationships that exist between products and reactants and why
they exist, which require understanding how to balance reactions.

Stoichiometric Calculations
Suppose a chemist needs to obtain a certain amount of product from a reaction.
How much reactant must be used? Or, supposed chemist wants to know how much
product will form if certain amount of reactant is used. Chemist use stoichiometry
calculations to answer this question.

In solving stoichiometric problem, there are four steps to be followed:

1. Write a balance equation. Interpret the equation in terms of mole.

2. Determine the mole of the given substance using mass-to-mole conversion.
Use the inverse of the molar mass as the conversion factor.
3. Determine the moles of the unknown substance from the moles of the given
substance. Use the appropriate mole ratio from the balanced chemical
equation as the conversion factor.
4. From the moles of the unknown substance, determine the mass of the
unknown substance using a mole-to-mass conversion. Use the molar mass
as the conversion factor.

Using Stoichiometry

Recall that stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationship between the

amount of reactants used and the amount of products formed by a chemical reaction.
What are the tools needed for stoichiometry calculations? All stoichiometry
calculations begin with a balance chemical equation, which indicates relative
amounts of substance that react and the products that formed.

8
Stoichiometric Mole-to-Mole Conversion

Sample Problem
One disadvantage of burning propane (C3H8) is that (CO2) is one of the
products. The released carbon dioxide increases the growing concentration of CO 2 in
the atmosphere. How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced when 10.0 moles
of propane are burned in excess oxygen in a gas grill?

Solution:

1. Analyze the Problem

You are given moles of the reactant propane, and moles of the product carbon
dioxide must be found. The balanced chemical equation must be written. Conversion
from mole of C3H8 to moles of CO2 is required. The correct ole ratio has moles of
unknown substance in the numerator and moles of known substance in the
denominator.
Known
moles of propane = 10.0 mol C3H8

Unknown
Moles of carbon dioxide = ? mol CO2

2. Solve for the Unknown

Write the balanced chemical equation. Label the known substance and the
unknown substance.
10.0 mol ?mol
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

Determine the mole ratio that relates mol CO2 to mol C3H8.
3 mol CO2
1 mol C3H8

Multiply the known numbers of moles of C3H8by the mole ratio.

3 mol CO2
10.0 mol C3H8 x 1 mol C3H8 = 30.0 mol CO2

3. Evaluate the answer

The given number of moles has three significant figures. Therefore, the
answer must have three digits. The balance chemical equation indicates that 1
mol C3H8 produced 3 mol CO2. Thus, 10.0 mol C3H8 would produce three times
as many moles of CO2, or 30.0 mol.

Practice problem 1
Sulfuric acid is formed when sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen and water.
Write the balance chemical equation for the reaction. If 12.5 mol SO 2 reacts, how
many mol H2SO4 can be produced? How many mol O2 is needed?

9
Stoichiometric Mole-to-Mass Conversion

Sample Problem
Determine the mass of sodium chloride or table salt (NaCl) produced when 1.25
moles of chlorine gas reacts vigorously with sodium.

1. Analyze the Problem

You are given the moles of the reactant Cl2 and must determine the mass of the
product NaCl. You must convert from moles of Cl 2 to moles of NaCl using the
mole ratio from the equation. Then, you need to convert moles of NaCl to grams
of NaCl using the molar massas the conversion factor.

Known
Moles of chlorine = 1.25 mol Cl2

Unknown

Mass of sodium chloride = g NCl

2. Solve the Unknown

Write the balance chemical equation and identify the known and unknown
substances.
1.25 mol ? mol
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

Write the mole ratio that relates mol NaCl to mol Cl2 by the mole ratio.
2 mol NaCl
1 mol Cl2

Multiply the number of moles of Cl2 by the mole ratio.

1.25 mol Cl2 x 2 mol NaCl = 2.50 mol NaCl

1 mol Cl2

Multiply mol NaCl by the molar mass NaCl

Molar Mass Computation
1 mole NaCl = 23g Na
+ 37 g Cl

2.50 mol NaCl x 60 g NaCl = 90 g NaCl

1 mol NaCl

3. Evaluate the Answer

The given number of moles has three significant figures, so the mass of NaCl
is correctly stated with three digits. The computation is correct and the unit is
expected.

