REVIEWER IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
FIRST QUARTER • Cytoplasm
LESSON 1: CELL THEORY
• In 1665, Robert Hooke examined the structure
of thinly sliced cork under the microscope and
described small rectangular compartments
which he called cellulae (Latin for small
chambers written in his treatise Micrographia)
• The cell theory states that:
a. Living things are made up of cell.
b. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
c. Cells are the basic functional unit of
living organisms.
LESSON 2: PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Cells fall into one of two categories: Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes.
• Characteristics of Prokaryotes:
- Lacks Nucleus
- Organelles Lack Membranes
- DNA is free floating
- Unicellular
- Bacteria
- Smaller than Eukaryote
- Reproduction is asexual (exact
copies/clones)
• Characteristics of Eukaryotes:
- Has Nucleus
- Organelles have Membranes
- DNA is in the Nucleus
- Can be unicellular or multicellular
- Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
- Much Larger than Prokaryote
- Reproduction can be asexual
(clones) or sexual (variations)
LESSON 3: CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
• All cells share four common components
a. Cell membrane
b. Cytoplasm
c. DNA
d. Ribosomes
• Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
The integrity and function of the
plasma membrane are vital to a cell
because this membrane acts much
like a gatekeeper, regulating the
passage of molecules and ions into
and out of the cell.
A dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino
acids, and salts.
A semi-fluid interior where chemical reaction
occurs.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport system of the cell
Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – it contains
ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – it doesn’t
have ribosomes and involved in synthesis and
breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates.
• Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
• Golgi Bodies
It is responsible for modifying, packaging, and
distributing molecules from one cell to another.
• Lysosomes
small membrane-bordered structures that
contain chemicals and enzymes necessary for
digesting certain materials in the cell.
• Nucleus
It controls and sends out instruction to all parts
of the cell. It also contains the genetic
information and transports RNA to the
ribosomes.
LESSON 4: PLANT TISSUES AND ANIMAL TISSUES
• Parenchyma
The main function of parenchyma cell is to store
food material.
• Collenchyma
It gives mechanical strength and elasticity to
growing regions of plant body.
• Sclerenchyma
The chief mechanical tissue of the plant body
composed of highly thick-walled cell with little
or no protoplasm
• Meristematic Tissues
The meristematic tissue helps to increase the
height and girth of the plant.
 • Epithelial Tissues
It forms the outer covering of the skin and lines
the body cavity. Epithelial tissues found in the
linings of the small intestines help in the
absorption of nutrients.
• Connective tissue
Binds and supports body parts
• Muscular Tissue
Moves the body and its parts.
• Nervous Tissue
Receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses.
LESSON 5 – CELL MODIFICATIONS
• Cilia and flagella are formed from different
microtubular groupings, called basal bodies.
If the protrusions are numerous and short, they
are called cilia.
However, if they are longer and less numerous
(normally only one or two) they are termed
flagella.
• Root hairs are specialized cells making the
surface area increased which contributes
significantly to the water and mineral
absorption.
• Microvilli are microscopic, essentially raising the
surface area of the cell, which in turn becomes
useful in functions of absorption and even
secretion.
• Sperm cells are specialized because they have a
particular body function - to fertilize the female
gamete (egg). It is also found among males and
it has a swimming tail that aids in locomotion.
LESSON 6: CELL CYCLE, MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, CELLULAR
MALFUNCTION
• Interphase – in this stage of the cell cycle,
replication of genetic information, organelles,
and as well as cell growth occur.
• Mitosis – cell divides from one parent cell into
two identical daughter cells. It happens to
somatic or body cells.
• Meiosis - is a type of cell division that results in
the formation of four daughter cells each with
half the number of chromosomes as the parent
cell. It happens to gametes or sex cells.
• SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN CELL CYCLE
1. The cell starts to growth in size,
organelles and DNA materials are
replicated. (Interphase)
2. The chromatin starts to condense
forming chromosomes, centromeres
will be developed. (Prophase)
3. The sister chromatids lined up in the
middle and eventually pulled apart by
the spindle fibers to the opposite poles.
(Metaphase and Anaphase)
4. The nuclear envelopes start to
reappear, cytokinesis occurs and
produce two daughter diploid cells.
(Telophase and Cytokinesis)
• Checkpoints in the cell cycle
G1 Checkpoint, G2 Checkpoint, M Checkpoint
• Crossing over is the process where the non-
sister chromatids of the homologous
chromosomes exchange DNA segments. It
happens during the Pachytene stage of
Prophase I
• Meiosis II performs the separation of
chromatids.
Roles and Significance of Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis
Tissue repair, Regeneration, Growth and
Development
• Meiosis
Restricts the multiplication of chromosome
number and maintains the stability of
species. It also enables genetic diversity.
• CANCER
-cancer results when control of the cell
cycle is lost, and cells divide uncontrollably
-it is a result of unchecked cell division
caused by a breakdown of mechanisms that
regulate the cell cycle
-it is a faulty instruction that led to a protein
that does not function as it should
LESSON 7: CELL MEMBRANE AND TRANSPORT
MECHANISM
• Cell Membrane
The integrity and function of the plasma
membrane are vital to a cell because this
membrane acts much like a gatekeeper,
regulating the passage of molecules and
ions into and out of the cell.
• Components of Cell Membrane
Phospholipids
They arrange to form a lipid bilayer that is
semi-permeable such that only certain
substances can diffuse through the
membrane to the cell’s interior.
Proteins
Membrane proteins serve a range of
important functions that helps cells to
communicate, maintain their shape, carry
out changes triggered by chemical
messengers, and transport and share
material.
Cholesterol
Changes fluidity of cell membrane
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis
The process in which cell uptakes
extracellular material bound to cell surface
receptors.
LESSON 8: ENZYMES AND REDOX REACTION
• Enzymes- are proteins that increase the
rate of reaction by lowering the energy of
activation
• Active site – it is the part of an enzyme
where the substrate binds
• Redox Reaction – it is the passing of
electrons from one species to another.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
• Temperature

• The cell membrane is hydrophobic in the

inner layers and doesn’t allow water-
soluble molecules to pass, yet water itself
can pass through because of channel
proteins called aquaporins.

• Diffusion
Spreading of molecules from an area of
greater concentration to an area of low • pH
concentration.

• Facilitated Diffusion
When molecules diffuse across the cell
membrane with assistance from membrane
proteins such as channel proteins and
carrier proteins.

• Active transport
It is a type of transport that requires the • Substrate Concentration
expenditure of energy. It is the movement
of molecules from low concentration to
high concentration.

• 3 Types of Endocytosis
-Phagocytosis
“Cell Eating”, the cell engulfs solid particles
into much larger vesicles. Good example for
this is a white blood cell that is engulfing a
bacteria.

-Pinocytosis
“Cell Drinking”, the cell engulfs droplets of
fluid.