COURSE OUTLINE: PRELIMS illness without restriction to a

1. Nursing as a profession problem-focused orientation

2. History of nursing (world) ○ Integration of objective data with
3. Historical perspective knowledge gained from understanding of
4. Nursing leaders the client or group’s subjective experience
5. History of nursing (philippines) ○ Application of scientific knowledge to the
REFERENCE BOOK process of diagnosis and treatment
○ Provision of caring relationship that
facilitates health and healing

NURSING AS A PROFESSION
NURSING AS A PROFESSION ● body of specific and unique knowledge
● strong service orientation
DEFINITION OF NURSING ● Recognized authority by a professional group
● Originated from the Latin word nutrix (to nourish) ● Code of ethics and law
● ICN- Promotion of health, prevention of illness, ● Professional organization
collaborative care
● Ongoing research
● It is an art and a science involving people,
environment, and process fueled by a vision of ● Autonomy
transcendence in the context of healthcare ● care
● It is an act of utilizing the environment to assist him
in his recovery (Florence Nightingale) AIMS OF NURSING
● The patient is the central focus of all definitions ● To promote health
● Nursing is the art of caring sick and well individual. ● to prevent illness
It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in
● to restore health
assisting sick and well individual in their recovery
and in the promotion and maintenance of health ● to facilitate coping with disability and death
● Nursing as a science is the scientific knowledge and
skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal ROLES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human
response to actual or potential problem. CARE PROVIDER OR REHABILITATOR
● Nursing is an act of assisting the individual, sick or
● helps the client regain health through healing
well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery(or to a peaceful process
death) that he would perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do COMFORTER/COUNSELOR
this in such a way as to help him gain ● provides not only medical but emotional, spiritual
independence as rapidly as possible. and psychological support to clients

CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION

COMMUNICATOR
● Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping
● communicated with client, family, and other
relationship in which the nurse assist the client
members of the health team.
to achieve and obtain optimal health (1987)
● common to these definitions
○ nursing is caring EDUCATOR/TEACHER
○ nursing is a science ● explains and demonstrates basic health concepts;
○ nursing is an art emphasis on health promotion and maintenance
○ nursing is client-centered
○ nursing is holistic
○ nursing is adaptive
○ nursing is concerned with health PROTECTOR/ CLIENT ADVOCATE
promotion, health maintenance and ● protects client’s human ang legal rights
health restoration ● in ine with client’s religion or culture
○ nursing is a helping profession
MANAGER
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION ● coordinated work of the whole healthcare team
● 1973- Nursing is direct, goal-oriented and adaptable
to the needs of the individual, the family, and the
RESEARCHER
community during health and illness.
● participates in scientific investigation and applies
● 1980- Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of
research findings in practice
human responses to actual or potential health
problems
CHANGE AGENT
● 1985- ANA acknowledges the four essential
● initiate changes or assist clients to make
features of contemporary nursing practice:
modification in themselves or in the system of care
○ attention to the full range of human
experiences and responses to health and
EXPANDED ROLES OF NURSES

