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General Chemistry 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield
First Edition, 2020

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
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 11: General Chemistry 1 Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in
the body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help
you in guiding the learners.
This General Chemistry 1 Module 8 for Quarter 1 is all
about the Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield. With this we are
trying to allow our learners to work independently in
discovering through simple and enjoyable activities/
experimentation that are aligned to the competencies that
they should learn.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use

this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected
to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

iv
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11: General Chemistry 1 Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip
this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways; a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new

v
 knowledge or skill into real life situations
or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

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developing this module.

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1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
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activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

vi
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the nature of Physics. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is composed of:

• Lesson 1 – Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define percent yield and theoretical yield.
2. Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reaction

What I Know

Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of
the best answer then write the letter of your answer in your
answer sheet.

1. What is theoretical yield?

a. The maximum amount of product than can be produced from a given
amount of reactant.
b. The amount of product produced when the chemical reaction is carried
out in an experiment.
c. The relationship between actual yield and theoretical yield.
d. The relationship between the product and the reactant.

2. What is actual yield?

a. The maximum amount of product than can be produced from a given
amount of reactant.
b. The amount of product produced when the chemical reaction is carried
out in an experiment.
c. The relationship between actual yield and theoretical yield.
d. The relationship between the product and the reactant.

1
3. Solid silver chromate (Ag₂CrO₄) forms when excess potassium chromate
(K₂CrO₄) is added to a solution containing 0.2500 g of silver nitrate
( AgNO₃).What is the mole of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) used in the reaction?
a. 1.47 x10−3 mol AgNO₃ c. 2.44 mol AgNO₃
b. 7.35 x 10 mol AgNO₃
−4
d. 0.500 mol AgNO₃

4. Determine the theoretical yield of Ag₂CrO₄ in the given chemical reaction

in item number 3.
a. 7.35 g Ag₂CrO₄ c. 2.44 g Ag₂CrO₄
b. 1.47 g Ag₂CrO₄ d. 0.500 g Ag₂CrO₄

5. In a reaction of magnesium and oxygen, a 3.0 g of magnesium oxide was

obtained. Calculate the percent yield if the theoretical yield is 3.2 g of
magnesium oxide.
a. 93.8 % MgO c. 9.6 % MgO
b. 106 % MgO d. 0.062 % MgO

6. Zinc can be removed from bronze by placing bronze in hydrochloric acid.

The zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid producing zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas, and leaving the copper behind. What is the balanced
chemical equation for this reaction?
a. ZnCl₂⇾ Zn + 2HCl + H₂ c. Zn + 2HCl⇾ ZnCl₂ +H₂
b. Zn + 2HCl⇾ ZnCl₂ + 2H₂ d. ZnCl₂⇾2Zn + 2HCl + H₂

7. Based on the chemical reaction on item number 6, what is the theoretical

yield of hydrogen gas if 25.0 g of zinc are in a sample of bronze?
a. 0.680 g H₂ c. 0.382 g H₂
b. 0.771 g H₂ d. 65.39 g H₂

8. If the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid yields 0.680 g H₂, what is the
percent yield?
a. 88.2% yield of H₂ c. 113 % H₂
b. 178% yield of H₂ d. 5.2 % H₂

9. Aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH)₃) is often present in antacids to neutralize

stomach acid (HCl). What is the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction?
a. Al(OH)₃ (s) + 3HCl (aq)⇾ AlCl₃ (aq) + 3H₂O (l)
b. AlOH(s) + HCl (aq)⇾ AlCl₃ (aq) + H₂O (l)
c. Al(OH)₃ (s) + HCl (aq)⇾ AlCl₃ (aq) + 3H₂O (l)
d. 3AlOH + HCl (aq) ⇾AlCl₃ (aq) + 3H₂O (l)

10. If 4.0 g of Al (OH)₃ is present in an antacid tablet, determine the

theoretical yield of AlCl₃ produced when the tablet reacts with HCl.
a. 0.276 g AlCl₃ c. 179 g AlCl₃
b.133 g AlCl₃ d. 23.8 g AlCl₃

