Senior

High
School

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i
General Chemistry 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Naming and Writing Formulas of Organic and Inorganic
Compounds
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
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Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

Schools Division Superintendent:
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Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Loida Palay-Adornado, PhD
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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Nilo A. Estemo

Content Editor: Jecelle A. Jaranilla
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  
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    

iii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Naming and Writing Chemical Formulas of Organic and Inorganic
Compounds!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

In view to the new normal world we are facing, this
module was created to answer that education should not
stop for our learners.
This General Chemistry 1 Module 5 for Quarter 1 is all
about naming and writing Chemical formulas of Organic
and Inorganic Compounds. With this we are trying to
allow our learners to work independently in discovering
through simple and enjoyable activities/ experimentation
that are aligned to the competencies that they should
learn.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the learner:
Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Naming and Writing Chemical Formulas of Organic and Inorganic
Compounds!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
This will give you an idea of the skills or
What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In
the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

v
 In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

vi
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is composed of:

• Lesson 1 – Compounds using Chemical Formulas, Structural formulas and
models.
• Lesson 2 – Chemical Names and Formulas of Compounds
• Lesson 3 – Empirical Formulas

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and
models.
2. Find compounds that are present or available at home.
3. Name compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of
the compound.
4. Calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a
compound

What I Know
Multiple Choice:
Directions: Choose the best answer that completes the statement or answers the
question and write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the name of this structured formula?

a. Monocarbon tetrahydrogen
b. Carbon trihydrogen
c. Monocarbon tetrahydride
d. Carbon tetrahydride

1
2. Which of the following shows the correct condensed structural formula of a
compound that has six carbon (C) atoms, 12 Hydrogen (H) atoms and one
oxygen (O) atom?

. a. c.

b. d.

.
c.

3. Which of the following is the correct skeletal structural formula for the following
compound?

a. c.

b. d.

4. Glucose is a simple sugar which is important energy source in living organisms

and is a component of many carbohydrates like rice, fruits and cereals. What is
the chemical formula of glucose?
a. C6H11O6 b. C4H8O2 c. C6H6O d. C6H12O6

5. The chemical formula of water is H2O. What is the systematic name of water?
a. Hydrogen oxide c. Dihydride monoxide
b. Dihydrogen monoxide d. Hydrogen monoxide

6. Which set of chemical name and formula for the same compound is correct?
a. Tin (IV) bromide; SnBr4 c. Iron (II) oxide; Fe2O3
b. Aluminum flourate; AlF3 d. Potassium chloride; K2Cl2

7. It tells which element is present and the simplest whole- number ratio of the
atoms.
a. structural formula c. empirical formula
b. molecular formula d. molecular models

8. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 47.37% carbon, 10.59%

hydrogen, and 42.04% oxygen?
a. C3H8O2 b. C2H3O2 c. CH5N d. As2O3

2
9. A borane is a compound containing only boron and hydrogen. If a borane is
found to contain 88.45% boron, what is its empirical formula?
a. B5H7 b. B6H8 c. BH2 d. BoH8

10. In naming a binary molecular compound, the number of atoms of each element
present in the molecule is indicated by ____.
a. Roman numerals b. superscripts c. prefixes d. suffixes

11. Consider a mystery compound having the formula M xTy . If the compound is not
an acid, if it contains only two elements, and if M is not a metal, which of the
following is true about the compound?
a. It contains a polyatomic ion. c. Its name ends in -ite or -ate.
b. Its name ends in -ic. d. It is a binary molecular compound.

12. When dissolved in water, acids produce ____.

a. negative ions c. polyatomic ions
b. hydrogen ions d. oxide ions

13. When naming acids, the prefix hydro- is used when the name of the acid anion
ends in ____.
a. -ide b. –ate c. -ite d. -ic

14. What is the name of H2SO3 ?

a. hyposulfuric acid c. hydrosulfuric acid
b. sulfuric acid d. sulfurous acid

15. When the name of an anion that is part of an acid ends in -ite, the acid name
includes the suffix ____.
a. -ous b. -ate c. -ic d. –ite

What’s In

Activity 1: TWIST, ARRANGE and WRITE MY NAME!

Directions: Rearrange the scrambled word and write your answer on the opposite
side.
1. M N O O D C U P = ______________________________
2. U R A F L O M = ______________________________
3. A M E N = ______________________________
4. E O D L M = ______________________________
5. L U S T R C A R T U = _____________________________

3
 What’s New

Activity 3: Name my baby, Please?

In this simple activity, try to elaborate your imagination and create things
which you think is beyond your expectation and envision.

Situation No. 1:
There isa newly-wed couple named Rosanita and Edilberto in Barangay
Mansilawit, El Nido, Palawan. They are fun of making flower pots, gardening and
many more. After a month, the girl was pregnant and she wanted to name her baby.
If you are a friend of the couple, can you suggest a name for her baby? State the reason
for choosing the names?