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CLINICAL SPECIALIST
● A nurse who has completed a master’s degree in
specialty and has considerable clinical experience
in that specialty
● she provides care to individuals, participates in
educating healthcare professionals and ancillary,
acts as a clinical consultant and participates in
research
NURSE PRACTITIONER
● a nurse who has completed either a certificate
program or a master’s degree in a specialty and is
also certifies by the appropriate specialty
organization
● she is skilled at making assessments, performing
P.E, counseling, teaching and treating minor and
self-limiting illness
NURSE-MIDWIFE
● A nurse who has completed in a program in
midwifery; provides prenatal and postnatal care and
delivers babies to woman with uncomplicated
pregnancies
NURSE-ANESTHETIST
● A nurse who completed the study in an anesthesia
school and carries out pre-operative status of
clients
NURSE EDUCATOR
● a nurse usually with advanced degree, who
beaches in clinical, or educational settings, teaches,
theoretical knowledge, clinical skills and conduct
research
NURSE-ENTREPRENEUR
● a nurse who has an advances degree and manages
health-related business
NURSE ADMINISTRATOR
● a nurse who functions at various levels of
management in health settings
● responsible for the management and administration
of resources and personnel involved in giving
patient care
TRENDING NURSE SPECIALTIES
COMMUNITY AND FAMILY NURSING
FAITH COMMUNITY NURSE
● encourages physical and spiritual health and
wholeness within faith communities
RURAL NURSE
● educate and treat rural communities regarding
health and wellness issues
SCHOOL NURSE
● focus your skills on students and staff in public or
private schools
FAMILY NURSE PRACTITIONER
● handles duty commonly performed by a physician
throughout a family’s life cycle
HOME HEALTH NURSE
● independence and autonomy will dictate your day
as a home healthcare nurse
NURSE CASE MANAGER
● use your knowledge and organizational skills to
coordinate all aspects of patient care
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
● identify health problems in the community and
create intervention plans to prevent safety and
safety issues
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE
● focus on the health and well-being of populations
and communities
CORPORATE, LEADERSHIP, AND
ADMINISTRATIVE NURSING
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE
● bring healthcare expertise and business knowledge
to a wider range of workplaces
●
FORENSIC NURSE
● investigate crime scenes or provide healthcare in
assault cases or correctional facilities
LEGAL NURSE CONSULTANT
● consult on medical issues involving legal claims and
cases
INFECTION CONTROL NURSE
● develop protocols to prevent the spread of infection
in healthcare facilities
● prevent the spread of drug-resistant infections
through policy-making and research
ADVANCED PRACTICE REGISTERED NURSE
● work as a nurse practitioner, clinical nurse
specialist, nurse anesthetist, or certified nurse
midwife
ADULT NURSE PRACTITIONER
● promote constructive health practices and disease
prevention in young and old
NURSE ADMINISTRATOR
● create positive change and improve outcomes in
patient health
CHARGE NURSE
● take a lead on shifts with strong communication
skills and a knack for leadership
CLINICAL NURSE LEADER
● improve patient outcomes as you take on high-level
leadership duties and lead healthcare facilities
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 SPECIALIZED FOCUS NURSING
CRITICAL CARE NURSE
PSYCHIATRIC NURSE PRACTITIONER ● care for and treat patient with urgent life-threatening
● blend nursing, psychiatric and therapeutic skills in illnesses and trauma
this dynamic environment
OBSTETRICAL (OB) NURSE
REHABILITATION NURSING ● work as a part of a team for new parents and
● specialize in helping patients recover from severe women trying to coceive
injuries or chronic illnesses
FLIGHT NURSE
● provide medical care to patients as they’re
NEONATAL NURSE SPECIALIST/PRACTITIONER transported by aircraft to an emergency medical
● focus on the care of newborn infants facility

PERINATAL NURSE ORTHOPEDIC NURSE

● provide healthcare to women during pregnancy, ● care for patients with musculoskeletal disorder and
childbirth and the postpartum period diseases, often in recovery from invasive surgeries

GERIATRIC NURSE LEVELS OF NURSES

● care for the elderly through plan development PATRICIA BENNER
treatment fro chronic illnesses
LEVEL I
PREDIATRIC CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST ● No experience
● educate and support families during transitional ● novice
phases of child-rearing
LEVEL II
PEDIATRIC NURSE ● has acceptable performance and has experienced
● supply preventative and acute care in all setting to enough situations
children and adolescents ● advanced beginner