2
11. Zinc reacts with iodine in a synthesis reaction: Zn + I₂ ⇾ ZnI₂. Determine
the theoretical yield if 1.912 mol of zinc is used.
a.319.2 g ZnI₂ c. 253.8 g ZnI₂
b.610.3 g ZnI₂ d. 65.39 g ZnI₂

12. Based on the calculated theoretical yield on item number 11, determine
the percent yield if 515.6 g of product recovered.
a. 65.39 % ZnI₂ c. 84.48 % ZnI₂
b. 118.4 % ZnI₂ d. 319 % ZnI₂

13. What experimental information do you need in order to calculate both the
theoretical and the percent yield of any chemical reaction?
a. Actual yield and the quantity of the product/s.
b. The quantity of one reactant and the actual yield of the product.
c. The mass of the substance involved in the reaction.
d. The amount of products and reactants.

14. How theoretical yield is determined?

a. Theoretical yield is determined through experimentation.
b. Theoretical yield is calculated from a given reactant or the limiting
reactant.
c. It is determined from the mass of the reactant.
d. It is determined from the mass of the product.

15. What is the difference between actual yield and theoretical yield?
a. Actual yield is the amount of product obtained experimentally.
Theoretical yield is the amount of product predicted by a
stoichiometric calculation.
b. Actual yield is the maximum amount of product that can be produced
from a given amount of reactant while theoretical yield is the amount
of product produced.
c. Actual yield is the amount of product produced in the chemical
reaction while theoretical yield is obtained experimentally.
d. Actual yield is the amount of reactant in the equation while theoretical
yield is the amount of product.

3
 Lesson Percent Yield and
1  Theoretical Yield
You are doing great in the previous lessons. Your enthusiasm is good
for learning new concepts is a great help. This time, you will be learning the
last topic in this module. Have fun and enjoy learning!

What’s In

Activity 1
Directions: Read the problem carefully below and answer the follow- up
questions.
Magnesium hydroxide is an ingredient in some antacids. Antacids react with
excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach to relieve indigestion.
____Mg(OH)₂ + ___HCl ⇾____MgCl₂ + ____H₂O
a. Balance the reaction of Mg(OH)₂ with HCl.
b. Write the mole ratio that would be used to determine the number
of moles of MgCl₂ produced when HCl reacts with Mg(OH)₂.

What’s New

Activity 2
Directions: Look for the hidden words that are related to calculations in
chemical reaction in the puzzle below and list them down in the
space after each number.

4
 P K A R E A C T A N T

R S O C Y S Q G J P T

O I P H T X G H A K N

D K E T Y U Z W F D E

U E R W T C A Q S T C

C N C I G F P L Y H R

T H E O R E T I C A L

N W T Y I E L D X Y P

1. ______________________ 4. ______________________

2. ______________________ 5. ______________________

3. ______________________

What is It

What is the difference between theoretical and actual yield?

The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be
produced from a given amount of reactant while the actual yield is the
amount of product produced when the chemical reaction is carried out in an
experiment.
Percent Yield shows the relationship between actual yield and
theoretical yield. It is calculated as:

Percent Yield
percent yield = actual yield x 100 %
theoretical yield

5
Example 1
Solid silver chromate (Ag₂CrO₄) forms when excess potassium chromate
(K₂CrO₄) is added to a solution containing 0.500 g of silver nitrate (AgNO₃).
Determine the theoretical yield of Ag₂CrO₄.Calculate the percent yield if the
reaction yield 0.455 g of Ag₂CrO₄.
1. Analyze the problem
You know the mass of the reactant and the actual yield of the product.
Write the balanced chemical equation, and theoretical yield by converting
grams of AgNO₃ to moles of AgNO₃, moles of AgNO₃ to moles of Ag₂CrO₄, and
moles of Ag₂CrO₄ to grams of Ag₂CrO₄. Calculate the percent yield from the
actual yield and theoretical yield.