Note: Relate the scenario to chemical formula

What is It

Lesson Compounds Using Chemical

1 Formula
There’s a lot thing in this world that sometimes amazed us. We sometimes ask
ourselves if how does it happen, what it is composed of and what would be its taste
or structure if it is in other form. Those questions always come into our mind when
we saw a thing that is rarely and eccentric.
Chemical formula of a compound is a shorthand representation of elements
and of its chemical composition. It provides insight into the elements that constitute
the molecules of a compound and also the ratio in which the atoms of these elements
combine to form such molecules. For example, the chemical formula of table salt is
NaCl, in this; it complements the single atom of sodium (Na) and single atom of
Chlorine (Cl).
Chemical element contains only one type of atom. If a substance contains
more than one type of atom, it is a compound. A compound is a pure chemical
substance consisting of 2 or more different elements that can be separated in simpler
substances by chemical reactions.
Here are the types of Chemical formula

4
1. Molecular Formula:
The molecular formula provides insight into the number of elements present
in a compound. In here, the elements are denoted by their respective symbols (as in
the periodic table) and the number of atoms of each element in the molecule is written
in subscript. For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C 6H1206.
Can you give some molecular formula of common molecules like water, carbon
dioxide, Sulfur oxide?
2. Structural Formula:
It provides insight into how the atoms arranged in the molecule
3. Empirical Formula:
It represents the ratio of elements present in the compound. It usually
obtained based on the analysis of experimental data. Example of this is glucose in
which its empirical formula will be CH 2O. How does it happen?

Structural Formula

Structural Formula indicates the bonding arrangement of the atoms in the

molecule. Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the geometric arrangement
of atoms in a molecule. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula
but different arrangements of atoms.
For a compound, structural formula gives the same information as its
molecular formula (types and number of atoms in the molecule) but also shows how
the atoms are connected in a molecule. For example, is methane, CH4. Methane
contains C and H in its molecule. In its formula, it has one (1) C and four (4) Hydrogen
atoms in a molecule.
H
H C H
H
The lines ( ) represents the bonds that hold the atoms together (which will
be discussed on the next module).
Skeletal formula also called line-angle formula or shorthand formula, of an
organic compound is a type of molecular structural formula that serves as a
shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details of its molecular
geometry.
In skeletal formula it is the most abbreviated diagrammatic descriptions of
molecules in common use. They look very bare because in this kind of formula, the
hydrogen atoms (attached directly to carbons) are removed or not shown instead
leaving just a carbon skeleton with functional group attached to it.
As a sort reminder, even the hydrogen atoms are present in the molecules but
their presence is assumed rather than drawn or stated in the case of skeletal formula.
Here are some simple examples of skeletal formula.

5
Linear Alkanes
ALKANES FULL DISPLAYED FORMULA SKELETAL
FORMULA

Ethane, C2H6

Pentane, C5H12

Heptane, C7H14

Octane, C8H18

Here are the examples of the skeletal formula of a few Branched Alkanes.

Alkanes Full displayed Formula Skeletal formula

2-Methylbutane

3, 3-dimethylpentane

And lastly, these are the examples of Linear Carboxylic Acids. Carboxylic
acids are slightly more complicated than amines because it includes a double
covalent bond (represented by two parallel lines).
Linear Carboxylic Acids

6
 Carboxylic Acid Full Displayed Formula Skeletal Formula

Ethanoic acid

Propanoic acid

Butanoic acid

In reading and naming of structural formula through skeletal form, every

carbon base/backbone will be in every point of the bend. Just like in the case of
pentane, the Carbon base or backbone is bend into five, which means it has five
carbons.
The IUPAC system considers molecules in terms of a parent hydrocarbon
chain with substituents attached to it. The parent is the longest continuous carbon
chain in the compound, and the base name of the compound is the alkane that
corresponds to the parent chain. This is your way to find and start naming the
structure. Then, consecutively number the carbons of the parent chain in such a
way that the substituents are attached to carbons with lower numbers. The name of
the compound is the parent alkane prefixed by its substituents and their position
numberings.

Note: If you have internet connection, try to watch also this link for further
discussion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=chsPHGOepns

Can you draw the structural formula of water? How about the Sulfur
hexafluoride structural formula? Also try to do a structural formula of 2,2,4
trimethylhexane?

7
 What’s More

Activity 1
Count the number of Carbon atoms in each of the following molecules.

a. b. c. OH
d. e. O

Activity 2

Write the name of the following skeletal formula.

a. b. c.

d. e.

Activity 3
Draw the skeletal formula.
1. 4-methylheptane
2. 2,4-dimethyoctane
3. 2,3-dimethylpentane
4. 2,2,4-trimethylhexane
5. 5 – butylnonane

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the sentences with the ideas that you have learned from the
lesson.
1. ____________of a compound is a shorthand representation of elements and of its
chemical composition.

2. The ____________formula provides insight into the number of elements present in

a compound.
3. ___________ formula, provides insight into how the atoms arranged in the molecule.
4. Structural Formula indicates the _____________of the atoms in the molecule.
5. ______________show the geometric arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

8
 What I Can Do

Let Me Guess!
Problem: In the kitchen, there are lots of products that we’ve use every day like
toothpaste, salt, vinegar and the likes. These products contain different
elements and chemicals. Give the chemical name and chemical formula of
these chemicals at home.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Choose the correct answer and write the letter of your choice on a
separate paper.

1. Select the correct IUPAC name for:

a. 3-methyl-3-propylheptane
b. 5-methyl-5-propylheptane
c. 4-ethyl-4-methyloctane
d. 3-methyl-3-propyloctane

2. What is the name of this structured formula?

a. Monocarbon tetrahydrogen
b. Carbon trihydrogen
c. Monocarbon tetrahydrid
d. Carbon tetrahydride

3. Which of the following shows the correct condensed structural formula of a

compound that has six carbon (C) atoms, 12 Hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen
(O) atom?

