Gas Exchange, Transport

and Circulation
 Pre lesson Quiz
1. Trace the blood flow in the circulatory system.
 Objectives / Learning Outcomes

• state some basic principles in gas exchange

• describe the structures for gas exchange in

animals

• discuss the coordination of gas exchange and

circulation

• describe some respiratory adaptations to

extreme conditions such as low oxygen
environments
 Learning Outcomes

• explain the functions of

structures in animal circulation

• trace the path of blood in the

systemic and the pulmonary
circulation
Motivation

Which is in control when you fall in love?

 Hormones
• Adrenaline or Epinephrine
produced in the
•muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar centre (medulla)
metabolism. of the adrenal
glands and in
•vasoconstrictor in shock, and as a some neurons of
bronchodilator the central
nervous system.
•increased blood sugar levels
•increased heart rate Strong emotions
•increased contractility (how hard the heart such as fear or
squeezes) anger cause
•relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways to epinephrine to be
improve breathing released into the
bloodstream
 Hormones
• Norepinephrine Norepinephrine, also called
noradrenaline

has effects similar to those of epinephrine

increased blood sugar levels

increased heart rate
increased contractility

Norepinephrine can also cause your blood vessels to

narrow, which increases blood pressure.
 Hormones
• Dopamine Dopamine means lust, love, infidelity,
motivation, attention, femininity, learning, and
addiction.
Dopamine is like a chemical messenger in the brain,
which is technically known as a neurotransmitter and is
responsible for sending signals from the central
nervous system. It is what allows information to be
passed from one neuron to another.

called “The Molecule of Happiness,”

 Hormones
dopamine secretions help to improve your working memory.

controls all sorts of bodily movements is the basal ganglia which

need dopamine to function

Dopamine allows you to keep focused and pay attention.

Regulates how you perceive and experience pleasure.

dopamine is also released when you encounter unwanted or

aversive stimuli

Increased levels of dopamine in the brain are associated with

increased feelings of wakefulness.
• Serotonin called the happy chemical, because it
contributes to wellbeing and
happiness.

help regulate mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion,

sleep, memory, and sexual desire and function.

relays signals between nerve cells, or neurons, regulating their

intensity.

contributes to the formation of blood clots.

If you eat something that is toxic or irritating, the gut produces

more serotonin to increase transit time and expel the irritant
in diarrhea. This also stimulates the nausea area in the brain,
resulting in nausea.
 • Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is involved
in childbirth and breast-feeding. It is also associated with
empathy, trust, sexual activity, and relationship-building.

reduce stress responses, including anxiety.

Contraction of the uterus during labor

milk-ejection reflex

important in human behaviours including sexual arousal, recognition,

trust, anxiety and mother–infant bonding.
 What Happens when you fall in love?

Watch the video

What happens when you are heart broken

Watch the video

Anatomy of the Heart
• Your heart is located between your lungs in the
middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left
of your breastbone (sternum).

• A double-layered membrane called the pericardium

surrounds your heart like a sac. The outer layer of
the pericardium surrounds the roots of your heart's
major blood vessels and is attached by ligaments to
your spinal column, diaphragm, and other parts of
your body
 Your heart has 4 chambers.
• The upper
chambers are
called the left and
right atria

• lower chambers
are called the left
and right
ventricles.
• A wall of muscle
called the septum
separates the left and
right atria and the
left and right
ventricles.
• The left ventricle is the largest and strongest
chamber in your heart.
 The Heart Valves

• The tricuspid valve

regulates blood flow
between the right atrium
and right ventricle.

• The pulmonary valve

controls blood flow from
the right ventricle into
the pulmonary arteries,
which carry blood to
your lungs to pick up
oxygen.
 The Heart Valves
• The mitral valve lets
oxygen-rich blood
from your lungs pass
from the left atrium
into the left ventricle.

• The aortic valve

opens the way for
oxygen-rich blood to
pass from the left
ventricle into the
aorta, your body’s
 The Conduction System
• Electrical impulses
from your heart
muscle (the
myocardium) cause
your heart to
contract.

• This electrical signal

begins in the
sinoatrial (SA) node,
called the heart’s
“natural pacemaker.
 The Conduction System

• An electrical impulse from this natural

pacemaker travels through the muscle fibers
of the atria and ventricles, causing them to
contract.
• The AV node serves as an electrical relay
station, slowing the electrical current sent by
the sinoatrial (SA) node before the signal is
permitted to pass down through to the
ventricles.
 The Circulatory System

• The heart and circulatory system make up

your cardiovascular system.
• Your heart works as a pump that
pushes blood to the organs, tissues, and cells
of your body.
• Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to every
cell and removes the carbon dioxide and
waste products made by those cells.
 The Circulatory System

• Blood is carried from your heart to the rest of

your body through a complex network of
arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.

• Blood is returned to your heart through

venules and veins.
How the circulatory system works?

Watch the video

 Activity
1. Arrange the sequence of blood flow in the
heart
Respiratory System
• The respiratory system consists of all the
organs involved in breathing.
• It brings oxygen into our bodies, which we
need for our cells to live and function
properly.
• It helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a
waste product of cellular function.
Parts of the Respiratory System

• nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lu

ngs.
 The Upper Airway and Trachea
air enters your body through
your nose or mouth.
All these
structures
act to
it travels down your throat funnel fresh
through the pharynx, larynx air down
(or voicebox) from the
outside
world into
into the trachea (or windpipe) your body.
before entering your lungs.

The upper airway is important because it must always stay

open for you to be able to breathe. It also helps to moisten and
warm the air before it reaches your lungs.
 The Lungs
• The lungs are paired, cone-
shaped organs which take up
most of the space in our chests,
along with the heart.

Role of the lungs

•take oxygen into the body, which we need for our cells to live
and function properly.

• to help us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product.

• The lungs are divided
into ‘lobes’, or big
sections of tissue
separated by ‘fissures’
or dividers.
• The right lung has three
lobes
The lungs can also be divided
• the left lung has only up into even smaller portions,
called ‘bronchopulmonary
two, because the heart
segments’.
takes up some of the
space in the left side of
 The Lungs

•The lungs has bronchi. These are pipes start from the
bottom of the trachea as the left and right bronchi and
branch many times throughout the lungs, until they
eventually form little thin-walled air sacs or bubbles,
known as the alveoli.

•The alveoli are where the important work of gas exchange

takes place between the air and your blood.

•Covering each alveolus is a whole network of little blood

vessel called capillaries, which are very small branches of
the pulmonary arteries.
 How they work
Air enters your lungs through a system of
pipes called the bronchi.

through the bronchi into the alveoli.

oxygen will travel across the walls of the alveoli into

your bloodstream.

Travelling in the opposite direction is carbon dioxide,

which crosses from the blood in the capillaries into the
air in the alveoli and is then breathed out.
How respiratory system works

Watch the video