Known Unknown
mass of silver nitrate= 0.500 g AgNO₃ theoretical yield=? Ag₂CrO₄
actual yield= 0.455 g Ag₂CrO₄ percent yield=? % Ag₂CrO₄

2. Solve for the Unknown

0.500 g ?g
2 AgNO₃ (aq) + K₂CrO₄ (aq) ⇾ Ag₂CrO₄ (s) + KNO₃(aq)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 AgNO₃
0.500 g AgNO₃ x = 2.94 x 10−3 mol AgNO₃
169.9 AgNO₃

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Ag₂CrO₄
2.94 x 10−3 mol AgNO₃ x = 1.47 x 10−3 mol Ag₂CrO₄
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 AgNO₃

331.7 𝑔 Ag₂CrO₄
1.47 x 10−3 mol Ag₂CrO₄ x = 0.488 g Ag₂CrO₄
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Ag₂CrO₄

0.455 𝑔 Ag₂CrO₄
x 100= 93.2 % Ag₂CrO₄
0.488 Ag₂CrO₄

Example 2
When 1.92 g of magnesium was heated in excess oxygen, 3.0 g of
magnesium oxide was obtained. Calculate the percentage yield of magnesium
oxide.
Solution:
2Mg (s) + O₂(g)⇾2MgO (s)
Mole ratio of Mg:MgO = 2:2 =1:1
This means that 24 g of Mg will produce 40 g of MgO. Therefore, 1.92 g
40
of Mg should produce 1.92 x 24 = 3.2 g of MgO.

Actual amount of magnesium oxide obtained was 3.0 g.

6
 percent yield = actual yield x 100%
theoretical yield
3.0
= 3.2 x 100 %

= 93.8 %

Example 3:
Methyl alcohol can be produced in a high-pressure reaction

CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(l)

If 6.1 metric tons of methyl alcohol is obtained from 1.2 metric tons of
hydrogen reacting with excess amount of COCO, estimate the theoretical and
the percentage yield?

Solution

To calculate the theoretical yield, consider the reaction

CO(g) + H2(g) → CH3OH(l)

28.02 4.0 32.0 (stoichiometric masses in g, kg,or tons)

1.2 tonsH2 × 32.0 CH3OH = 9.6 tons CH3OH

4.0H2

Thus, the theoretical yield from 1.2 metric tons (1.2x106 g) of hydrogen
gas is 9.6 tons. The actual yield is stated in the problem, 6.1 metric tons.
Thus, the percentage yield is

% yield = 6.1 tons x 100 = 64%

9.6 tons

Due to chemical equilibrium or the mass action law, the limiting reagent
may not be completely consumed. Thus, a lower yield is expected in some
cases. Losses during the recovery process of the product will cause an even
lower actual yield.

7
 What’s More

Activity 3: Analyze and Conclude

Directions: Read the paragraph and answer the follow- up questions. Based
on real data

1. Can rocks on the moon provide an effective oxygen source for future
lunar missions?
Although the moon has no atmosphere and thus no oxygen, its surface is
covered with rocks and soil made from oxides. Scientists, looking for an oxygen
source for future long-duration lunar missions, are researching ways to extract
oxygen from lunar soil and rock. Analysis of samples collected during previous
lunar missions provided scientists with the data shown in the table. The table
identifies the oxides in lunar soil as well as each oxide’s percent-by-weight of
the soil.

Data and Observation

Moon-Rock Data
Oxide % mass of soil Oxygen /kg in
each of oxides
SiO₂ 47.3% 0.00641
Al₂O₃ 17.8% 0.0838
CaO 11.4 % 0.252
FeO 10.5 % 0.0234
MgO 9.6% 0.0381
TiO₂ 1.6% 0.0325
Na₂O 0.7% 0.00181
K₂O 0.6% 0.000988
Cr₂O₃ 0.2% 0.000225
MnO 0.1 % 0.000632
Questions:
a. What oxide would yield the most oxygen per kilogram? The least?

b. Determine the theoretical yield of oxygen from the oxides present in a 1.00-
kg sample of lunar soil.