WOMEN’S HEALTH NURSE LEVEL III

● provide comprehensive, woman-focused healthcare ● 2-3 years of experience
to women of all ● competent
● employed overseas
ONCOLOGY NURSE
● provide and supervise care for cancer patients who LEVEL IV
are chronically or critically ill ● has 3-5 years of experience
● proficient
ACUTE CARE NURSE
● provide advanced nursing care to patients suffering LEVEL V
brief but severe illnesses ● does not require guidance and rules
● capable of managing units
CARDIOVASCULAR NURSE ● expert
● care for people with heart disease and interact with
your patient’s families STANDARDS OF NURSING PRACTICE
● Quality of care
OPERATING ROOM NURSE ● Performance Appraisal
● help care for patients before, during and afer ● Education
surgery ● Collegiality
● Ethics
● Collaboration
EMERGENCY ROOM NURSE
● Research
● perform critical care in a fast-paced environment
● Resource Utilization
with patients who have acute, urgent needs

NURSES’ RIGHTS
TRAUMA NURSE
(1) Right to be trusted by public
● treat patients with serious injuries, from accidents to
(2) Right to practice nursing according to professional
emergencies
standards
(3) Right to participate in and to promote growth of the
LABOR AND DELIVERY (L&D) NURSE profession
● provide care and monitoring of expectant mothers (4) Right to intervene when necessary to protect clients
and babies during childbirth

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 (5) Right to be respected for one’s own knowledge and ● personal belief about the worth of a given idea or
abilities attitude appraisal of what is “good”
(6) Right to be believed when speaking his/her
expertise AUTONOMY
(7) Right to be trusted by colleagues ● independence “the person has the right to make his
(8) Right to give and receive guidance/correction from own decision regarding treatment and care”
colleagues
(9) Right to be compensated fairly for services BENEFICENCE
● actively seeking or promoting good to benefit others
NURSES’ RESPONSIBILITIES
(1) Be responsible for his/her actions MALEFICENCE
(2) Protect the rights and safety of patients ● to harm or to hurt
(3) Witness, but not obtain,informed consent for
procedures
NON MALEFICENCE
(4) Document and communicate information regarding
● avoidance or hurt or harm
client care
(5) The nurse participates in the profession’s effort to
CONFIDENTIALITY
maintain conditions of employment conducive to
● Respects for client’s privacy
high-quality care
(6) refuse to carry out orders that the nurse believes to
FIDELITY
be harmful to the client
● agreement to keep promises
(7) Perform acts allowed by the nurses’ practice act
(8) The nurse participates in activities that contribute to
ongoing development of the profession’s body of DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
knowledge ● allocation of goods and services according to
equality need and merit
NURSING PARADIGM
● patterns or models used to show a clear PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
relationship among the existing theoretical works in ● promoting good but involving some expected
nursing unavoidable harm

●
METAPARADIGMS OF NURSING
the highest level of knowledge
HISTORY OF NURSING
INTUITIVE PERIOD
PERSON ● prehistoric → early christian era
● The recipient of nursing care (individuals, families, ● more on intuition
groups and communities) ● nomads- travel from one place to another
○ survival of the fittest
ENVIRONMENT ○ “best for the most”
● the external and internal aspects of lids that ● sickness is due to “voodoo”
influence the person ● performed out of feeling of compassion for others
● performed out of desire to help
HEALTH ● performed out of wish to do good
● the holistic level of wellness that the person ● nursing is given by the women
experiences ● Shaman- uses white magic to counteract the black
magic; doctors that time
NURSING ○ they use hypnosis, charms, dances,
● the interventions of the nurse rending care in incantations, purgatives, massage, fire,
support of or in cooperation with the client water and herbs as a means of driving
illness from the victim
ETHICAL CONCEPTS THAT APPLY TO NURSING ● Trephining - drilling the skull that is used to treat
PRACTICE psychotic patients as they are believed to be
possessed by evil spirits
ETHICS ● growth of religion is the most important thing that
● a study of good conduct, character and motives happened
● determines the rightness and wrongness of an act ● growth of civilization
● lack of self-preservation inspire man in search of
MORALS knowledge
● one’s own belief, opinions and attitude that guides
one action RISE IN CIVILIZATION
● from the mode of nomadic life → agrarian society →
VALUES gradual development of urban community life
● existence of means of communication