10
Practice Problem 2
Sodium chloride is decomposed into the elements sodium and chlorine by means
of electrical energy. How many grams of chlorine gas can be obtained from 2.50 mol
NaCl?

Stoichiometric Mass-to-Mass Conversion

Sample Problem
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), an important fertilizer, produces N2O gas and
H2O when it decomposes. Determine the mass of water produced from the
decomposition of 25.0 g of solid ammonium nitrate.

1. Analyze the Problem

You are given the mass of the reactant and will need to write the balanced
chemical equation. You must then convert from the mass of the reactant to mole of
the reactant. You will next use a mole ratio to relate moles of the reactant to moles
of the product. Finally, you will use the molar mass to convert from moles of the
product to the mass of the product.

Known
Mass of ammonium nitrate = 25.0 g NH4NO3

Unknown
Mass of water = ? g H2O

2. Solve for the Unknown

Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and identify the known
and unknown substances.

25.0 g ?g
NH4NO3 (s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)

Convert grams of NH4NO3to moles of NH4NO3 using the inverse of molar mass
as the conversion factor.

25.0 g NH4NO3 x 1 mol NH4NO3= 0.312 mol NH4NO3

80.04 g NH4NO3

Determine from the equation the mole ratio of mol H 2O to mol NH4NO3. The
unknown quantity is the numerator.

2mol H2O
1 mol NH4NO3

Multiply mol NH4NO3 by mole ratio.

0.312 mol NH4NO3 x 2 mol H2O = 0.624 mol H2O

1 mol NH4NO3

11
 Calculate the mass of H2O using molar mass as the conversion factor.

0.624 mol H2O x 18.02 g H2O = 11.2 g H2O

1 mol H2O

3. Evaluate the Answer

The significant figures in the answer, three, is determined by the given moles
of ammonium nitrate. The calculations are correct and the unit is appropriate.
Practice Problem 3
One in a series of reaction that inflate air bags in automobiles is the
decomposition of sodium aside (NaN3).
2 NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
Determine the mass of N2 produced if 100.0 g NaN3 is decomposed.

What’s More

Activity 3: Step by Step

Direction: List the four steps in solving stoichiometric problems.

Step 4.

Step 3.

Step 2.

Step 1.

12
Activity 4: Problem Solving!

Directions: Using the steps in solving stoichiometric calculations, solve the following
problems in a separate sheet of paper.
A. Stoichiometric Calculation

1. Stoichiometric Mole- to- Mole

A reaction between methane and sulfur produces carbon disulfide (CS 2), a
liquid often used in the production of cellophane.
____CH4(g) + ____S8(s) ____CS2(l) + ____H2S(g)
a. Balance the equation
b. Calculate the mol CS2 produced when 1.50 mol S8 is used.
c. How many mol H2S is produced?

2. Stoichiomeric Mole-to-Mass Conversion

Titanium is a transition is a transition metal, used in many alloys because it
is extremely strong and lightweight. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is extracted
from titanium oxide using chlorine and coke (carbon).
TiO2(s) + C(s) + 2Cl2(g) TiCl4(s) + CO2(g)
If you begin with 1.25 mol TiO2, what mass of Cl2 gas is needed?

3. Stoichiometric Mass-to- Mass

In the formation of acid rain, sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen and water in
the air to form sulfuric acid. Write the balance chemical equation for the
reaction. If 2.50 g SO2 react with excess oxygen and
Water, how many grams of H2SO4 are produced?

What I Have Learned

To rate how much is your understanding about the lesson in this module, DO
the activity below.
Activity 5: Fill Me!

Directions: Supply the following statements with your answer.

In this lesson, I’ve learned that stoichiometry is the study of

_______________________ between the amount of __________ used and the amount of
____________ formed by a chemical reaction. Stoichiometric calculations begin with
________________________. Mole ratios based on the balanced chemical equation is
also needed.

13
 In this lesson, there are three stoichiometric conversions namely:
______________________________, _____________________________, and
______________________________.

To calculate the number of moles and the mass of reactant or product when given
the number of moles or the mass of another reactant or product, there are four steps
in stoichiometric calculations that I should be followed. These are
_________________________________________, ______________________________________,
_________________________________________ and __________________________________.

What I Can Do

Directions: Read the following selections of Real-World application of chemistry.