. a. c.

b. d.

9
3. Which of the following is the correct skeletal structural formula for the following
compound?

c. c.

d. d.

5. Select the IUPAC name for: (CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH2C(CH3)3.

a. 1,1,4,4-pentamethylbutanol c. 1,1-dimethylisopentanol
b. 2,5,5-trimethyl-3-hexanol d. 2,5-dimethyl-4-hexanol

6. What makes carbon such a unique element?

a. To a greater extent than any other element, carbon can bond to itself to form
straight chains, branched chains and rings.
b. Elemental carbon comes in two forms, diamond and graphite.
c. Carbon forms four bonds, although the ground state configuration would
predict the formation of fewer bonds.
d. Carbon forms covalent bonds rather than ionic bonds.

7. Select the correct IUPAC name for:

a. 3,5-dimethylhexane
b. 1,1,3-trimethylpentane
c. 1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylbutane
d. 2,4-dimethylhexane

8. How many carbon atoms are present in pentane?

a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

9. It serves as a shorthand representation of a molecule's bonding and some details

of its molecular geometry.
a. molecular formula c. Empirical formula
b. skeletal formula d. models

10. How many Hydrogen atoms are present in ethane?

a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

11. The molecular formula of glucose is C 6H12O6, how many atoms of oxygen
present in the compound?
a. 6 b. 12 c. 18 d. 24

For items - 12-15. Choose the letter of your answer based from what is asked in
every number.

10
 a. statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect
b. statement 1 and 2 are correct
c. statement 1 is incorrect but statement 2 is correct
d. all statements are incorrect

12. Carbon Tetrachloride has a molecular formula of CCl4

Statement 1 Statement 2

13. Heptane has six carbon atoms

Statement1 Statement 2

14. There are three elements present in glucose.

Statement 1 Statement 2

15. Chemical formula of a compound is a longhand representation of elements and

statement 1 statement 2
of its chemical composition.

Lesson Writing and Naming of

2 Compounds

What’s New

Activity 1: Chem-mates, where are you?

Directions: From the given word/s, try to combine the word/s from A to B and
make a song or poem out of it.
A B
Aluminum Bromide
Lithium Carbide
Carbon Fluoride
Magnesium Iodide
Sulfide
Calcium

11
Answer:
1.____________________ 4. ____________________
2. ___________________ 5. ____________________
3. ____________________

What is It

In writing a chemical formula, it is important to know the symbol of the elements

present in the compound, formula of the radicals and the valency of the elements in
that compound. These key points must be kept in mind while writing a chemical
formula.
✓ Most of the compounds are binary compounds, meaning they have two
elements. Compounds with more than two elements are also known as binary
compounds.

✓ An atom with a positive charge is called cation (+) whereas anion (-) is the
atom with negative charge. The kind of charge can be found in the periodic
table as oxidation number/s.

✓ In naming a compound having metal and non-metal (Ionic compound), metal

will be named first followed by the non-metal. Example of it is NaCl. Na or
sodium (Na+) is a metal and Cl or chlorine (Cl+) is a non-metal.

✓ Anions having-1 charge (oxidation number) usually has a suffix as –ide. For
example: Cl or Chlorine will become chloride

✓ Anions having oxygen + another element usually have as suffix as –ate. For
example –SO42- (Sulphate)

✓ When a polyatomic anion has H- ion, bi- or hydrogen is used as a suffix. For
example: -HCO3- -Bicarbonate or Hydrogen carbonate.

✓ In naming compound with both non-metals (covalent compounds), the

element will have a prefixes (depending on the number of atoms present) while
the next element will have a suffix of –ide. For example, Carbon tetrahydride
(CH4).

BINARY COMPOUNDS

Binary compounds are chemical compounds comprising of two distinct

elements. An element cannot be divided into simpler substances using chemical
methods. Sodium fluoride, magnesium oxide, carbon dioxide and calcium chloride
are examples of binary compounds. By simply looking at the following examples, you
will notice that those compounds are comprised by two different elements.

12
Binary Acids
Some of the binary compounds are acid. It is a group of binary
compounds of hydrogen which includes a hydrogen atom attached to another atom
which is in the 7th group of the periodic table. These elements include astatine,
fluorine, chlorine, iodine and bromide. Other elements such as arsenic, sulfur,
polonium, selenium and tellurium can also be considered. It strength depends on
various factors like electronegativity, type of bond and dissociation constant. They
are much stronger than other types of acids.
The designated convention is: “Hydro-“ + Nonmetal + “-ic” + “acid”

Example: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

How to name Binary compounds?

Steps on how to name a binary compound.
• To name binary ionic compound, the cation + (metal) will be named first followed
by an anion - (non-metal).
• Take note its oxidation number.
• In naming anion, consider it root name and will be added with the suffix “-ide.’

Let’s try doing this simple activity by giving the name:

1. Na and S: Sodium (Na+1) while sulfur (S) has -2 oxidation numbers.
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Al and F: Aluminum (Al+3) and Fluorine (F) -1

___________________________________________________________________________

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING POLYATOMIC IONS

Look at the picture on the right.
What can you say about the picture?
Polyatomic ions are everywhere! Chalk
is made up of calcium carbonate,
CaCO3, which contains calcium
carbonate anions, which are
polyatomic ions.