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 ● start of scientific knowledge → more complex life →
increase in health problems → demand for more
nurses
● nursing as a duty of slaves and wives
● nursing did not change but there was progress in
the practice of medicine
● care of the sick was still closely allied with
superstitions, religion and magic
DIFFERENT CIVILIZATIONS
BABYLONIANS
● CODE OF HAMMURABI
○ 1st recording on the medical practice
○ established the medical fees
○ discouraged experimentation
○ specific doctor for each disease
○ right of patient to choose treatment
between the use of charms, medicine, or
surgical procedure
EGYPTIANS
● ART OF EMBALMING
○ mummification
○ removing the internal organs of the dead
body
○ instillation of herbs and salt to the dead
○ used to enhance their knowledge of the
human anatomy, SInce work was done
and performed on the dead, they learned
nothing on Philosophy
● THE 250 DISEASES
○ the documentation about 250 diseases
and treatments
HEBREW
● teaching of MOSES
○ created Leviticus
○ Father of sanitation
● Practice the values of “Hospitality to strangers”
and the “Act of Charity” – contained in the book of
Genesis
● LEVITICUS- 3rd book of the Old Testament
○ laws controlling the spread of
communicable diseases
○ laws governing cleanliness
○ laws on preparation of food
○ purification of man and his food
○ the ritual of circumcision- on the 8th day
after birth
● MOSAIC LAW
○ meant to keep hebrews pure do that they
may enter sanctuary without affronting
God
○ meant as a survival and hygienic reason
only
CHINA
● use of pharmacology drugs
● “MATERIA MEDICA”
○ book that indicated the pharmacologic
drug used for treatment
● no knowledge on anatomy
● use of wax to preserve the body of the dead
● method of paper making
● factors that hampered the advancement of medicine
○ baby boy given girl’s name
○ prohibits dissecting of human body thus
thwarting scientific study
● medicine and nursing
○ used massage, hydrotherapy, and exercise
as preventive health measures
○ used many herbs, minerals, and
acupuncture to heal the sick
INDIA
● SUSHURUTO
○ 1st recording on the nursing practice
● hampered by taboos due to social structures and
practices on animal worship
● medicine men built hospitals
● intuitive form of asepsis
● proficient practice of medicine and surgery
● nurses qualifications
○ lay brothers
○ priest nurses
○ combination of pharmacist
○ masseurs
○ pt
○ cooks
● there was also a decline in medical practice due to
fall of buddhism which is a state relgiion of india
● early hospital staffed by male nurses who were
required to meet four qualifications
○ knowledge of the manner in which drugs
should be prepared for administration
○ cleverness
○ devoted to the patient
○ purity of mind and body
● indian women served as midwives and nursed ill
family members
GREECE
● AESCULAPIUS
○ father of medicine in Greek mythology
● HIPPOCRATES
○ father of modern medicine
○ 1st to reject the idea that diseases are
caused by evil spirits
○ 1st to apply assessment
○ practice medical ethics
● CADUCEUS
○ Insignia of medicine
○ composed of staff of travellers intertwined
with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus
and his healing power). At the apex of the
staff are the two wings of
Hermes(Mercury) for speed
● Nurses function of untrained slaves
ROMANS
● proper turnover for the sick people
● “If you are strong, you are healthy”
● transition from Pagan to Christianity
● FABIOLA
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 ○ converted to Christian and later she
converted her home to a hospital and used
her wealth for the sick
○ created the first hospital in the Christian
world which is in Rome called
Nosocomium(a place for sick)
● 1st organized visiting of the sick began with the
establishment of the order of the Deaconesses;
Corporal works of mercy
○ feed the hungry
○ give water to the thirsty
○ clothed the naked
○ visit the imprisoned
○ shelter the homeless
○ care of the sick
○ bury the dead
● PHOEBE
○ first deaconesses and visiting nurse
● MARCELLA
○ considered the first educator
○ taught the care of the sick to her followers
● PAULA
○ one of the most learned woman of this
period
○ built a shelter for pilgrims and hospital for
the sick
● PARABOLANI
○ provided an opportunity for the male
nurses in the early church period
○ took care of the sick and buried dead
AFRICA
● the nurturing functions of the nurse included roles
as midwife, herbalist, wet nurse, and carer dor
children and the elderly
A wet nurse is a woman who breastfeeds and cares
for another's child. Wet nurses are employed if the
mother dies, or if she is unable or chooses not to
nurse the child herself. Wet-nursed children may be
known as "milk-siblings"
APPRENTICE PERIOD
● 11th century → 1839
● On the job training period
● refers to a beginner (on-the-job-traning)
