Evidence 2

HUMAN BODY
AND CARE
Ashley Yadel Urias Smith
Ximena Nuñez Silva
2. IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE AT LEAST FIVE RISK FACTORS THAT THE PATIENT HAS
FOR DEVELOPING DISORDERS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. JUSTIFY YOUR
ANSWER.

High blood pressure (hypertension): Jim's blood pressure reading of 132/84 mmHg
classifies him as prehypertensive, which is a major risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular disease. The previous relatives of hypertension further increase its danger.
Hypertension can overload the heart and blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease,
stroke and other cardiovascular problems.

Unhealthy diet: Jim’s eat high in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium because of Jim,
along with sugary products like donuts, can lead to high cholesterol levels and obesity. This
diet helps atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arteries), increasing the risk of heart
disease.

Smoking: Jim's smoking habit is a fundamental risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
Smoking damages blood vessels, decreases oxygen in the blood and increases the risk of
blood clots, all of which can lead to heart attacks and strokes.

Lack of exercise: Jim's sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity can lead to weight
gain and poor cardiovascular fitness. Regular exercise is essential for maintaining a healthy
cardiovascular system.

Resting poorly: lack of sleep can cause chronic stress, weight gain and a greater risk of high
blood pressure and heart disease. Jim's lack of sleep contributes to the overall burden on
his cardiovascular system.
3. EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BY DESCRIBING THE
CARDIAC CYCLE AND HOW IT RELATES TO BLOOD PRESSURE, HOW BLOOD FLOWS
THROUGH THE HEART AND THE BLOOD VESSELS, CAPILLARY EXCHANGE, AND THE
FUNCTION OF ALL THE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (PLASMA, RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE
BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS). USE ILLUSTRATIONS TO DEMONSTRATE FUNCTIONS.

The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting blood, nutrients,

oxygen, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood
vessels, and blood.

Cardiac Cycle: The cardiac cycle includes systole (contraction) and diastole
(relaxation) of the heart. During systole, the heart pumps blood into the arteries,
increasing blood pressure. During diastole, the heart relaxes, allowing blood to
flow into the heart chambers.

Blood Flow: Blood is pumped from the heart into arteries, which branch into
smaller arterioles and even smaller capillaries, where oxygen and nutrients are
exchanged for waste products. After passing through the capillaries, blood
returns to the heart through venules, eventually entering larger veins.

Capillary Exchange: Capillaries are where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and
waste products occurs. Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues, and waste
products are picked up for removal.

Components of Blood: Blood consists of plasma (liquid portion), red blood cells
(carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune system defense), and platelets (blood
clotting). These components work together to maintain bodily functions,
transport oxygen, and defend against pathogens.
 Functions

1. Cardiac Cycle and Blood Pressure:

The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart as it contracts
and relaxes to pump blood throughout the body. This cycle is crucial for maintaining
blood pressure. It can be divided into two main phases:

-Systole: This is the contraction phase of the heart when it pumps blood into the arteries.
During systole, the blood pressure in the arteries increases.

Diastole: This is the relaxation phase of the heart when it refills with blood. Blood pressure
decreases during diastole.

The relationship between the cardiac cycle and blood pressure is that the heart's
contraction and relaxation determine the pressure within the arteries. When the
heart contracts (systole), blood is pumped into the arteries, raising blood pressure.
During the relaxation phase (diastole), blood pressure decreases as the heart
refills. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is
typically expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/80
mmHg).
2. Blood Flow Through Three Types of Blood Vessels:
Blood flows through three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and
capillaries.

Arteries: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the
body's tissues. They have thick, muscular walls to withstand the high
pressure of blood being pumped by the heart.

Veins: Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues back to
the heart. They have thinner walls and contain valves to prevent the
backflow of blood.

Capillaries: Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect

arteries and veins. They are the site of nutrient and gas exchange
between the blood and body cells.

4. Functions of Blood Components:

Blood is composed of several components with distinct functions:

Red Blood Cells (RBCs): RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry
carbon dioxide, a waste product, to the lungs for exhalation.

White Blood Cells (WBCs):WBCs are responsible for the body's immune response,
defending against infections and foreign invaders.

Platelets: Platelets are essential for blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding when
we get injured.