We sometimes compare polyatomic ions with monoatomic ions. But, a

monoatomic ion is an atom that has been ionized by gaining or losing of electrons
with a net charge due to its unbalanced total number of electrons to its total number
of protons in the nucleus. For example, a neutral Chlorine atom has an atomic
number of 17, meaning it has 17 protons and 17 electrons.
Cl + e- Cl-
17 protons 18 electrons
18 electrons 17 protons

After gaining an electron, the chlorine ion has now 17 protons and 18
electrons. Since it has one extra electron compared to its proton, the ion has a net
charge of 1-, that’s why Chlorine was written as Cl-.

13
How to name and write a formula of a polyatomic ion compounds?
Polyatomic ions are ions which consist of more than one atom. For example,
nitrate ion, NO3-, contains one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. The atoms in
a polyatomic ion are usually covalently bonded to one another, and therefore stay
together as a single, charged unit.

Rule 1. The cation is written first in the name; the anion is written second in the
name.
Rule 2. When the formula unit contains two or more of the same polyatomic ion,
that ion is written in parentheses with the subscript written outside the
parentheses.

Note: parentheses and a subscript are not used unless more than one of a
polyatomic ion is present in the formula unit (e.g., the formula unit for calcium sulfate
is "CaSO4" not "Ca(SO4)").

Rule 3. If the cation is a metal ion with a fixed charge, the name of the cation is the
same as the (neutral) element from which it is derived (e.g., Na + = "sodium"). If the
cation is a metal ion with a variable charge, the charge on the cation is indicated
using a Roman numeral, in parentheses, immediately following the name of the
cation (e.g.,Fe3+ ="iron(III)").

Rule 4. If the anion is a monatomic ion, the anion is named by adding the suffix -
ide to the root of the element name (e.g., I- = "iodide").

Note: Greek prefixes are not used to indicate the number of atoms, or polyatomic ions,
in the formula unit for the compound (e.g., Ca(NO 3)2 is named "calcium nitrate" not
"calcium dinitrate").

The table below can be used as our guide in writing and naming the polyatomic
ions.

Table 1: Common Polyatomic Ions

Name Formula and Name Formula and

Charge Charge

Ammonium NH4+ hydroxide OH-

acetate C2H3O2 or CH3COO-
- nitrate NO3-
bicarbonate HCO3- nitrite NO2-
(hydrogen carbonate)
bisulfate (hydrogen HSO4- perchlorate ClO4-
sulfate)
Carbonate CO32- peroxide O22-
Chlorate ClO3- Phosphate PO43-
Chromate CrO42- Sulfate SO42-
cyanide CN- sulfite SO32-
dichromate Cr2O72- triiodide I3-

14
 For example: Suppose you want to name (NH4)2O2. Determine the chemical name
1. You need to know if it is ionic compound and then we should identify where cation
and anion in a compound is. NH4 is a cation and O2 is anion.
2. Since NH4 is a cation, it must be named first. NH4 is ammonium with one ion and
O2 is anion is O22- is peroxide with 2 ions.
3. Therefore, its chemical name now is Ammonium peroxide.

What happened to the oxidation number of O22- peroxide? In that case, the
criss-cross method is being applied and the parenthesis between cation and anion
will be used to separate its number of atoms in a compound.

NH4+ (cation) O22- (anion)

NH4 O2

(NH4)2 O2 +

(NH4)2O2 = Ammonium peroxide

In this case, since there is only one ion or one oxidation number is present in
the ammonium, there’s no need to write the (+) sign on the subscript of peroxide.
When an oxidation number becomes a subscript, it will no longer an ion/s and
there’s no need to write it sign may it positive or negative.
Let’s have another example in naming polyatomic ions. Let’s try this, Al(NO3)3.
1. Al is cation and NO3 is anion.
2. Al is aluminum and NO3 is nitrate.
3. Al(NO3)3 is Aluminum nitrate.
Since Aluminum has three oxidation number (Al3+) and nitrate NO3- has only
one ion/electron, the three ions of aluminum will be placed in nitrate.
Make sure that in naming the compound you are aware of its oxidation
number so that in criss - cross method, the oxidation number will be in a right place
and in that case, you will name the compound correctly.
What if you do the reverse, chemical name was given and your task is to write
the chemical formula? The same process as what we did in the previous discussion.
Suppose the problem is to write the chemical formula of Ferrous Sulfate.
1. In Ferrous sulfate, Ferrous is a latin name of Iron and we all know that iron
is a metal and it is considered as cation and sulfate is anion.
2. In some periodic tables, Ferrous has an oxidation number of 2+ while sulfate
has 2-.
3. By writing its formula, Ferrous will be written as Iron (II) or Fe 2+ and sulfate
is SO42-.
4. Use the criss-cross method. Since they have the same number of oxidation,
you can cancel it out. But if the oxidation number is not the same you are
going to use the criss-cross method.
5. The chemical formula of Ferrous sulfate is FeSO4.

