Amiel Raphael T.

Eguia

Reviewer in Science

Vas Deferens- a tube which connects the testes to the urethra and allows semen to exit the body.

Urethra- a tube which allows urine and semen to exit the body. Connects to the bladder

Uterus- a hollow, fist-sized organ located between the bladder and rectum. (Where the zygote implants and the embryo develops)

Fallopian tube- also called oviducts; are two tubes connecting the uterus with the ovaries. (site of fertilization)

Ovaries- small organs on the ends of the Fallopian tubes responsible for the production and release of eggs (ova-pl).

Penis- the external reproductive organ, urethra passes through the penis and allows urine and semen to exit the body.

Scrotum- a sac or pouch which holds the testes.

Endocrine System

Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts, or tubes

Liver Bile released into the gallbladder, then through a duct into the small intestine

Pancreas releases pancreatic juice into the small intestine via a duct

Endocrine Glands are called ductless glands

Release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Blood transports hormones throughout the body

Each hormone acts on only a certain kind of tissue called its target tissue

Endocrine System

Each hormone acts on a certain kind of tissue called its target tissue

Human Endocrine Glands

Pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Adrenal

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

Testes and Ovaries

Pituitary

Pituitary gland is a round organ about the size of a pea (~1 cm in diameter), located behind the bridge of the nose at the base of the brain

Secretes 9 different hormones, which affect many different areas of the body, including:

Growth

Blood pressure

Regulation of Pregnancy

Breast milk production

Sex organ functions in both men and women

Thyroid gland function

Metabolism

Water regulation in the body (kidneys)

Temperature regulation

A Few Pituitary Hormones

Growth Hormone- To increase body size during childhood and adolescence; to maintain body size during adulthood.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- To stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroxin.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone- Regulate puberty, development, and reproductive processes.

Luteinizing Hormone- Stimulates the production of estrogen and testosterone.

Growth Hormone

Over secretion of growth hormone: Giantism in childhood and acromegaly in adults (bones of face, hands and feet enlarge)

Under secretion of growth hormone: Dwarfism in childhood

Thyroid

Located in the neck

Releases hormone thyroxin

Function is to regulate rates of metabolism in the body

Essential for normal physical and mental development

Over secretion of thyroxin: Results in nervousness and weight loss

Undersecretion of thyroxin: Results in cretinism (mental retardation, small size) in children

Thyroid

Iodine deficiency in your diet results in goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)

Parathyroid

Function is to control metabolism of calcium

Necessary for normal nerve and muscle function, blood clotting, healthy bones and teeth

Located in back of thyroid gland (in neck)

Hormone released is parathormone

Under secretion of parathormone results in nerve disorders, brittle bones and clotting problems

Adrenal Glands (Kidney Hats)

Located at the top of each kidney

Hormones released are cortisone and adrenaline

Function of cortisone is to regulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

promotes conversion of fats and proteins to glucose

Function of adrenaline is to raise blood sugar levels and increases heartbeat and breathing rates

Adrenal

Under secretion of adrenaline results in the inability to deal with stress

Islet of Langerhans

Located on the pancreas

Hormones secreted are insulin and glucagon

Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells

Glucagon promotes conversion of glycogen (animal-based carbohydrate) to glucose

Blood Sugar Regulation

Over secretion of insulin results in low blood sugar

Under secretion of insulin results in high blood sugar

This can lead to a condition known as diabetes

Diabetes-Type 1

Type 1- Usually found in children and young adults; the body doesn’t make enough insulin

Symptoms:

Frequent urination

Unusual thirst

Extreme hunger

Unusual weight loss

Extreme fatigue and Irritability

Diabetes- Type 2

Type 2- Either the body doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the cells ignore it.

If you consume too much sugar over a long period of time, your body has to release large amounts of insulin. This can result in your cells
building up a tolerance for insulin, which means they won’t be affected by it.

Symptoms:

Any of the type 1 symptoms

Frequent infections

Blurred vision

Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal

Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet

Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections

Human Body Systems

Humans have complex systems

Cells are grouped for efficiency

Dynamic equilibrium

Levels of Organization

In a multicellular organism levels are:

tissues: group of similar cells that perform same function

organ: group of tissues that work together to perform complex function (ex: sight)

organ system: group of organs that perform closely related functions

Human Organ Systems

Nervous System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Circulatory System

Excretory System

Endocrine System

Lymphatic/Immune System

Reproductive System

Body Systems Functions

Although each of the 10 organ systems has a different set of functions, they all work together, as a whole, to maintain homeostasis.

Nervous System

The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli

Nearly all multicellular organisms have communication systems

Specialized cells carry messages from one cell to another

Smooth and efficient communication through the body

Nervous System

Messages carried by nervous system are electrical signals called impulses

Cells that transmit these impulses are called neurons (basic units of nervous system)

3 types of neurons

Sensory

Motor

Interneurons

Neurons

Sensory: Carry impulses from sense organs (eyes, ears, etc) to the spinal cord and brain

Motor: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

Interneurons: connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them

Parts of a Neuron

Cell Body

Largest part; contains nucleus and most of cytoplasm

Most metabolic activities occur here

Dendrites

Short, branched extensions

Carry impulses from environment or other neuron toward cell body

 Neurons can have several dendrites

Axon

Long fiber which carries impulses away from cell body

Ends in axon terminals, located a distance away from cell body

Neurons only have one axon

Myelin Sheath- Insulating membrane surrounding axon

Nerve Impulse- An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or the environment

Synapse

Location where a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell

Space between neurons

Neurotransmitters are chemicals used by neurons to transmit an impulse across the synapse

Human Nervous System

Divided into two major divisions:

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Relays messages, processes info and analyzes info

Peripheral Nervous System

Receives information from the environment and relays commands from the CNS to organs and glands

Central Nervous System

Brain

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Brain

Made of 50-100 billion neurons

4 lobes or regions

Frontal Lobe- memory, judgment, inhibitions, personality

Temporal Lobe- Long term memory, auditory processing

Occipital Lobe- Vision processing

Parietal Lobe- Sensory integration

Spinal Cord
 Main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body

Certain kinds of info (reflexes) are processed in spinal cord

Reflex- is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus

Sneezing and blinking

Allows your body to respond to danger immediately without thinking

Peripheral Nervous System

Lies outside of CNS

Consists of all the nerves and cells that are not a part of the brain or spinal cord

Cranial nerves

Divided into 2 divisions:

Sensory

Motor

Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory division:

transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS

Motor division:

transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

1. somatic nervous system- regulates conscious controlled activities

2. autonomic nervous system- regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary

~Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system