Plasma: Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries cells, nutrients,
hormones, and waste products. It also helps regulate blood pressure and maintain pH
balance.
 4. EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND HOW IT WORKS
WITH THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO ACHIEVE RESPIRATION. DESCRIBE
VENTILATION, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RESPIRATION. INCLUDE ILLUSTRATIONS
OF EACH PROCESS.

FUNCTION
The main function of the respiratory system is to take in oxygen
from the air and remove carbon dioxide, thus providing the oxygen
cells need and getting rid of the body's gaseous waste.
Additionally, it helps regulate the acid-base balance and protects
the body against inhaled particles and pathogens.

HOW IT WORKS WITH THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO

ACHIEVE RESPIRATION?

The circulatory system supports the respiratory system by bringing

blood to and from the lungs. The circulatory system helps transport
nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs
throughout the body. It also helps remove carbon dioxide and
waste products.

Ventilation

Ventilation is the process that involves inhalation and exhalation. During

inhalation, the muscles of the diaphragm and ribs contract, increasing the size of
the chest cavity and allowing air to flow into the lungs. Exhalation occurs when
these muscles relax and air rich in carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.

External respiration:
Occurs in the lungs, where gas exchange takes place
between inspired air and blood. During inhalation,
oxygen from the air is transported from the lung
alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves
from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
Internal respiration:
Is the process that occurs in the cells of the body.
Here, oxygen carried by the blood is used to produce
energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
through cellular respiration. During this process,
oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is generated
as a byproduct.
 5. EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM BY DESCRIBING THE
FUNCTION OF EACH ORGAN, DESCRIBE THE NEPHRON AND ITS BLOOD SUPPLY,
AND FINALLY DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF URINE FORMATION USING EXAMPLES
OF SUBSTANCES THAT ARE FILTERED, REABSORBED AND EXCRETED. USE
ILLUSTRATIONS

FUNCTIONS

Kidneys: paired organ whose function is to purify blood and produce urine.

Ureters: tubes responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Bladder: organ responsible for storing urine. It is surrounded by a muscular

layer that contracts when we want to empty its contents.

Urethra: tube through which urine is expelled to the outside.

Sphincters: muscles that surround the urethra. Internal and external

sphincter, directly responsible for continence.

Neuphron and the blood supply

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. It filters the blood in the
renal corpuscle, composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The
filtrate then flows through the renal tubule, where necessary substances
are reabsorbed and waste is excreted. The blood supply is through
afferent and efferent arteries. This process regulates the balance of water,
salts and eliminates waste to maintain homeostasis of the body.

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion:

In the glomerulus, blood
is filtered, allowing
substances such as
water, salts, glucose,
urea and creatinine to
enter the filtrate.
In the kidney tubules, the
body reabsorbs
important substances,
such as glucose and
electrolytes, back into
the blood.
At the same time,
unwanted substances,
such as hydrogen and
potassium ions, are
secreted into the filtrate.
6. CALCULATE THE PATIENT’S BMI TO DETERMINE HIS NUTRITIONAL STATUS, AND
THEN MAKE AT LEAST TEN DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE HIS
OVERALL HEALTH.

BMI

BMI = 90 / (1.8 * 1.8) = 27.77

A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered

1 category.
2
overweight. Jim's BMI falls into the "overweight"

1 2
HEALTHY REDUCE FAST
EATING FOOD
Choose a balanced diet rich in Limit the consumption of high-
fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, calorie, low-nutrient fast foods
whole grains, and low-fat dairy like hamburgers, French fries,
products. donuts, and pizzas.

3 4
REDUCE ALCOHOL QUIT SMOKING
Limit alcohol consumption, Seek support to quit smoking.
especially if you are binge Smoking is a major risk factor
drinking on weekends. for cardiovascular disease.
 5 6
REGULAR CHECKUPS ADEQUATE SLEEP

Continue to schedule regular Aim for 7-9 hours of quality

checkups to monitor your sleep each night to help
health and address any manage stress and maintain
potential issues, including blood overall health.
pressure.

7 8
REGULAR EXERCISE STAY HYDRATED
Incorporate regular physical
Drink water throughout the
activity into your routine, such
day, and consider herbal teas
as jogging, swimming, or going
or infused water as alternatives
to the gym.
to sugary drinks.

9 10
STRESS MANAGEMENT VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Learn stress-reduction Consider a balanced multivitamin

techniques, like meditation or supplement if your diet lacks
yoga, to cope with the essential nutrients. He can onsult
pressures of study and work. a healthcare professional for
recommendations.
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