RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
JASMINE NICOLE OSALLA & MARTIN
ORTILLANA
 FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Supply the body with oxygen and disposes

of carbon dioxide.
• Filters inspired air.
• Produces sound.
• Contains receptors for smell.
• Rids the body of some excess water and
heat.
• Helps regulate blood pH.
PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Nose
Mouth
Throat (pharynx)
Voice box (larynx)
Windpipe (trachea)
Large airways (bronchi)
Lungs
 NOSE

• Allows air to enter your body.

• Contributes to how you look and
how you sound when you speak.
• Filters and cleans air to remove
particles and allergens.
• Provides a sense of smell.
• Warms and moistens air so it can
move comfortably into your
respiratory system.
 PHARYNX
• The pharynx, commonly called the throat, is
a muscular, funnel-shaped passageway
inside the body. It connects the mouth and
nose to the esophagusPushes food into the
esophagus so it’s not breathed in.
• Equalizes pressure in the ears and drains
fluid from the ears. (leading to the stomach)
and the larynx (leading to the trachea and
lungs).
• Carries air to the respiratory system.
• Delivers food and liquid to the digestive
system.
 LARYNX

• It’s a hollow tube that lets air pass from your

throat (pharynx) to your trachea on the way
to your lungs. It also contains your vocal
cords and is essential to human speech, so it’s
often called the voice box.
Your larynx has three main functions in your
body:
• Breathing.
• Creating vocal sounds.
• Preventing food and other particles from
getting into your trachea, lungs, and the rest
of your respiratory system.
 TRACHEA
• Your trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) is a long, U-
shaped tube that connects your larynx (voice
box) to your lungs. The trachea is often called
the windpipe. It's a key part of your 
respiratory system.
• When you breathe in, air travels from your
nose or mouth through your larynx. It then
passes through your trachea to your bronchi.
Your bronchi carry the air to your lungs.
• Your trachea’s main function is to carry air in
and out of your lungs. Because it’s a stiff,
flexible tube, it provides a reliable pathway
for oxygen to enter your body.
 BRONCHI

• are the large tubes that connect to your trachea

(windpipe) and direct the air you breathe to your right
and left lungs. They are in your chest. Bronchi is the
plural form of bronchus. The left bronchus carries air
to your left lung. The right bronchus carries air to your
right lung. Your bronchi are an essential part of your 
respiratory system. As you breathe and your lungs
expand, your bronchi distribute the air within your
lung.
• Your bronchi carry air to and from your lungs. The
bronchi also help moisturize the air you breathe and
screen out foreign particles.
• Your airways are lined with cells that create mucus.
The mucus keeps your airways moist. It also traps
bacteria, viruses, fungi and other particles to protect
your lungs and prevent infection.
 LUNGS
● Balancing pH: Too much carbon dioxide can cause
the body to become acidic. If the lungs detect a rise
in acidity, they increase the ventilation rate to expel
more of the unwanted gas, which helps balance
pHTrusted Source.
● Protecting the body: The lungs help protect the
body from harmful substances. For example, they
can secrete immunoglobulin ATrusted Source,
which can prevent infection. Additionally, the lungs
can use mucociliary clearanceTrusted Source. This
involves mucus trapping pathogens and dust
particles, after which small hair-like projections,
known as cilia, move these particles upward so the
body can either cough them out or swallow and
destroy them using the digestive system.
● Speech: Without airflow, a person would be unable
to speak.
 Inhalation
(Breathing in)
● When we inhale air, the diaphragm, and
intercostal muscles contract. So, the
ribcage moves outwards and upwards.
The volume of the thorax increases, which
decreases the pressure of the thorax.
● At this point, the pressure in the lungs is
lower than outside the body. To equalize
this pressure, the air is drawn into the
lungs.
 Exhalation
(Breathing out)
● When we exhale air, the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax. So, the ribcage
moves downwards and inwards. The
volume of the thorax decreases, which
increases the pressure of the thorax.
● At this point, the pressure in the lungs is
greater than outside the body. To equalize
this pressure, the air is forced out of the
lungs
AWESOME
WORDS
 BREATHING PROCESS

Pulmonary Transport Cellular

ventilation of gases Respiration
0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5
External Internal
respiration Respiration
 PULMONARY CIRCULATION

 Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood

away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns
oxygenated blood back to the heart.
 THE MECHANICS OF
BREATHING

What is Breathing?

