Literature

Devination of literature
Literature is the imaginative work that pictures the human life in a society which can be enjoyed,
understood, and used by society. Literature is a means of social expression, a mirror of life, and
interpretation of human expressions that help us understand how to live. Literture can be divided into
two major categories; they are fiction and non fiction. Fiction is literary works that is not based on true
story. While, non fiction is literary works that is based on the true story. Some examples of fiction
literary are novels, short story, poetry, drama, movie, etc. Some examples of non fiction literary are
personal essay, history, biography, and autobiography. According to Hornby, movie is a story, recorded
as a set of moving pictures to be shown on television or at the cinema. The literary work has its
definition taken from each different literature expert.

In Indonesian, the use of this literary term is usually literature and literature. Literature has a
segmentation that refers more to its definition as an application of text. Meanwhile, literature leads to
literature that is thick with poetic or abstract nuances.

Literature is not only limited to a piece of paper, but also has an important role in human life since time
immemorial. Why is that? Because since ancient times, humans have been able to convey their hearts,
aspirations, and feelings to other people, from the public to the government or officials

literature according to experts

According to Pradopo (1994) the literary work is a the picture of the world and human life, the main
criteria that are put on the literary work is truth, or everything that wants to be a picture by the author.

According to Greil Marcus and Werner Color (2009) says that literary means not only what is written but
what is voiced, what is expressed, what is invented, in whatever form.
Literature according to Ima (2013 : 3) is a medium through which a the person can convey his or her
ideas or protest against different norms of society.

Literary Theories

Literary theory is divided into four and will be explained below.

1. Literary Psychoanalytic Theory

This theory considers that literary works as a symptom or symptom of the author who has its own
conflict which is seen as a reflection or representation of the conflict. However, usually the desire of the
author is somewhat restrained in the unconscious of the work.

2.Structural Literary Theory

The object of this theoretical study does not treat a literary work as an object of study, but regulates the
relationship of various elements in the literary text so that these elements are related to each other.

3. Feminist Literary Theory This theory is a reflection of patriarchal social reality which aims to uncover
hidden patriarchal assumptions through the image or image of women in literary works.

4. Structural Literary Theory This theory examines the relationship of literary works with reception or
reader acceptance. In view of this theory, literary works have meanings that cannot be understood
through literary texts, but can only be understood in the context of giving meaning.

History of Literature

After understanding the meaning of literature, you must also know how the history of literature has
existed since ancient times. There are several categories in the history of literature based on the history
of literary development, in this case the history of literary development in Indonesia.

At least, until now the history of literature is divided into 8 parts which will be explained below.

1. Force of Old Poets

The history of literature in this generation of old poets occurred before the 20th century. During the old
generation of poets, various literary works were dominated by poetry, rhymes, gurindam, saga, and so
on. Even today, the type of literature in the old generation of poets is still often used as a condition for
traditional events.

2. Library Center Force

After the old generation of poets, they entered the era of the Balai Pustaka generation. The Balai
Pustaka force also developed in the 1920s, where the author at that time already had a noble desire to
be able to provide character education so that he was able to educate the nation's life through reading.

3. New Poets Force

The next step is to enter a new era of poets in which the New Pujangga generation lasted from 1933 to
1942. The New Pujangga Force was founded in July 1933 along with the publication of a magazine with
the name New Pujangga. In this generation of New Poets, the characteristic feature of literary works
that stands out is the romantic theme.

4. Force '45 or Forces of Independence

Then he entered the '45 class or what is also called the Independence force. This period lasted from
1942 to 1945, during which time, there was a rise and integration of various types of literature in
Indonesia. Various literary works that developed during this period were also more diverse.

5. Force of the '50s

The period of the '50s generation is usually marked by the publication of a literary magazine entitled
Acts by H.B Jassin. The magazine managed to survive until 1946 and continued with other literary
magazines. The hallmark of the literary period of the '50s generation is that literary works are
dominated by short stories.