8
c. Using methods currently available, scientists can produce 15 kg of oxygen
from 100 kg of lunar soil. What is the percent yield of the process?

2. Chlorine forms from the reaction of the hydrochloric acid with manganese
(IV)oxide. The balanced equation is:
MnO₂+ 4HCl⇾MnCl₂ +Cl₂+2H₂O

a. Calculate the theoretical yield and the percent yield of chlorine if 86.0
Mn0₂ and 50.0 g of HCl react. The actual yield of Cl₂ is 20.0 g.

3. The following reaction is performed with 1.56g BaCl, which is the limiting
reagent. We isolate 1.82g of our desired product, AgCl
BaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) →2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)

What is the percent yield of the reaction?

What I Have Learned

Activity 4

Directions: Write the word agree on the line if the statement is correct and
disagree if not.

___________1. The yield of reaction is usually not 100%. This is because a

reaction seldom go to completion.
___________2. In solving for percent yield you may use this formula:

Percent yield = actual yield x 100 %

theoretical yield

___________3. Theoretical yield is the ratio of percent yield to theoretical yield

expressed as a percent. High percent yield is important in
reducing the cost of every product produced through chemical
process.

9
__________4. The theoretical yield of a chemical reaction is the maximum
amount of product that can be produced from a given amount
of reactant. Theoretical yield us calculated from the balanced
chemical equation.

__________5. The actual yield is the amount of product produced. Actual yield
must be obtained through experimentation.

What I Can Do

Activity 5

Write a short essay about the topic given below:

1. Why a drug’s effectiveness must be balanced with its toxicity and
side effects?

Assessment

Directions: Answer the following problem. Show your solution. (3 points

each)
1. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is produced from the fermentation of sucrose (C12 H12 O11 )
in the presence of enzymes.
C12 H12 O11 (aq) + H₂O (g)⇾ 4C₂H₅OH(l) + 4CO₂ (g)
Determine the theoretical yield and the percent yield of ethanol if 684 g of
sucrose undergoes fermentation and 349 g ethanol is obtained.

10
2. Lead (II) oxide is obtained by roasting galena, lead (II) sulfide, in air. The
unbalanced equation is:
PbS ( s) + O₂ (g)⇾ PbO (s) + SO₂ (g)

a. Balance the equation, and determine the theoretical yield of PbO if

200.0 g of PbS is heated.
b. What is the percent yield if 170.0 g of PbO is obtained?

3. Upon heating, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) decomposes to calcium oxide

(CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
a. Determine the theoretical yield of CO₂ if 235.0 g of CaCO₃ is heated.

b. What is the percent yield of CO₂ if 97.5 g of CO₂ is collected?

4. Hydrofluoric acid solutions cannot be stored in glass containers because

HF reacts easily with silicon dioxide in glass to produce hexafluorosilicic
acid
( H₂SiF₆).
SiO₂ (s) + 6HF (aq)⇾H₂SiF₆ (aq) + 2H₂O(l)

40.0 g SiO₂ and 40.0 g HF reacts to yield 45.8 g H₂SiF₆

a. What is the theoretical yield of H₂SiF₆?

b. What is the percent yield?

5. Phosphorus (P₄) is commercially prepared by heating a mixture of calcium

phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂), sand (SiO₂), and coke(C) in an electric furnace. The
process involves two reactions.

2Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (s) + 6SiO₂(s)⇾6CaSiO₃ (l)+ P₄𝑂10(g)

P₄𝑂10(g) + 10C (s)⇾ P₄ (g) + 10CO (g)

11
 The P₄𝑂10 produced in the first reaction reacts with an excess of coke (C)
in the second reaction. Determine the theoretical yield of P₄ if 250.0 g of
Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and 400.0 g SiO₂ are heated. If the actual yield of P₄ is 45.0 g
determine the percent yield of P₄

Additional Activities

List several reasons why the actual yield from a chemical reaction is not
usually equal to the theoretical yield.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