● it means care performed by people who are
directed by more experienced nurses
● starts from the founding of religious orders in the
6th century through the crusades in the 11th centuty
● there was a struggle in religious, political and
economic power
● crusades took place in order to gain religious,
political, and economic power for adventure
○ the crusades were holy wars waged in an
attempt to recapture the Holy Land from
the Turks who denied pilgrims permission
to visit the Holy Sepulcher. Military
religious orders established hospitals that
were staffed by men
● Christians were diviced due to several religious war
MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM
● Italian
● devoted to religious life and nursing
TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
● Germany
● established tent hospital for the wounded
KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS
● Germany
● was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers
in Jerusalem after Christians had conquered the city
THE ALEXIAN BROTHERS
● were members of a monastic order founded in 1348
● established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of
Nursing
○ largest school of nursing under a religious
order
○ operated exclusively for men
○ In the United States, the school closed in
1969
RISE OF RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDER
● rise of Religious Nursing orders for Women
● Only entering a covenant could she follow a career
obtain an education, and perform acts of charity that
her faith taught would help her gain grace in heaven
● Queens, and princesses, and other ladies or royalty
founded many religious orders
ORDERS OF ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI
● 1200- present
● First order- founded by St. Francis himself
● Second order (Poor Clares) - founded by St. Clare
of Assisi
● Third order (tertiary order) - composed of members
who devoted their time to perform acts of mercy in
their communities; most provided nursing care in
homes and hospitals
THE BEGUINES
● composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to
the service of suffering humanity
● founded in 1170 by a priest, Lambert Le Begue
OBLATES
BENEDICTINES
URSULINES
AGUSTINIANS
OTHER RELIGIOUS ORDERS
● Camillus de Lellis (16th Century) founded a nursing
order to provide care for the poor, the sick, the
dying, and those in prison
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 ● In 1633, the sisters of charity were by Saint Vincent
de Paul in France
○ first of many such orders organized under
various Roman Catholic Church Auspices
and largely devoted to caring for the sick
NURSING SAINTS
ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI
● took vows of poverty, obedience to service and
chastity
● founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi called
“the poor Claire”
ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY
● patroness of Nursing
● princess
● sess her calling to give care for the sick
● fed thousands of hungry people
ST. CATHERINE OF SIENA
● “Little Saint” - took care of the sick as early as 7
y/o
● “1st lady with a lamp”
ST. VINCENT DE PAUL
● organized the charity group called the “La Charite”
and the “Community of Sisters of Charity”
composed of women dedicated in caring for the
sick, the poor, orphaned and widowed
● founded the “Sisters of Charity School of
Nursing” in Paris,France where Florence
Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing
LOUISE de GRAS
● Was the 1st superior and co-founder of the
Community of Sisters of Charity
● St. Louise De Marillac
DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
● 17th century-19th century
● Period of reformation until the American Civil War
● Hospitals were closed
● Nursing were works of the least desirable people
(criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, slaves, and
opportunist)
● Nurses were uneducated, filty, hard, ill-fed and
overworked
● mass exodus for nurses
● the conflict swept everything connected to Roman
Catholicism in schools, orphanages, and hospitals
● Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther
questions the Pope and Christianity
○ leads to closure of some hospitals and
schools run by the church
THEODORE FLIEDNER
● pastor
● reconstituted the Deaconesses and later be
established the School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth,
Germany where Florence Nightingale had her first
formal training for 3 months as a nurse
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
● practiced her profession during the Crimean WAs
● “Lady with a lamp”
● from a well-known family
● Went to Germany to study
EDUCATIVE PERIOD
● Florence Nightingale era
● began in June 15,1860 when Florence Nightingale
School fo Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in
London, England, where 1st program of nurses