Answer the questions and explain how stoichiometry applied in the
selections/ situation.
1. Automobile air bags inflate on impact because a series of gas- producing
chemical reactions are triggered. To be effective in saving lives, the bags must
not overinflate or under inflated. What factors must automotive engineers take
into account in the design of air bag?

2. The cost of the things you buy is lower because chemist use stoichiometric
calculations to increase efficiency in laboratories, decrease waste in
manufacturing and produce more product more quickly. How does
stoichimetry applied in the following industry?(you may site an example).

a. Pharmaceutical
b. Food/ Beverages

14
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Why do we use stoichiometry?

I. To obtain certain amount of product from the reaction.
II. To know how much product will form if a certain amount of reactant is
used.
III. To study the quantitative relationship between the amount of reactant
used and the amount of products formed.
IV. To balance chemical equation.
a. I and IV only c. I, II and III only
b. II and III only d. all of the above

2. Stoichimetry is based on the law of _________________.

a. constant mole ratios. c. Avogadro’s constant.
b. conservation of energy. d. conservation of mass.

3. Which of the following is the proper sequence of steps in solving stoichiometric

calculations?
I. Determine the moles of the unknown substance from the moles of the
given substance.
II. Determine the moles of the given substance from using a mass- to-mole
conversion.
III. Write a balanced chemical equation.
IV. From the mole of the unknown substance, determine the mass of the
unknown substance using a mole-to-mass conversion.
a. I, II, III and IV c. III, II, I and IV
b. II, I, IV and III d. IV, III, II and

4. Which of the following should be done first in calculating stoichiometric

problems?
a. Determine the moles of unknown substance.
b. Determine the moles of known substance
c. Determine the mass of the unknown substance.
d. Write the balanced chemical equation.

15
5. Which of the following statements is/ are TRUE about stoichiometry?
I. It is study of quantitative relationship between amount of products used
and reactants formed by a chemical equation.
II. It is based on the conservation of mass.
III. It starts in a balanced chemical equation.
IV. It is the study of quantitative relationship between amount of the
reactants used and products formed by a chemical equation.
a. I, II and IV c. II, III and IV
b. I, II and III d. I, II, III and IV

6. Which of the following is not always conserved in a chemical reaction?

a. number of molecules
b. moles of atoms
c. number of atoms
d. mass
e. All of these are always conserved.

7. Which of the following statements state the importance of stoichiometry?

I. The cost of the products you buy lower.
II. It increases efficiency in laboratory.
III. Decreases waste in manufacturing.
IV. Produce products more quickly.
a. I and II only c. II, III and IV only
b. b. III and IV only d. I,II,III and IV

8. Use the following balanced equation for the reaction of titanium metal and
oxygen gas to identify the falls statement.
4Ti(s) + 3O2(g) 2Ti2O3(s)
a. 1 mole of Ti2O3 should be produced when 2 moles of Ti react.
b. 2 grams of Ti2O3 should be produced when 4 grams of Ti react.
c. The mass of Ti2O3 produced should be equal to the sum of the masses of
Ti and O2 that react.
d. The moles of Ti2O3 produced should be less than the sum of the moles of
Ti and O2 react.

9. Balance the given equation:

___NH3 + ___O2 → ___NO2 + ___H2O

The balanced equation shows that 1.00 mole of NH3 requires how many
number of mole(s) of O2 (N= 14, H= 1.0, O= 16)

a. 0.57 c. 1.25
b. 1.25 d. 1.75

16
10. Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when 27 g of aluminium reacts with
excess hydrochloric acid according to the balanced equation below.

2Al + 6HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2

a. 1.5 g c. 3.0 g
b. 2.0 g d. 12 g

11. What is the total mass of products formed when 16 grams of CH4 is burned
with excess oxygen?
a. 32 g c. 44g
b. 80 g d. 62 g

12. How many grams of nitric acid, HNO3, can be prepared from the reaction of
138 g of NO2 with 54.0 g H2O according to the equation below?