15
 Let’s have another example. Try to write the chemical formula of Calcium
bicarbonate. As what we are using in naming compounds, follow the steps of
identifying cation and anion in a compound, then identify its oxidation number and
do the criss-cross method.
1. Calcium is a metal and classified as cation while bicarbonate is a non-metal
or anion.
2. Calcium or Ca has an oxidation number of 2+ while bicarbonate has 1-.
3. Write its formula, Ca2+ for calcium and bicarbonate is HCO3-.
4. Apply the criss-cross method.
Ca2+ HCO3-

Ca HCO3

5. The Chemical formula of Calcium bicarbonate is Ca(HCO3)2

Always be reminded that the formula and charge of a compound which is

constant or given in the table SHOULD NOT be replaced or moved to another element
if the charge or the oxidation number is not the same. Instead, use a parenthesis to
separate it.

Are you now all ready to write and name a compound? I know you can! Good
luck!

What’s More

Let’s try other activities!

Activity 2: Fit in the hole!

Directions: Every element, compound or ion has its number of holes indicated in
their corresponding table. Each hole represents the number of valence
electron. After you familiarize with the holes, try to answer the questions.

No. Hole No.

1 2 3 4
1 H- Ba2+ B3+ Sn4+
2 K+ Sr2+ Al3+ Pb4+
3 Fr+ S2- N3- N3-
4 Cl- O2- P3- P3-
5 I- Mg2+ Sc3+ C4+

16
Example:
1. If you match No. 2 (yellow group) with Hole # 1 located at Period 5, give the
chemical formula and name of the compound?

Answer:
No. 2 = K+
No. of holes #1, Period 5 = I-

KI= Potassium iodide

Directions: Match the element and write the chemical name and formula.
1. Match No. 3 (yellow group) with Hole # 2, period 4.
2. Match No. 4 (yellow group) with Hole # 3, period 1.
3. Match No. 5 (yellow group) with Hole # 4, period 5.
4. Match No. 1 (yellow group) with Hole # 2, period 5.
5. Match No. 2 (yellow group) with Hole # 1, period 4.

Activity 3:
Directions: Write the formulas for the following compounds:

1. Sodium nitride ___________

2. potassium acetate ___________
3. aluminum sulfide ___________
4. lithium chloride ___________
5. magnesium nitrate ___________
6. ammonium acetate ____-______
7. potassium dichromate ___________
8. sodium sulfate ___________
9. ammonium sulfate ___________
10. Potassium nitrate ___________

Activity 4: Name the following

1. NaOH __________________________ 6. NaF __________________________

2. NaC2H3O2 ______________________ 7. Ca(OH)2 ______________________
3. BaS ____________________________ 8. Al2O3 _______________________
4. AlPO4 __________________________ 9. AgNO3 ______________________
5. HgO ____________________________ 10. CaCO3 _______________________________

17
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the sentences with the ideas that you have learned from the
lesson.
Most of the compounds are 1.) ___________________, meaning they have two
elements. An atom with a positive charge is called 2.) _________ whereas 3.)_________
is the atom with negative charge. The kind of charge can be found in the periodic
table as 4.) _____________________.

In naming a compound having metal and non-metal (Ionic compound),

5.)___________ will be named first followed by the 6.)____________. Anions having-1
charge (oxidation number) usually has a suffix as – 7.)____. Anions having oxygen +
another element usually have as suffix as – 8.)______.
When a polyatomic anion has H- ion, 9.) ____- or hydrogen is used as a suffix.
In naming compound with both non-metals (covalent compounds), the
element will have a prefixes (depending on the number of atoms present) while the
next element will have a suffix of – 10.)_____.

What I Can Do

Find me!
Task: Below is an example of Nutrition facts label with its ingredient of some food
products. From the picture, find at least five (5) chemical compounds and
write its chemical formula.

1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________

18
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the correct answer and write the letter of your choice on a
separate paper.

1. When Sodium (Na) combined with Nitrogen (N), what is the correct formula of the
compound?
a. NaN3 b. Na3N2 c. Na4N d. Na3N

2. What is the name of the covalent compound NH3?

a. ammonium nitrite c. mononitrogen trihydride
b. Nitrogen trihydride d. Nitrogen hydride

3. SO42- is sulfate while NH4+ is ammonium. If you are going to form a polyatomic
compound, what it’s the CORRECT name?
a. Ammonium sulfate c. Quadammonium disulfate
b. Sulfate ammonium d. Ammonium bisulfate

4. The chemical formula of water is H2O. What is the systematic name of water?
a. Hydrogen oxide c. Dihydride monoxide
b. Dihydrogen oxide d. Hydrogen monoxide

5. Which set of chemical name and formula for the same compound is correct?
a. Tin (IV) bromide; SnBr4 c. Iron (II) oxide; Fe2O3
b. Aluminum flourate; AlF3 d. Potassium chloride; K2Cl2

6. What is the name of H2SO3?

a. hyposulfuric acid c. hydrosulfuric acid
b. sulfuric acid d. sulfurous acid

7. In naming a binary molecular compound, the number of atoms of each element

present in the molecule is indicated by ____.
a. Roman numerals c. superscripts
b. prefixes d. suffixes

8. When the name of an anion that is part of an acid ends in -ite, the acid name
includes the suffix ____.
a. -ous b. -ate c. -ic d. –ite

9. Consider a mystery compound having the formula M xTy. If the compound is not
an acid, if it contains only two elements and if M is not a metal, which of the
following is true about the compound?
a. It contains a polyatomic ion.
b. Its name ends in -ic.
c. Its name ends in -ite or -ate.
d. It is a binary molecular compound.

