Nervous System

The nervous system is an

organ system that handles
communication in the body.
The nervous system is incredibly detailed and
includes the:

 Brain
 Spinal cord
 Peripheral Nervous System
 Brain - makes all the
calculations and stores
information

 Spinal cord - is like a cable

with lots of individual wires
running to all different parts
of the brain.
 The peripheral nervous system is everything
connected to the central nervous system. It has motor
nerves, sensory nerves, and autonomic nerves.

 Autonomic nerves act automatically, which is a way

to remember them. They are the nerves that regulate
our bodies.
 Autonomic nerves are loosely split into either sympathetic or
parasympathetic nerves.

• Sympathetic nerves have a tendency to speed us up. They

increase heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. These
nerves are responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

• Parasympathetic nerves stimulate blood flow to the gut.

They slow down the heart and decrease blood pressure.
 Motor nerves start from the central nervous system
and go out toward the far reaches of the body.

 Sensory nerves go the other direction. They carry

signals from the outside toward the central nervous
system.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system mostly
regulates metabolism and uses the
products of digestion. Along with
the nervous system and immune
system, it's generally considered
one of the most complicated
systems in the body.
 Endocrine System is made up of three main parts

 Glands: Small organs that produce and release hormones

 Hormones: Chemical messengers that travel through the

bloodstream to send messages to tissues or organs

 Cell receptors: The targets on cells that receive hormone

signals
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland has two lobes:
the anterior lobe and the posterior
lobe. The anterior lobe receives
signals from the hypothalamus to
produce hormones. The posterior
lobe does not make its own
hormones—it secretes two
hormones produced by the
hypothalamus.
The anterior lobe secretes

o Prolactin: The hormone that stimulates glands in the

breasts to grow and produce milk during and after
pregnancy
o Somatropin: The growth hormone that stimulates bone
and tissue growth throughout the body
o Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates sperm
production in males, and helps regulate the menstrual cycle
and egg growth in females
o Luteinizing hormone (LH): A hormone that stimulates the
release of sex hormones—estrogen and progesterone for
females and testosterone for males
o Thyrotropin: The hormone that stimulates the thyroid to
release hormones that are responsible for such processes as
your body's development and metabolism
o Adrenocorticotropin hormone: The hormone that
stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, which
helps regulate your metabolism, immune system, stress
response, and more
The posterior lobe secretes

o Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): The hormone that tells

your kidneys how much water to filter out of your blood
and into your urine

o Oxytocin: A hormone responsible for social bonding,

sexual pleasure, releasing breast milk, and more
Thymus
The thymus is used
primarily in childhood, as
its role is to secrete
hormones that help the
immune system develop.
Hormones secreted by the thymus include

o Thymosin: The hormone that stimulates production of T cells—

white blood cells that help your body fight viruses, bacteria, and
cancer
o Thymopoietin: The youth hormone that influences how
fast your skin ages and prevents your skin and brain cells
from aging too fast

o Thymulin: Another hormone that is essential for

development in youth and T cell function
Pineal Gland
Located within the brain, the
pineal gland is a small gland that
secretes melatonin—a hormone
that regulates the sleep-wake
cycle. Melatonin is also
important for your immune
system, and it helps reduce
inflammation in the body.
Thyroid
The thyroid is a gland
found on the windpipe
in the front of the throat.
It uses iodine from
foods to produce three
hormones:
• Thyroxine (T4): A hormone that plays a role in your
metabolism, mood, and body temperature

• Tri-iodothyronine (T3): A hormone that helps regulate

metabolism

• Calcitonin: A hormone that helps regulate calcium levels

Adrenal Glands
There are two adrenal glands—one located on top of each kidney.
Each adrenal gland is divided into two regions, the cortex and
medulla, which have very different functions.

The hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include

• Glucocorticoids: A group of hormones that fight inflammation in

the body and are essential to metabolism, circulation, mood, and the
sleep-wake cycle
• Mineralocorticoids: A group of hormones that maintain the
balance of water, salt, and potassium in the bloodstream

• Androgens and estrogen: A portion of androgens and small

amounts of estrogen are produced in the adrenal cortex
Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla include

• Epinephrine: AKA adrenaline, the hormone that is released when

your fight-or-flight response is activated

• Norepinephrine: Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine raises

heart rate and blood pressure and increases blood sugar (glucose)
during the fight-or-flight response
Pancreas
The pancreas is a large gland in the abdomen that secretes two
hormones, both of which are essential for maintaining normal blood
sugar (glucose) levels

• Glucagon: The hormone that stimulates the liver to release more

glucose into the body

• Insulin: The hormone that helps your cells take up glucose and
turn it into energy
Ovaries
In females, these two small glands produce three hormones necessary
for sex and reproduction