3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

a. 92 c. 126
b. 108 d. 189

13. What mass of Al is produced when 0.500 mole of Al2S3 is completely reduced
with excess H2?

a. 2.7 g c. 27.0 g
b. 13.5 g d. 54.0 g

14. Write a balanced equation for the combustion of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO.

When properly balanced, the equation indicates that ___ mole(s) of O2 are
required for each mole of CH3CHO.

a. 1 c. 2.5
b. 2 d. 3.5
15. How many grams of H2O will be formed when 32.0 g H2 is allowed to react with
16.0 g O2 according to:
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
a. 9.00 g c. 18.0 g
b. 16.0 g d. 32.0 g

Additional Activities

Let us reinforce the skills/knowledge that you have gained from this lesson
by doing the next activity.

17
I can do it!
Research the air pollutants produce by gasoline in internal combustion
engines. Discuss the common pollutants and the reaction that produces them. Show,
through the use of stoichemistry, how each pollutant could be reduced if more people
used mass transit.

Lesson
Relating the Rate of Gas
2 Effusion with Molar Mass

What’s In

Directions: Arrange the following steps in solving stoichiometric calculations.

Simply put numbers from 1-4.

__________ Determine the moles of the unknown substance from the moles of the
given substance.

__________ Determine the moles of the given substance from using a mass- to-mole
conversion.

___________ Write a balanced chemical equation.

___________From the mole of the unknown substance, determine the mass of the
unknown substance using a mole-to-mass conversion.

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 What’s New

Diffusion and effusion in Daily Life

Being a universal physical phenomenon, diffusion and effusion happen all
over daily life. That’s what science is. Here are some real world practical examples of
diffusion and effusion from everyday life.

Balloons
Ever notice how Helium balloons slowly lose their lift? That’s because the
helium is gradually diffusing from a helium rich environment inside the balloon to the
helium poor environment of the outside air.

Perfume
When perfume (or air freshener, cigarette smoke, or other strongly scented
substance) is produced in one part of the room, it spreads to the rest through
diffusion. There are fewer of the scent-producing chemicals in further parts of the
room, so the molecules naturally spread out.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

The use of gas in cooking like LPG, butane and many more is a good example
of effusion. Gas particles move out from the gas tank which has a high concentration
area of gas particles to the outside environment through the small holes of the stove.

What is It

Effusion and Diffusion

Scottish chemist Thomas Graham (1850-1869) formulated his law of
effusion, which states that the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

The term effusion and diffusion are often used interchangeably, but they are
not equivalent. Effusion is the movement of gas particles through a tiny hole. This
explains why a person can still smell the scent of cologne even if the lid is closed.
Diffusion is the process by which a gas spreads or mixes with another gas. This is
when the particles of the cologne start to mix with air as it volatilizes. Diffusion
results from concentration gradient. A gas at a location of high concentration

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naturally tends to move to another location where there is a lower concentration of
this gas.

Graham’s law predicts that lighter gas particles will move faster than heavier
one. As the kinetic molecular theory postulates, the average kinetic energy of a gas
is proportional to its absolute temperature. For two particles (1 & @) at the same
temperature, their kinetic energies are equal.

KE1 = KE2
1 1
(𝑚1 𝑣12 ) = (𝑚2 𝑣22 )
2 2

This equation can be simplified and rearranged into:

𝑣1 𝑚2
= √
𝑣2 𝑚1

Which means the velocity of each particle is inversely proportional to its mass.
Modifying this equation to reflect the speed of the gas particles, and their molar
masses gives the Graham’s law equation.

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠2

= √
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠1

Sample Problem
Finding a Ratio of Diffusion Rates
Ammonia has a molar mass of 17.0 g/mol; hydrogen chloride has a molar mass of
36.5 g/mol. What is the ratio of their diffusion rates?

1. Analyze the Problem

You are given the molar masses for ammonia and hydrogen chloride. To find
the diffusion rates for ammonia and hydrogen chloride, use the Graham’s law
of effusion.

Known Unknown
Molar mass HCl = 36.5 g/mol ratio of diffusion rates = ?
Molarmass NH 3 = 17.0 g/mol

2. Solve for the Unknown

Substitute the known values into Graham’s equation and solve.

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒NH3 36.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= √17.0 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = √2.15 = 1.47
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝐻𝐶𝑙

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 The ratio of diffusion rates is 1.47

3. Evaluate the answer

Ammonia molecules diffuse about 1.5 times as fast as hydrogen chloride
molecules. This ratio is logical because molecules of ammonia are about half
as massive as molecules of hydrogen chloride. Because the molar masses have
three significant figures, the answer does, too.