19
10. When dissolved in water, acids produce ____.
a. negative ions c. polyatomic ions
b. hydrogen ions d. oxide ions

11. When naming binary acids, the prefix hydro- is used when the name of the acid
anion ends in ____.
a. -ide b. –ate c. -ite d. -ic

12. Glucose is a simple sugar which is important energy source in living organisms
and is a component of many carbohydrates like rice, fruits and cereals. What is
the chemical formula of glucose?
a. C6H11O6 c. C6H6O
b. C4H8O2 d. C6H12O6

13. What is the correct formula for sodium nitrate?

a. NaNO2 b. Na3NO c. Na3N d. NaNO3

14. When naming a compound, which of these is written first?

a. semi-metal b. anion c. nonmetal d. cation

15. The number that tells you if an ion has lost or gained electrons.
a. atomic number c. oxidation number
b. mass number d. electron number

Lesson
Empirical Formula
3

What’s In

Most of the products that we’re using are composed of different compounds
which sometimes cause us to become healthy, fat or even sickness. The reason
behind the nutrition facts label on the side or back part of the product is for us to be
aware of its content.
In some instances, the chemicals that are present in some products are mostly
a combination of some organic compounds.
Let’s try doing this activity before we formally start with our lesson today

20
Activity 1: Count Me in!
Direction: Count the number carbon atom in the formula

1. 3.

4. Glucose

2. 5.

What’s New

Activity 2: Find and Complete Me

Direction: Write the word/s that could be found from the WORD PUZZLE below.
After finding the words, try to form a definition of Empirical formula

M M F G T N E S E R P
E O O I T A R Q I X P
N T L I V S A R D T O
E A C E N U M B E R S
L E S M S T L B O D I
O T B S E L E P E N T
H S O P R E G E T N I
W M B M Z Y K A N J V
C O M P O U N D E P E

Words are:
1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________

What is It

21
 In our previous discussion, we defined the meaning of empirical formula. At
this time, we will deepen this topic by calculating the Empirical Formula of a
compound through percent composition. Here, we are going to calculate how many
percent of each element present in a compound.

Let’s start!
Before we start the discussion, I have here some of the terms that you will
encounter along the way of empirical composition.
Empirical formula is defined as the whole number ratio of elements that are
present in a compound.
Percent composition (%) is the percent of the total mass of the compound.
Molar mass is the mass of a given chemical element or compound (g) divided
by the amount of substance (mol).

How to calculate the percent composition in a compound?

1. Find the molar mass of a compound by adding up the masses of each atom in a
compound using the periodic table or a molecular mass calculator.
2. Calculate the mass due to the component in the compound you are for which you
are solving by adding up the mass of these atoms.
3. Divide the mass due to the component by the total molar mass (mm) of the
compound and multiply it by 100.
But before you start calculating the percent composition, you should have
knowledge on how are you going to get the molar mass of a compound. For example,
what is the molar mass (mm) of HCL or hydrochloric acid?
First, identify the element present in the compound. In HCl we can simply
identify that Hydrogen and chlorine are present in the compound. Next, identify the
number of atoms present in each element and get the atomic weight/mass of each
atom in the periodic element. We all know that in HCl, there is only one atom in
hydrogen and one atom of chlorine that are present in the compound. The atomic
mass of hydrogen is 1.007g/mol and chlorine has 35.453 g/mol. Lastly, you need to
add the mass of the two elements in the compounds.
Molar mass of HCl
mm = HCl (hydrochloric acid)
= 1H + 1Cl
= 1(1.007g/mol) + 1 (35.453 g/mol)
= 1.007 g/mol + 35.453 g/mol mm = 36.460g/mol
To get the percent composition,
Percent composition = _Mass of the element________ X 100
Total mass of the compound

22
 Suppose, we want to get the percent composition of H in HCl,

% composition = 1.007g/mol H X 100

36.460g/mol HCL

= 0.0276 x 100

= 2.76 % of Hydrogen in HCl

To get the % composition of Cl in HCl?

% composition = 35.453 g/mol Cl x 100

36.460g/mol HCl

= 0.9723 x 100
= 97.24 % of Chlorine in HCl

If you are going to compute for the total percentage of the compound, you
must have at least an answer of 99.99% or exactly 100%. If you have this, It means
that you have the correct calculation of the compound. In our example of HCl,
Hydrogen has 2.76% while Cl has 97.24 % and it has a total of 100%. Meaning, the
computation that we had is correct.