12
 13
Additional Activities
1. Not all the reaction goes to completion. Some of the reactants or products stick to
the surface of the container and are not massed or transferred. Other unexpected
products form from competing reactions
Activity 1
a. Mg(OH)₂ + 2HCl⇾MgCl₂+ 2H₂O
b. 1 mol MgCl₂/ 1 mol Mg(OH)₂ or 1 mol MgCl₂/ 2 mol HCl
Activity 2
*In any order
1. Reactant
2. Product
3. Yield
Pre-Test/ What I
4. Actual Know
5. Theoretical
Activity 3 1. A
1. a. SiO₂ yields the most; MnO the least. 2. B
3. A
b.0.439 kg of O₂ /1.00 kg lunar soil
4. C
c. 0.15 kg/0.439 x 100= 34%
5. A
2. Theoretical yield= 24.3 g Cl₂
6. C
Percent yield= 82.3%
7. B
3. % yield = 84.6%
8. A
9. A
Activity 4
10. D
1. Agree 11. A
2. Agree 12. C
3. Disagree 13. B
4. Agree 14. B
15. A
Activity 5 Answer may vary.
Answer Key
 14
Assessment
1. 684 g C₂H_12 O_11 x 1 mol C₂𝐻12 𝑂11 = 2.01 g C₂𝐻12 𝑂11
341 g C₂𝐻12 𝑂11
2.01 g 4 mol C₂H₅OH
C₂𝐻12 𝑂11 x = 8.04 mol C₂H₅OH
1 mol C₂𝐻12 𝑂11
8.04 mol C₂H₅OH x 46.0 g C₂H₅OH = Theoretical yield of 369 g C₂H₅OH
1 mol C₂H₅OH
Percent yield
349 g C₂H₅OH x 100 = 94.6 %
369 g C₂H₅OH
2.
a. 2PbS(s) + 3O₂⇾ 2PbO (s) + 2SO₂ (g)
200 g PbS x 1 mol PbS x 0.837 mol PbS
239 g PbS
0.837 mol PbS x 2 mol PbO = 0.837 mol PbO
2 mol PbS
0.837 mol PbO x 223 g PbO = Theoretical yield of 186.6 g PbO
1 mol PbO
Percent Yield
b.170.0 g PbO x 100 = 91.10 %
186.6 g PbO
1. 3. 2 CaCO₃ ⇾ 2CaO + 2CO₂ (g)
a. 235.0 g CaCO₃ x 1mol CaCO₃ = 2.347 mol CaCO₃
100.1 g CaCO₃
2.347 mol CaCO₃ mol x 2 mol CO₂ = 2.347 mol CO₂
2 mol CaCO₃
2.347 mol CO₂ x 43.99 g CO₂ = 103.2 g CO₂
1 mol CO₂
b. Percent Yield
97.5 g CO₂ x 100 = 94.7 %
103.2 g CO₂
4. a. 40.0 g HF x 1 mol HF = 2.001 g HF
19.99 g HF
2.001 mol HF x 1 mol H₂SiF₆ = 0.3335 mol H₂SiF₆
6 mol HF
0.3335 mol H₂SiF₆ x 144 g H₂SiF₆ = 48.0 g H₂SiF₆
1 mol H₂SiF₆
b.Percent Yield
45.8 g H₂SiF₆ x 100 = 95.4 %
48.0 g H₂SiF₆
 15
5.
a. 250 g Ca₃(PO₄)₂ x 1mol Ca₃(PO₄)₂ = 0.8069 mol Ca₃(PO₄)₂
309.8 g Ca₃(PO₄)₂
0.8069 mol Ca₃(PO₄)₂ x 1 mol P₄ = 0.4034 mol P₄
2 mol P₄
0.4034 mol P₄ x 123.8 g P₄ = 49.94 g P₄
1 mol P₄
b.Percent yield
45.0 g P₄ x 100 = 90.1 %
49.94 g P₄
References

Buthelezi, T. et al. (2013) Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change Teacher

Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Toon, T. et al. G.C.E “O” Level Chemistry Matters. Marshall Cavendish
Education

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