General Biology

Human OrganDr. Mildawati M.Si

BY :
UFAIRAH MAHADISA RIZANOV (2210441003)
M. AQIB WARMAN (2210442040)
 What is organ?
An organ is a combination of various
tissues that perform one or more functions.
Brain The brain is the body’s control center. It forms the
core of the central nervous system by creating,
sending, and processing nerve impulses, thoughts,
emotions, physical sensations, and more.
The skull encloses the brain, protecting it from injury.

Neurologists are doctors who study the nervous

system. Over time, they have identified numerous
parts of the brain, including systems within the brain
that function similarly to independent organs.

The brain is made up of three main subparts: the

cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. Within
these areas, there are several key components of the
brain that, together with the spinal cord, comprise the
central nervous system.
The major areas of the central nervous system include:

• The medulla: This is the lowest part of the brainstem. It helps control
heart and lung function.
• The pons: Located above the medulla in the brainstem, this area
helps control eye and facial movement.
• The spinal cord: Extended from the base of the brain and down the
center of the back, the spinal cord helps with many automatic
functions, such as reflexes. It also sends messages to and from the
brain.
• The parietal lobe: Situated in the middle of the brain, the parietal
lobe supports the identification of objects and spatial reasoning. It
also plays a role in interpreting pain and touch signals.
• The frontal lobe: The frontal lobe, which is located in the front of
the head, is the largest section of the brain. It plays a role in many
conscious functions, including personality and movement.
Heart it is the most important organ of the circulatory system, which
helps deliver blood to the body. It works with the lungs to add
oxygen to blood and pump this freshly oxygenated blood
through the blood vessels and around the body.
The heart also has an electrical system within. Electrical
impulses within the heart help ensure that it beats with a
consistent rhythm and proper rate

The heart rate increases when the body needs more blood, such
as during intense exercise. It decreases during times of rest.
The heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers are called
atria, and the two lower chambers are called ventricles.

Blood flows into the right atrium from the veins of the heart and
body (except the lungs), then it flows into the right ventricle. From
there, it flows into the pulmonary artery, which has branches that
reach the lungs. The lungs then oxygenate the blood.
 THE FOUR VALVES OF THE HEART
Tricuspid valve
This valve has three leaflets. They allow
blood to flow from the right atrium to the
right ventricle. They also prevent blood
from flowing backward from the right
ventricle to the right atrium.
Pulmonary valve
• This valve also has three leaflets. They
allow blood to pump from the right ventricle
to the pulmonary artery. This artery leads
to the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen.
The pulmonary valve prevents blood from
going backward from the pulmonary artery
to the right ventricle.
 THE FOUR VALVES OF THE HEART
Mitral valve
This valve has two leaflets. They allow
blood to flow from the lungs into the left
atrium. And they prevent backward flow
from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
Aortic valve
This valve has three leaflets. They open to let
blood flow from your heart’s left ventricle to the
aorta. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in
your body. It brings oxygenated blood from
your heart to the rest of your body. The aortic
valve prevents backward flow from the aorta
into the left ventricle.
Lungs The lungs work with the heart to oxygenate blood.
They do this by filtering the air a person breathes,
then removing excess carbon dioxide in exchange for
oxygen.
Several parts of the lungs help the body take in air,
filter it, and then oxygenate the blood. These are:
• The left and right bronchi: The trachea splits into these
tubes, which extend into the lungs and have branches.
These smaller bronchi split into even smaller tubes
called bronchioles.
• The alveoli: The alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of
the bronchioles. They work like balloons, expanding
when a person inhales and contracting when they
exhale.
• The blood vessels: There are numerous blood vessels
in the lungs for carrying blood to and from the heart.
Liver
The liver is the most important organ of the
metabolic system.
It helps convert nutrients into usable substances,
detoxifies certain substances, and filters blood coming
from the digestive tract through a vein before it joins
venous blood flow from other parts of the body.
Oxygenated blood reaches the liver via an artery.
The majority of liver mass is in the upper right side of
the abdomen, just under the rib cage.
Liver
The liver plays many roles in digestion and filtering the
blood, including:
• producing bile
• helping the body filter out toxic substances,
including alcohol, drugs, and harmful metabolites
• regulating blood levels of various important
chemicals, including amino acids
• making cholesterol
• removing some bacteria from the blood
• making some immune factors
• clearing bilirubin from the blood
• regulating the process of blood clotting, so that a
person does not bleed too much and does not
develop dangerous blood clots
Kidney
The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs, and
each is about the size of a fist. They are located on
either side of the back, protected inside of the lower
part of the rib cage. They help filter blood and remove
waste from the body.

Blood flows from the renal artery into the kidneys.

Each kidney contains about a millionTrusted Source
tiny units for filtration known as nephrons. They help
filter waste to the urine and then return the filtered
blood to the body through the renal vein.
Kidney
The kidneys also produce urine when they remove
waste from the blood. Urine flows out of the kidneys
through the ureters, then down to the urinary bladder.

A person can live with just one kidney. When a

person is experiencing severe kidney failure, dialysis
can filter the blood until they get a kidney transplant or
their kidney recovers some function. Some people
need to undergo hemodialysis long term.
Pancreas Located in the upper left portion of the abdomen, the
pancreas has two important roles: It functions as both
an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.

As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces

enzymes a person needs to help digest their food and
convert it into energy. Those enzymes include
amylase, lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin.

In its role as an endocrine gland, the pancreas also

produces and releases insulin, which helps the body
remove glucose from the blood and convert it into
energy.
Introduction
• Organ is a group of tissues
• System organ is a group of organ that work together
Organ

Internal organ External Organ

• Skin
• Nose
System organ

Integument system Skin Anatomy

 Skin
• Protection
 Protect our body from water, wind,
and UV sunlight.
• Sensory Function
 The skin acts as a sense organ, the skin
contain nerve sensory that can feel
touch, temperature, and pain.
• Thermoregulation
 Regulate body temperature
• Vitamin D Synthesis
 Epidermal layer synthetizes vitamin D
when exposed UV sunlight.
Skeletal System
 Bone
• Support, Movement, and
Protection (support body like
posture, Movement when the
bone and muscle work, and
protect other inner organ)
• Mineral storage, Energy Storage,
and Hematopoiesis
Muscular System
• Muscular system and skeletal
system is depend each other.
Cardiovascular System
• Pump blood that transport
oxygen to all body part and
crarry out carbon dioxide.
• Transport protein to all body
part.
References :
Betts J. Gordon. Tyler. Et al. (2013). Anatomy and Physiology.
Houston: Openstax.
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Lymphatic System
• Fluid balance

• The immune system

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Respiratory System
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• Mouth and nose:

• Sinuses:

• Pharynx (throat):

• Trachea:
• Bronchial tubes:

• Lungs:
• Diaphragm:

• Ribs:
• Alveoli:

• Bronchioles:

• Capillaries:

• Lung lobes:

• Pleura:
• Cilia:

• Epiglottis:

• Larynx (voice box):