We are done with the percent (%) composition, let’s proceed to empirical
formula by following these steps
1. Determine the percent of elements in a compound.
2. From its percent composition, you are going to change the percent to grams.
3. Divide the moles to its atomic mass of each element.
4. Find the smallest whole-number ratio and divide each elements mol into it

Suppose we have the Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

1. In the percent composition, H has 2.76 % and Cl has 97. 24 %.
2. From 2.76 % of H, it will become now a 2.76 g and 97.24 % of Cl will become 97.24
g.
3. H= 2.76 g / 1.007 g/mol = 2.2408 mol
Cl= 97.24 g/ 35.453 g/mol = 2.7428 mol

4. Hence, 2.2408 is the smallest, we will use it.

H = 2.2408/2.2408 = 1
Cl = 2.7428/2.2408 = 1.224 (we can’t round it off to 1.5 or 2.0)

5. H=1; Cl = 1
6. Then, the Empirical formula of hydrochloric acid or HCl is the same as HCl

23
 Try to find the molecular formula of Glucose, C6H12O6 and find its
empirical formula.

Let’s start!
1. Find its molar mass
mm = C6H12O6
= (C) 6(12.011g/mol) + (H) 12(1.007g/mol) + (O) 6(16.000g/mol)
= 72.068 g/mol + 12.084 g/mol + 96 g/mol
mm = 180.152 g/mol

2. Percent Composition
C = 72.068 g/mol x 100 H = 12.084 g/mol x 100
180.152 g/mol 180.152 g/mol
= 0.400 x 100
= 0.067 x 100
= 40.0 %
= 6.70 %

O = 96 g/mol x 100
180.152 g/mol
= 0.533 x 100
= 53.30 %

3. Empirical Formula
1. C = 40.0 % 2. C = 40.0 % = 40.0 g
H = 6.70 % H = 6.70 % = 6.70 g
O = 53.30 % O = 53.30 % = 53.30 g

3. C = 40 g /12.011 g/mol = 3.33 mol

H = 6.70 g /1.007 g/mol = 6.65 mol
O = 53.30 g/16.000g/mol = 3.33 mol

4. 3.33 mol is smallest number

5. C = 3.33 mol / 3.33 = 1
H = 6.65 mol / 3.33 = 2
O = 3.33 mol / 3.33 = 1

6. C1H2O1 = CH2O
7. Therefore, the Empirical formula of glucose is CH2O

As you notice on our discussion, the Empirical Formula is the simplest whole
ratio of a compound while the molecular formula is the number of molecules present
in the compound.
And now you have all the concept on molar mass, Empirical formula, and
percent composition, you can apply this knowledge if you want to get the percent

24
composition present in the food, fertilizers and some beauty products that we
encounter in our daily lives.

What’s More

Activity 3: What’s my weight?

Direction: Compute the Percentage composition of the following problems.

1. A composition of protein called threonine has an approximate molar mass of 120

g/mole. If the percent composition is as follows, find the empirical and molecular
formula of threonine?

C= 40.33%, H= 7.616%, O= 40.29%, N= 11.76%

2. The explosive, Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is composed of 37.0% Carbon, 2.20%

hydrogen, 18.5% nitrogen, and 42.3% oxygen.
a. The molar mass for TNT is 227 g/mol.
b. Determine the empirical formula of TNT

3. What is the molecular formula if the empirical formula is C2H5 and the molecular
molar mass is 58.14 g/mol?

4. A compound was found to contain 32.65% Sulfur, 65.3% Oxygen and 2.04%
Hydrogen. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

5. When 0.273g of Mg is heated in a Nitrogen (N2) environment a chemical reaction

occurs. The product of the reaction is 0.378g. Calculate the empirical formula.

25
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: This I Got!

Directions: Complete the sentences with the ideas that you have learned from the
lesson.

1.) _____________is defined as the whole number ratio of elements that are present
in a compound, while 2.) ____________is the percent of the total mass of the
compound. 3.) ______________ is the mass of a given chemical element or compound
(g) divided by the amount of substance (mol).
When are getting the empirical formula the first step is determine the
4.)_________of elements in a compound. From its percent composition, you are going
to change the percent to grams.Divide the moles to its atomic mass of each element.
Find the 5.) ______________and divide each elements mol into it

What I Can Do

Activity 5: Put Me into Life!

Problem:
Every farmer depends their harvest on the fertilizer they are using especially
when the soil is too basic or too acidic. In that case, most of them are using different
kinds of fertilizers which they think are suited in their crops. One of the Fertilizers
is UREA. Below is the description of Urea fertilizer. You are going to analyze if this
fertilizer has much higher Nitrogen content compared to Ammonium nitrate.

After this activity, you can now suggest to your relatives on how and what
kind of fertilizer they must use to have a good harvest by simply looking at the
chemical content of the fertilizer.

Also, don’t forget to write the Empirical formula of Urea and Ammonium
nitrate.

26
 Urea (CH4N2O or CO(NH2)2 )

Description

Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical

formula CO(NH₂)₂. This amide has two –NH₂ groups joined by a carbonyl functional
group. Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing
compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine
of mammals.
Molar mass: 60.06 g/mol
Formula: CH₄N₂O
Appearance: White solid
Basicity (pKb): 13.9
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚): -197.15 kJ/mol
NFPA 704 (fire diamond): 1 1 0

Assessment

Directions: Choose the correct answer and write the letter of your choice on a
separate paper.