began and contributed growth of Nursing in the US
● Factors that influenced development of nursing
education
○ social forces
○ trends resulting from war
○ emancipation of women
○ increased educational opportunities
● others schools of nursing
○ Bellevue Training school for nurses- New
York City
○ Alexian Brothers Hospital School of
Nursing in US exclusively for men -
opened in 1348 and closed down in 1969
● Nursing Association/ Organizations that upgraded
nursing practice in US
○ American Nurses Association
○ National League for Nursing Education
LINDA RICHARDS
● first graduate nurse in US (September 1,1873)
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
● mother of modern nursing
● born on may 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
● Self-appointed goal - change the profile of nursing
● became the superintendent of the establishment for
GentleWomen during the Illness (refers to the ill
governess or instructors of Nursing
● She disapproved restriction on admission of patient
and considered this unchristian and contrary to
healthcare
● upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing
a honorable profession
● led other nurses in taking care of the wounded and
sick soldiers during the Crimean War
● she was designated as superintendent of the
female establishment of English General Hospital in
Turkey during the Crimean War
● Reduced the casualties of war by 42% to 2% thru
her effort by improving the practice of sanitation
techniques and procedure in the military barracks
CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON
NURSING SCHOOL
● School of Nursing should be self-supporting not
subject to the whims of the Hospital
● Have decent living quarters for students and pay
Nurse instructors
● Correlate theories to practice
● Support Nursing research and promote continuing
education for nurses
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● introduce teaching knowledge that disease could be
eliminated by cleanliness and sanitation
● opposed central registry of nurses
● Wrote Notes on Nursing, What it is and what it is
not
● Wrote notes on hospitals
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
● World War II - present
● This refers to the period after World War I and the
changes and development in the trends and
practice of nursing occuring since 1945 after Wortld
War II
● Includes specific and technological development,
social changes occuring after the war
● Nursing is offered in College and Universities
● DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:
○ W.H.O established by U.N to fight
diseases by providing health information,
proper nutrition, living standard,
environmental conditions.
○ The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis
and treatment.
○ Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing
○ Medical equipment and machines for
diagnosis and treatment
○ Health related laws
○ Primary Health Care – Nurses involvement
in CHN (community setting)
○ Utilization of computers
○ Technology advances such as the
development of disposable equipment and
supplies.
○ Development of the expanded role of
Nurses
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
NURSING
WOMEN’S ROLES
● The role as a wife, mother, daughter, sister has
always been included in the care of their family
● They cared for their infants, members of the family
and members of the community (It could be said
that Nursing have its roots in the home)
● Has the will to serve for others (subservient)
● The care provided were related to physical
maintenance and comfort
● They care given were humanistic, nurturing
comforting and supporting
RELIGION
● Played a significant role in the development of
Nursing
● The Christian values of LOVE THY NEIGHBOR AS
THY SELF, PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN
had a significant impact on Nursing
● CHRISTIANITY – the greatest impact in the
influence of religion in the development
● The religious values of self-denial, Spiritual Calling,
Devotion to Duty, and Hard Work dominated
Nursing throughout the history and led to the
development.
● Knights’ contributions, Fabiola’s contributions, the
saints and other personalities
● Deaconesses – Theodore Fliedner
WAR
● Crimean War (Arm conflict between England and
allies Turkey, Sardinia vs. Russia); 1854-1856
● Florence Nightingale emerged and became
well-known (Crimean War)
○ She was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of
the British war department to recruit a
contingent of female nurses to provide
care to the sick and injured in Crimea.
○ She transformed military camps into
hospitals by setting up sanitation process:
hand washing and washing clothes
regularly
Victorian Middle were just wives to their husbands
Class Women and children
Guardian Angel or image arose in the latter part of