What’s More

Directions: Solve the following problems in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Calculate the ratio of diffusion rates for carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2).

2. What is the rate of effusion for a gas that has a molar mass twice that of a gas
that effuses at a rate of 3.6 mol/min?

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the paragraph with the correct answer.

According to the kinetic- molecular theory, there are no significant forces of
attraction between gas particles. ______________________ did an experiment to
measure the rates of effusion for different gasses at the same temperature.
________________ is the movement of gas particles through a tiny hole.
________________is the process by which a gas spreads or mixes with another gas.
Graham’s law of effusion states that ______________________________________

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 What I Can Do

Directions: Answer the statement below. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.
Question: Based on your personal experience, site a scenario or situation that
diffusion and effusion of gasses was applied.

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. It refers to the movement of air particles to small opening.

a. Effusion c. compression
b. Diffusion d. expansion

2. Calculate the ratio of effusion rates for nitrogen (N2) and Neon (Ne).
a. 0.859 c. 0.869
b. 0.849 d. 0.840

3. Who formulated the law of Effusion?

a. John Dalton c. Thomas Graham .
b. Jacques Charles d. Amadeo Avogadro

4. Which of the following situation indicates gas effusion?

a. The smell of flower fragrance.
b. Dispersion of perfume particles to the air.
c. Shrinking of the air balloon that contains helium gas.
d. The smell of the grilled pork barbecue.

5. What is the rate of effusion for the gas that has a molar mass twice of a gas that
effuses at the rate of 4.2 mol/min?
a. 2.5 mol/min c. 3.5 mol/min
b. 3.0 mol/min d. 4.0 mol/min

22
6. Calculate the ratio of the effusion rates of hydrogen gas (H2) and uranium
hexafluoride (UF6), a gas used in the enrichment process to produce fuel for
nuclear reactors.
a. 11.2 c. 13.2
b. 12.2 d. 14.2

For items 7 – 10: which of the following statements is/are TRUE or FALSE? In each
statement put a (√) to the TRUE statement and (x) to a FALSE statement.

______7. Air diffuses in the atmosphere from high concentration to low concentration.
______8. Effusion is the movement of air to small opening.
______9. Heavier air diffuses more slowly than lighter particles at different
temperature.
______ 10. Gas effusion is directly proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

For items 11-15: classify the following statement whether DIFFUSION or

EFFUSION.
______ 11. Air Pollution
______ 12. Breathing
______ 13. Escape of food odor from a sealed pack.
______ 14. Opening of soda/ soft drink bottle
______ 15. Inflating of soccer ball.