6. Class of '66

Entering the period or generation of '66, starting with the publication of a literary magazine, Horizon.
Horizon Magazine is the only literary magazine published in Indonesia where almost all of its pages
contain literary works. It's no wonder that writers regard the magazine as a standard for the
development of literature in Indonesia.

7. Class of the '80s

The next period was the generation of the '80s which at this time was the development of literary works
which were marked by various literatures that told romance romances and then disseminated them
through magazines and also general publications. The prominent writers in that period were Mira W and
Marga T. Karya.

8. Reform Forces up to Now

The last period in literature is the period of the reformation force until now, which was initially marked
by the emergence of various literary works such as poetry, short stories, and novels with various genres
or themes. Usually, the themes raised in the current period revolve around reform or relating to social
realities that occur in society.

Types of Literature

The existence of this literature has two types of literature, namely old literary works and new literary
works. Below will be explained the two types of literature.

1.Old Literary Works

This old literary work was born and popular in society from generation to generation which usually
contains advice, religious teachings, to moral teachings. This old literary work was created by the
ancestors and distributed anonymously by word of mouth, so that it is not known who made it.
Examples of types of old literary works include rhymes, fairy tales, saga, myths, legends, gurindam, and
so on.

2. New Literary Works

The next type of literature is a new literary work that has begun to be different from the old literary
work. This new literary work is not influenced by local people's habits, but is more likely to be influenced
by Western or European literary works.This new literary work has many genres which are in accordance
with the social realities that occur in society. And examples of types of new literary works such as
romantic novels, comics, and so on.

Literary Function

Of course, looking at the meaning and also how it is typed, literature has various functions that directly
or indirectly affect human life. The following are some of the functions of literature according to Kosasih
(2012).

1. Recreational Function

Literary work aims to provide a sense of pleasure, joy, and entertainment so that the function of
literature is as a recreational forum that makes the reader forget for a moment the problems of his life.

2.Disabled Function

The next function is that literary works have characteristics or functions that educate their readers
about good and bad things, so that they can get new knowledge from the literary work.

3.Aesthetic Function

This aesthetic function means to provide the value of beauty in literary works and those used in literary
works.

4.Morality Function

Literary works have a high moral value which is a form of moral support for belief, affection, respect,
and so on.

5. Function of Religiosity

Finally, literary works also function as a means that can be used as role models for readers because they
contain religious teachings.

Literary Structure

Literary works have several structures which consist of several things below.

1. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Elements of Poetry

Literary works have a structure of intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements contained in poetry where
these elements are the building structure of poetry, where intrinsic elements directly build the story in
the work, and extrinsic elements are building elements outside the literary work.

Intrinsic elements in poetry consist of theme, message, attitude or tone, typography, imagery, rhyme,
feeling, and style of language. Extrinsic elements in poetry such as biographies, history, and social.
2.Intrinsic and Extrinsic Elements of Prose

Similar to the intrinsic and extrinsic elements in poetry, these two elements build a story or script in
prose. Intrinsic elements in prose consist of theme, message, plot, character, background, point of view,
and language. While extrinsic elements relate to social elements, background, past, and others.

3.Dramatic Intrinsic and Extrinsic Elements

Finally, drama has intrinsic elements, namely theme, plot, characters, characters, dialogue, and setting.

Literature There are three genres of literature in Indonesia, namely as follows.

1. Idealism

This flow suggests that the world of ideas, ideals, and hopes is the main world that can be addressed in
human thought. The flow is divided into five types, namely: romanticism, expressionism, mysticism,
surrealism, and symbolism.

2. Materialism

This flow has the belief that everything that is real can be investigated with the human mind. The flow of
materialism is divided into four, namely: realism, impressionism, naturalism, and determinism.

3. Existentialism

This flow is a flow that arises as a result of dissatisfaction with the dichotomy of idealism and
materialism in interpreting life