1. The whole- number ratio of elements that presents a compound.

a. molecular formula c. molar mass
b. empirical formula d. structural formula

2. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 47.37% carbon, 10.59%

hydrogen, and 42.04% oxygen?
a. C3H8O2 c. CH5N
b. C2H3O2 d. As2O3

3. Dioxin, a very powerful poison that has a molecular formula of C 12H4Cl4O2. What
is the Empirical formula of Dioxin?
a. C12H4Cl4O2 c. CH2ClO
b. C6H2Cl2O d. C6H2Cl2O

4. The bacterial fermentation of grain to produce ethanol forms a gas with a percent
composition of 27.29% C and 72.71% O. What is the EF?
a. CO b. CO2 c. C2O4 d. CO4

5. An iron oxide contains 69.9% Fe by mass, what is its empirical formula?

a. Fe2O3 b. Fe3O4 c. Fe4O5 d. Fe3

27
6. Glycerol has a molar mass of 92.09g/mol. Its percent composition is: 39.12% C,
8.75% H, and 51.12% O. What is the empirical formula for glycerol?
a. C2H3O2 b. CH2O c. C2H4O2 d. C3H8O3

7. When finding of the empirical formula of a compound, you must now the elements
atomic number and its isotopes.
a. yes b. no c. maybe d. not at all

8. The percent total mass of the compound.

a. percent by mass c. percent composition
b. percent by volume d. percent distribution

9. Given the following: 42.07% Na, 18.89% P, and 39.04% O, in a

compound, which do you think has the highest number of elements in the
empirical formula?
a. Sodium c. Phosphorous
b. Oxygen d. Carbon

10. Glucose has a molecular formula of C 6H12O6. When you are going to get its
empirical formula, what would be its EF?
a. C6H12O6 b. C3H6O3 c. CH2O d. C2H6O2

For items: 11-15. Choose your answer from the box below. Write only the letter of
your choice.

a. C3H8O2
b. NO2
c. H2S2O3
d. CH5N
e. As2O3

Directions: Find the Empirical formula of the following:

11. A sample of an oxide of nitrogen is found to contain 30.4% nitrogen.

12. A compound is found to contain 23.3% Mg, 30.7% S and 46.0% O.

13. Compound containing 47.3% Carbon, 10.59% hydrogen, and 42.04% oxygen.

14. A sample of an oxide of arsenic is found to contain 75.74% arsenic.

15. A sample of a compound containing the ff: 1.8% hydrogen, 56.1% sulfur and
42.1% oxygen.

28
 Additional Activities

Activity 6: Without yOu , I’m lost!

Problem: Cinnamic alcohol is used mainly in perfumery, particularly in soaps

and cosmetics. Its molecular formula is C9H10O. Calculate the Percent
composition of OXYGEN and write its empirical formula.

29
 Answer Key

Lesson 1

Assessment What I Know What's More Activity 3

1. A 1. D Activity 1
2. D 2. D 1. 6 1.
3. D 3. C 2. 5
4. C 4. D 3. 5
5. B 5. B 4. 7 2.
6. A 6. A 5. 7
7. A 7. C
8. C 8. A Activity 2
9. B 9. A A. 2,4-dimethylpentane 3.
10. C 10. B B. 2,4-dimethylhexane
11. A 11. D C. 2,4,6-trimethylheptane
12. B 12. B D. 2-Methyl, 3-ethylpentane 4.
13. A 13. A E. decane
14. B 14. D
15. A 15. A

What I have Learned

1. Chemical formula 5.
2. molecular
3. structural
4. bonding arrangement
5. ball and stick and space –
filling models

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

What's More
Act. 2
Lesson 2 1. Francium oxide (Fr2O) What I Can do
2. Bromine chloride (BrCl3) Possible answers
3. Carbon iodide (CI4) 1. sodium chloride
4. Magnesium hydride (MgH2) 2. calcium phosphate
What I Have Learned 5. Potassium chloride (KCl) 3. monosodium glutamate
1. Binary compound
2. Cation Act.3
3. anion 1. Na3N
4. Oxidation number 2. CH3CO2K
5. metals will be and first 3. Al2S3
6. non-metals 4. LiCl Assessment
7. – ide 5. Mg(NO3)2 1. D
8. –ate 6. C2H7NO2 2. B
9. bi- 7. K2Cr2O7 3. A
10. -ide 8. Na2SO4 4. B
9. (NH4)2SO4 5. A
10. KNO3 6. D
7. B
Act. 4 8. A
1. sodium hydroxide 9. D
2. Sodium acetate 10. A
3. Barium sulfide 11. D
4. aluminum phosphate 12. D
5. Mercury (II) oxide 13. D
6. sodium fluoride 14. D
7. calcium hydroxide 15. C
8. aluminum oxide
9. silver nitrate
10. Calcium carbonate

30
__________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3
What's More What I Have Learned
Assessment
1. B Act.3
1. EF= C4H9O3N Act. 4
2. A 1. Empirical formula
3. D MF= C4H9O3N1
2. Percent composition
4. B 3. Molar mass
5. A 2. EF= C4H9N3O6
4. percent
6. D 5. Simplest whole number ratio
7. B 3. EF= C2H5
8. C 4. EF= H2SO4
9. A 5. EF= Mg3N2
10. C
11. B
12. D
13. A
14. E
15. C

What’s New
What’s In What I can do
Act. 2
Act. 1 Act.5
Possible answers
No. Carbon Hydrogen 1. EF of Urea = CH4N2O
1. positive
1 7 14 EF of ammonium nitrate
2. whole
2 7 16 = NH4NO3
3. number
3 5 12 4. ratio
4 6 12 Additional Activities
5. atom
5 4 8 Act.6
6. present
1. EF=C9H10O
7. compound
12% of Oxygen
*EF= is a positive whole
number ratio of atom
present in a compound

31
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Attribution-Noncommercial shareAlike4.0 International License
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