• Estrogen: The female sex hormone that regulates the menstrual

cycle, causes breasts and pubic hair to grow, helps maintain strong
bones, and more
• Progesterone: A hormone that helps regulate the menstrual cycle
and prepares the uterus for pregnancy when an egg is fertilized by
sperm
• Inhibin: A hormone that controls levels of follicle-stimulating
hormone, which regulates egg development
Testes
A pair of glands found only in males, the testes secrete
testosterone—a hormone that regulates male sex drive
and sperm production.
The circulatory system
also known as the
cardiovascular system
transports oxygen and
nutrients to all corners of
the body. It also carries
away carbon dioxide and
other waste products.
Circulation Begins in Your Heart
The circulatory system begins in your
right atrium, the upper right-hand
chamber of your heart. Blood moves
from the right side of your heart
through your lungs to get rid of carbon
dioxide and pick up oxygen, and then
returns to the left side of your heart,
ending up in the left ventricle. The left
ventricle is the strongest part of the
heart, since it must pump blood out to
the rest of the body.
From Your Aorta to Your Capillaries
Your blood travels from your aorta through a series of smaller blood
vessels until it reaches your capillaries.
Back to Your Heart and All Over Again
As blood travels through the capillaries, its supply of oxygen is reduced and
has picked up waste products as well. From the capillaries, blood enters the
venules, the veins, and then travels back to the heart to be refreshed and sent
out once again.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system is
responsible for breathing,
which is the controlled
movement of air in and out of
the body (ventilation). It also
moves oxygen and carbon
dioxide into and out of the
bloodstream (respiration).
What does the respiratory system do?

Allows you to talk and to smell.

Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the
humidity level your body needs.
Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body
when you exhale.
Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.
 Parts of the Respiratory System
•Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into
your respiratory system.
•Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help
regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale.
•Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose
to the trachea (windpipe).
•Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
•Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect
into each lung.
•Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into
your blood.
 Some of the bones and muscles in the respiratory system include
your

•Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it

out.

•Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart.

 Other components that work with the lungs and blood vessels
include:
•Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide takes place.
•Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the
alveoli.
•Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
•Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs — three lobes in the right lung
and two in the left lung.
•Pleura: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your
lungs from the chest wall.
Some of the other components of your
respiratory system include:
•Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like
motion to filter dust and other irritants out of
your airways.

•Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the

trachea that closes when you swallow to keep
food and liquids out of your airway.

•Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that

allows you to talk and make sounds when air
moves in and out.
Digestive
System
WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract and liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a
series of hollow organs that are connected to each other from
mouth to anus. The organs that make up the GI tract, in the
order that they are connected, include the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
WHAT DOES THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DO?
The digestive system is uniquely constructed to do its job of
turning food into the nutrients and energy we need to survive.
And when it’s done with that, it handily packages our solid
waste, or stool, for disposal when we have a bowel movement.
WHY IS DIGESTION IMPORTANT?
Digestion is important because our body needs nutrients from
the food we eat and the liquids we drink in order to stay
healthy and function properly. Nutrients include
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.
Our digestive system breaks down and absorbs nutrients from
the food and liquids we consume to use for important things
like energy, growth and repairing cells.
 What organs
make up the
digestive system?
 MOUTH
The mouth is the beginning of
the digestive tract.
 ESOPHAGUS
The esophagus receives food
from your mouth
when we swallow.
 STOMACH
The stomach is a hollow organ, or
"container," that holds food while
it is being mixed
with stomach enzymes.
 SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine is a 22 - foot
long muscular tube that breaks
down food using enzymes
released by the pancreas and bile
from the liver.
 PANCREAS
The pancreas secretes digestive
enzymes into the duodenum that
break down protein, fats and
carbohydrates.
 LIVER
The liver has many functions,
but its main job
within the digestive system
is to process
the nutrients absorbed
from the small intestine.
 GALLBLADDER
The gallbladder stores
and concentrates bile
from the liver,
and then releases it into
the duodenum in the small
intestine to help absorb
and digest fats.
 LARGE INTESTINE
The colon is responsible
for processing waste
so that emptying your bowels
is easy and convenient.
It’s a 6-foot long muscular tube
that connects the small intestine to
the rectum.
 RECTUM
The rectum is a straight,
8-inch chamber that connects the
colon to the anus.
 ANUS
The anus is the last part
of the digestive tract.
 Every part of the digestive
system has an important
& unique role.
Whether Major or minor,
they are still part and
we have to keep them healthy.
SO, BE MINDFUL OF WHAT WE
ARE EATING!
 Thank You
&
God Bless Us All!
Reference: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/7041-digestive-system