Angel of Mercy 19th century because of work of
Florence Nightingale in the
Crimean War.
She brought respectability to the
nursing profession, nurses were
viewed as noble, compassionate,
moral, religious, dedicated, and
self-sacrificing
Doctor’s image arising in the early 19th
handmaiden century ;
this image evolved when women
had yet to obtain the right to vote;
the family structures were highly
paternalistic, and when the
medical profession portrayed
increasing use of scientific
knowledge that was viewed as
male domain.
Heroine evolved from nurses acts of
bravery during World War II and
their contributions in fighting
poliomyelitis – in the work of
Australian nurse, Elizabeth
Kenney
Nurses were poorly educated, some were incarcerated
criminals –This was reflected in the book written by
Charles Dickens through the character of Sairy Gamp
– who cared for the patients by stealing from them,
physically abusing them. These literary works have
greatly affected social attitudes about nursing, the
negative impression and image of nurses up to the
contemporary period.
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 NURSING LEADERS ● Belied about causation of diseases
○ caused or inflicted by other person (enemy
or witch)
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ● beliefs that evil spirits could be driven off by person
● Contributions are well documented with powers to expel bad spirits
● Lady with the Lamp ○ belief in Gods of healing
● She was the 1st nurse to exert political pressure on ○ Word doctors- priest physicians
government ○ Herbolarios - herb doctors
● Notes on Nursing: What It is and What It Is Not – ● Early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and
her greatest achievement ; made her be recognized practices in relation to health and sickness
as nursing’s 1st scientist-theorist ● diseases, their causes and treatment were
● Born on a wealthy and intellectual family associated with mysticism and superstitions
● She was given an honorarium of 4500 and used it ● person suffering from diseases without any
to develop Nightingale Training School for Nurses, identified cause were believed bewitched by
which was opened in 1860. “mangkukulam”
● difficult childbirth were attribute as “nonos”
CLARA BARTON ○ difficult birth, witches were supposed to be
● A school teacher who volunteered as nurse during
the cause, gunpowder exploded from a
the American Civil War
bamboo pole close to the head of the
● Her responsibility was to organize the nursing
mother to drive evil spirits
services
● evil spirits could be driven away by person with
● Established the American Red Cross
powers to expel demons
● belief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician -
LILLIAN WALD word doctors, herbolarios
● Founder of Public Health Nursing (Now: Community
Heath Nursing)
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH
● Wald and Mary Brewstaer were the 1st one to offer
REGIME
trained nursing services to the poor in the New York ● hospital real de Manila
slums ○ 1577
○ 1st hospital establishes
LAVINIA L. DOCK ○ Gov. Francisco de Sande
● Feminist, prolific writer, political activist, suffragette ○ To give service to king’s Spaniard soldiers
● Friend of Wald ● San Juan de Dios Hospital
● She participated in protest movements for women’s ○ 1596
rights which granted women to vote. ○ For poor people
● Campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather ○ located at Roxas Boulevard
than physicians to control their professions ● San Lazaro Hospital
● Founded the American Society of Superintendents ○ 1578
of Training Schools for Nurses on the United States ○ Fray Juan Clemente
and Canada – precursor to the current National ○ named after the Knights of St. Lazarus
League for Nursing ○ Hospital for the lepers
● Hospital de Aguas Santas
MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER ○ 1590
● Public health nurse in New York ○ Fray Juan Bautista
● Had a lasting impact on women’s health care ○ Named after its location (near spring)
● Imprisoned for opening the 1st birth control because people believed that spring has a
information clinic in America healing power
● Considered to be the founder of “Planned ● Hospital de Indios
Parenthood” ○ 1586
○ Franciscan orders
MARY BRECKINRIDGE ○ hospital for the poor filipino people
● Notable pioneer nurse
● Established “Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)” PROMINENT PERSONAGES DURING PHILIPPINE
● She worked with the American Committee for REVOLUTION
Devastated France, distributed food, clothing, and
supplies to rural villages and taking care of the sick JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
children. ● Wife of Jose Rizal installed a field hospital in an
estate in Tejeros that provided nursing care to the
HISTORY OF NURSING wounded night and day

