9/1/21

• The Respiratory System

• Learning objectives
• Explain the respiratory system
• Outline the components of the system and their role in respiration
• Distinguish between breathing and respiration
• Explain how exercise affects pulse rate and breathing rate
• Identify the problems associated with breathing
 Respiratory system
• A system is a unit made up different parts which work together
to perform a given function or functions.
• The human respiratory system is one of the systems in the body
that performs the function of respiration.
• Respiration takes place in all living cells, plants, and animals. It
is also called tissue respiration, cellular or internal respiration.
• The more energy that is needed by the body the faster the
respiration.
• Types of Respiration
• Respiration can be grouped into two main types;
• i. Internal/Tissue/Cellular respiration: this is made up of Aerobic and Anaerobic
respiration
• ii. External respiration; this is made up of breathing.
• Parts of the Human Respiratory System
• The respiratory system consists of several organs which work together to
ensure the supply of oxygen to the body cells and the removal of carbon (iv)
oxide from the cells to the outside environment.
• These respiratory organs are the nose (nostrils) or mouth, trachea or (windpipe)
and lungs.
• The lungs are made up of the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and blood vessels.
• These other parts of the body; the diaphragm and the rib cage aids breathing, their
movement make breathing possible.
• These respiratory organs make up the respiratory system.
Parts of the human respiratory system
 PART FUNCTION

Nostrils: it is lined with a membrane of cells that secretes mucus which Are the openings of the nose through which air enters the body.
moistens the air. Hair lining which filter the air from dust particles.

Pharynx: the nostrils lead into the pharynx, which is the lower end  
of mouth cavity. Pharynx leads into the larynx also known as the voice box.

Larynx leads into the trachea, which is also called the windpipe.  

Trachea branches into two bronchi (singular bronchus). The bronchus leads
into the lung.
The bronchi branch into tiny tubes called bronchioles.
The bronchioles branch again into many air sacs called alveoli (singular-
alveolus)
Trachea and bronchi appear like rings of soft bones. This
makes them strong for their functions.
The alveoli communicate with the external atmosphere in a
continuous system of tubes, which follow the reverse order to
remove carbon(iv)oxide and water as waste products from the body.

Lungs: they are two identical organs located in the chest cavity,  
placed on the two sides of the heart. They are red and covered with
membrane called pleural membrane, they are spongy organs.
 Assignment
1 Make a well labelled diagram of the human respiratory system.
2 State three differences between breathing and respiration.
3 Explain any three problems associated with breathing.

Due date of submission is 24/05/2021.

 Functions of the Respiratory System

• The main functions of the respiratory system are:

• i. Breathing (External respiration
• ii. Cellular respiration (Internal or Tissue respiration)
• Breathing
• Breathing is described as an exchange of gases in which oxygen is breathed in
(inspiration) and carbon (iv) oxide is breathed out (expiration) between the respiratory
organs in the body and the outside environment.
• Breathing is one of the stages of respiration.
• It supplies the essential material (oxygen) for respiration and takes away a poisonous
product of respiration (carbon (iv) oxide). It takes place in the lungs.
 Mechanism of Breathing In and Out
• During inspiration,
• - the intercostal muscles contract, and the ribs are raised upwards and outward,
• - the muscles of the diaphragm contract and pull downwards.
• - the pressure in the chest cavity changes as the chest cavity increases in
volume, this makes more air go into the lungs, making the lungs inflate.
• During expiration,
• - the intercostal muscles relax, and the ribs are fallen inwards and downward.
• - the muscle of the diaphragm relaxes and bulges upward.
• - the chest cavity becomes smaller and the volume decreases, this makes the
air come out of the lungs, making the lungs deflate.
• The processes of inspiration and expiration are called External respiration.
• External expiration is also known as breathing.
• Composition of atmospheric air and expired air

Gas Inhaled air Exhaled air

Nitrogen 79.00% 79.00%
Oxygen 20.96% 16.02%
Carbon(iv)oxide 0.04% 4.38%
Water vapour Trace 0.60%
 Cellular (Internal) respiration

• Cellular/Internal respiration is the process by which oxygen breathed in is used to

break down food substances (glucose) in our body cells to release energy with
carbon (iv) oxide and water as the waste products.
• It takes place within the cells of the body.
• Carbohydrate + Oxygen= Water + Carbon (iv) oxide+ Energy.
• C6H12O6 + 602  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
• Types of Cellular respiration
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
 Aerobic respiration
• It is a type of respiration that occurs in the presences of oxygen.
• It is the process of energy transfer that the cells convert organic molecules into
chemical energy.

Anaerobic respiration
• It is a type of respiration that does not require oxygen to take place.
• It is also called fermentation.
• It takes place in yeast and bacteria such as E. coli.
• Anaerobic respiration is of two types: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
 Pulse rate
• The pulse is how many times in a minute that our arteries expand and
contract in response to the heartbeat.
• This rate is exactly equal to the heartbeat and the rate of heart
contractions.
• These heart contractions cause the increase or decrease in blood pressure.
• Taking the pulse rate is a direct measure of the heart rate.
• The pulse rate can be normal, rapid or slow. It varies among individuals of
different ages, size of the body and state of health.
• Pulse can be in the following locations
• Under the wrists
 Exercise and Pulse rate
• Behind the knees
• In the groin
• At the temple on each side of the head and
• On top or the inner side of the foots.
• Exercise such as jogging, running walking etc. increases the rate of
heartbeat as shown by the pulse rate and as such, bring about great flow of
blood through the body .
• It increases the breathing rate and therefore strengthen the lungs.
• Thus, exercises are good as it stimulates the flow of blood in the body.
 Effects of Oxygen on Respiration

• Oxygen is necessary for respiration. If then the body does not receive
sufficient oxygen, we may faint and eventually die. Some external factors that
affect breathing include.
• 1. At high altitude:
• Air has weight and because of that, it has pressure.
• The amount of air at ground level is much more than the amount of air on
mountains and hills.
• The air pressure in the atmosphere is lower, so it is difficult to breathe. The
amount of oxygen we can take in one breath is less.
• The rate of breathing is, therefore, higher at high altitudes.
• People who go up high mountains carry their oxygen with them but those
who travel in airplanes do not need extra oxygen equipment because the
airplanes have been constructed in such a way that the pressure and
composition of the air in the cabin are almost the same as that of the air the
passengers would breathe if they were on the ground
• 2 At low Altitude.
• The pressure is very high, and the rate of breathing is lower.
• Deep in the sea, you must carry your oxygen supply with you.
Respiratory Problems Associated With breathing

• Bronchitis
• Lung cancer
• Asthma
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumonia
• Emphysema
 THANK YOU
• Kindly read all we have done this term for your mid term test.
• Goodluck in your test.