23
 24
Lesson 1
What I Whats In
Know
1. C
2. D
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. C 1 mol S 1 mol O2 1 mol S + 1 mol O2
8. B
9. A
10.A
11.A
12.A
13.B
14.C
15.C
1 mol C 1 mol O2 1 mol C + 1 mol O2
1 mol H2 1 mol O 1 mol H2 + 1 mol O
What’s New
Activity 2 A Activity 2 B
1. Capsule Across Down
2. Solution 1. Mole 2. mass
3. Tablet 4. Stoichiometry 3. volume
4. Pharmacist 5. Chemical equation
5. Diffusion 6. Molar mass
Answer Key
 25
What is It What’s More
Activity 3 Step by Step
Practice Problem 1 In solving stoichiometric
problem, there are four steps to
Solution be followed:
1. Write a balance equation.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) 2H2SO4 (aq) Interpret the equation in
terms of mole.
12.5 mol SO2 x 2 mol H2SO4
2. Determine the mole of the
2 mol SO2 given substance using mass-
=12.5 mol H2SO4 produced to-mole conversion. Use the
inverse of the molar mass as
12. 5 mol SO2 x 1 mol O2 = 6.26 mol O2 needed the conversion factor.
2 mol SO2 3. Determine the moles of the
unknown substance from
the moles of the given
Practice Problem 2 substance. Use the
appropriate mole ratio from
Solution the balanced chemical
equation as the conversion
Step 1: Balance the Equation. factor.
4. From the moles of the
2 NaCl (s) 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) unknown substance,
Step 2: Make mole – mole conversion determine the mass of the
unknown substance using a
2.50 mol NaCl x 1 mol Cl2 = 1.25 mol Cl2 mole-to-mass conversion.
2 mol NaCl Use the molar mass as the
conversion factor.
Step 3: Make mole – mass conversion
1.25 mol Cl2 x 70.9 g Cl2 = 86.6 g Cl2
1 mol Cl2 What Can I do
Practice Problem 3 Students’ answers might vary.
Scoring will be based on the
Solution Rubrics provided by the
teacher.
2 NaN3 (s) 2Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
Step 1: Make mass - mole conversion
100.0 g NaN3 x 1 mol NaN3 = 1.538 mol NaN3
65.02 g NaN3
Step 2: Make mole – mole conversion
1.538 mol NaN3 x 3 mol N2 = 2. 307 mol N2
2 mol NaN3
Step 3: Make mole – mass conversion
2. 307 mol N2 x 28.02 g N2 = 64.64 N2
1 mol N2
 26
Activity 4 Problem Solve
A. Stoichiometric Calculation
What I Have Learned
1.a. 2CH4(g) + S8(s) 2 CS2(l) + 4H2S(g) 1. Quantitative
2. Reactants
b. 1.50 mol S8 x 2 mol CS2 = 3.00 mol CS2
3. Products
1 mol S8
c. 1.50 mol S8
x 4 mol H2S = 6.00 mol H2S 4. Balanced chemical
1 mol S8 equation
5. Mole-to-mole conversion
2. TiO2(s) + C(s) + 2Cl2(g) TiCl4(s) + CO2(g) 6. Mole-to-mass conversion
7. Mass-to-mass conversion
Step 1: make mole – mole conversion. 8. Write a balance equation.
1.25 mol TiO2 x 2 mol Cl2 = 2.50 mol Cl2 9. Determine the mole of the
1 mol TiO2 given substance using
Step 2: Make mole – mass conversion. mass-to-mole conversion.
10.Determine the moles of the
2.50 mol Cl2 x 70.9 g Cl2 = 177 g Cl2 unknown substance from
1 mol Cl2 the moles of the given
substance.
3. Step 1: Balance the Chemical Equation
11. From the moles of the
2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq) unknown substance,
determine the mass of the
Step 2: Make mass – mole conversion. unknown substance using
a mole-to-mass
2.50 g SO2 x 1mol SO2 = 0.0390 mol SO2 conversion.
64.07 g SO2
Step 3: Make mole – mole conversion.
0.0390 mol SO2 x 2 mol H2SO4 = 0.0390 mol H2SO4
2 mol SO2 Additional Activities
Students’ answers might vary.
Step 4: Make mole – mass conversion. Scoring will be based on the
Rubrics provided by the teacher.
0.0390 mol H2SO4 x 98.09 g H2SO4 = 3.83 g H2SO4
1 mol H2SO4
Assessment
1. D 10. C
2. B 11. B
3. C 12. A
4. D 13. A
5. C 14. C
6. A 15. C
7. D
8. A
9. D
 27
Lesson II What I have learned
Thomas Graham
Effusion
Diffusion
What’s In The rate of effusion for a gas is
inversely proportional to the square
3,2,1,4
root of its molar mass.
What’s New What Can I do
The students will read and understand the
different examples of effusion and diffusion Students’ answers might vary. Scoring
will be based on the Rubrics provided by
in daily life.
the teacher.
Assessment
What’s More
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒nitrogen 20.2 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 1. A 11.DIFFUSION
1. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒neon
= √28.0 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = √0.721 = 2. B 12. DIFFUSION
0.894 3. C 13. EFFUSION
4. C 14. EFFUSION
2. Rearrange Graham’s law to 5. B 15. EFFUSION
6. C
solve for RateA.
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. FASE
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵
RateA = RateB x √ 10. FALSE
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴
RateB = 3.6 mol/ min
molar massB = 0.5
molar massA
A
Rate = 3.6 mol/min x √0.5
= 3.6 mol/ min x 0.71
= 2.5 mol/ min
References
Bauer, Richard, James Birk, Pamela Marks. General Chemistry Books I and II.
Arizona: McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
Bayquen, Aristea V. and Gardee T. Pena. Exploring Life Through Science. Quezon
City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016.
Dingrando, Laurel, et al. Chemistry: Matter and Change. United States of America:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/13232367/practest-A3/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and_Webs
ites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balanci
ng_Reactions

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