(PHILIPPINE SETTING) ROSE SEVILLA DE ALVARO

● converted their house into quarters for Filipino
EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES soldiers during the Phil-American War in 1899

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 ○ 1966 FNA became Philippine Nurses
HILARIA DE AGUINALDO Association
● wife of Emilio Aguinaldo organized the Filipino Red ○ PNA 1st president: Rosario DElgado
Cross ○ Founder- Anastacia Giron-Tupas
● 1953 - Republic Act 877 known as “Nursing
MELCHORA AQUINO Practice Law” was approved.
● Tandang Sora
● nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers, gave them OTHER PERSONAGES
shelter and food
● took care of the wounded Katipuneros ANASTACIA GIRON TUPAS
● founder of Philippine Nurses Association that is
CAPTAIN SALOMEN established on September 02, 1922
● a recolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija provided ● 1st Filipino chief of PGH
nursing care to the wounded when not in combat ● 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the
Philippines
AGUEDA KAHABAGAN
● revolutionary leader in Laguna provided nursing ROSARIO DELGADO
services to her troops ● 1st president of FIlipino Nurses Association

TRINIDAD TECSON CESARIA TAN

● Ina ng Biak na bato ● 1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree in Nursing
● stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the Board
wounded soldiers
SOCORRO SIRILAN
SCHOOLS OF NURSING ● Pioneer in Social service at San Lazaro Hospital
● St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing, Intramuros
Manila (1990) SOR RICARDA MENDOZA
● Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School of Nursing ● pioneer in nursing education
(1906) - pioneered nursing education in the PH
● 1909 - distinction of graduationg the 1st trained
nurses in the Philippines with no standard SOCORRO DIAZ
requirements for admission of applicants except ● 1st editor of PNA magazine “The message”
their “willingness to work”
● St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (1907) - CONCHITA RUIZ
opened four years as a dispensary clinic ● full time editor of the PNA newly named magazine,
● Philippines General Hospital school of Nursing “The Filipino Nurse”
(1910)
EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS
COLLEGES OF NURSING ● Iloilo Mission Hospital and School of Nursing
● UST College of Nursing - 1st college of nursing in ○ established in 1906 under the supervision
the Philippines of Rose Nicolet (American)
● MCU College of Nursing ○ Nursing course (3 yrs)
● UP college of Nursing ○ produced first batch of nursing graduates
● FEU Institute of Nursing in 1909 - 22 nurses
● UE College of Nursing ○ 1st trained nurses
● 1909 - 3 female graduates as “qualifies ■ Nicasia Cada
medical-surgical nurses” ■ Felipa De La Peña
● 1919- 1st Nurses LAw (Act#2808) was enacted ■ Dorotea Caldito
regulating the practice of the nursing profession in ○ April 1944 - 1st Nursing Board Exam at
the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding Iloilo Mission Hospital
of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd
monday of June and DEcember of each year
● 1920 - 1st board examination for nurses was
conducted by the board exam of examiners, 93
candidates took the exam, 68 passes with the
highest rating of 93.5% - Anna Dahlgren
● theoretical exam was heald at the UP Amphitheater
of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical
Exam at the PGH library
● 1922
○ Filipino Nurses Association established
(nor PNA) as the National Organization of
Filipino Nurses

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