Process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

Inspiration Expiration
INSPIRATION
 Inspiratory Muscle Contract.
 The diaphragm descends.
 Air moves in to the lungs.

EXPIRATION
 Inspiratory muscles relax, causing lungs to recoil to their
resting size and position.
 The diaphragm ascends.
 Air moves out of the lungs.
 LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

 The total volume contained in the lung at

the end of a maximal inspiration is
subdivided into volumes and subdivided
into capacities.
 4 VOLUMES OF SUBDIVISIONS

 They do not overlap

 They can not be further divided
 When added together equal total
lung capacity
 LUNG VOLUMES

 Tidal Volume: TV
 The amount of gas inspired or expired with each
normal breath.
 About 500 ml

 Inspiratory Reserve Volume: IRV

 Maximum amount of additional air that can be inspired
from the end of a normal inspiration.
 LUNG VOLUMES

 Expiratory Reserve Volume: ERV

 The maximum volume of additional air
that can be expired from the end of a
normal expiration.
 LUNG VOLUMES

 Residual Volume: RV
• The volume of air remaining in the lung after a
maximal expiration. This is the only lung volume which
cannot be measured with a spirometer.
• Gas dilution tech
 nitrogen
 helium
• Body Plethysmograph
 LUNG CAPACITIES

 Are subdivisions of the total volume that

include two or more of the 4 basic lung
volumes.
 LUNG CAPACITIES

 Inspiratory Capacity: IC
 Maximum volume of air that can be inspired from end
expiratory position.
 Called a capacity because it is the sum of tidal volume
and inspiratory reserve volume.
 This capacity is of less clinical significance than the
other three.
 IC= TV+IRV
 LUNG CAPACITIES

 Vital Capacity: VC
 The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully
expelled from the lungs following a maximal
inspiration.
 Called a capacity because it is the sum of inspiratory
reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve
volume.
 VC= IRV+TV+ERV = TLC - RV
 LUNG CAPACITIES

 Functional Residual Capacity: FRC

 The volume of air remaining in the lung at the end of a
normal expiration.
 Called a capacity because it equal residual volume
plus expiratory reserve volume.
 FRC= RV+ERV
 LUNG CAPACITIES

 Total Lung Capacity: TLC

 The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a
maximal inspiration.
 Called a capacity because it is the sum of the 4 basic
lung volumes.
 TLC= RV+IRV+TV+ERV
EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL
RESPIRATION
 GAS TRANSPORT

 How is Oxygen Transported in the Blood?

-The majority of oxygen molecules are

Transported from the lungs to other parts of
the body via red blood cells.
 GAS TRANSPORT

 Red blood cells contain hemoglobin

which is what picks up oxygen
molecules, so that they can move trough
arteries to the tissues of the body.
 GAS TRANSPORT

 Venous blood, on the other hand

appears darker?
 GAS TRANSPORT

 How is Carbon Dioxide

Transported?
• CO2 is Transported in the body in
three ways :
 Bicarbonate
 Carbaminohemoglobin
 Dissolved in blood plasma
 GAS TRANSPORT

 Approximately 10% of carbon dioxide is

Transported by dissolving and diffusing into
blood plasma.
 Approximately 20% of carbon dioxide is
bound to hemoglobin and Transported via
red blood cells.
 Approximately 70% of carbon dioxide is
Transported as bicarbonate.
 RESPIRATORY DISEASES
 Fibrosis
-Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that
occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged
and scarred. This thickened, stiff tissue
makes it more difficult for your lungs to work
properly. As pulmonary fibrosis worsens, you
become progressively more short of breath.

 Asthma
-Asthma is a disease that affects your lungs.
It is one of the most common long-term
diseases of children, but adults can have
asthma, too. Asthma causes wheezing,
breathlessness, chest tightness, and
coughing at night or early in the morning.
 RESPIRATORY DISEASES
 Emphysema
-Emphysema is a lung condition that causes
shortness of breath. In people with emphysema,
the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged.
Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken
and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of
many small ones.

 Chronic bronchitis
-Chronic bronchitis is long-term inflammation of the
bronchi. It is common among smokers. People
with chronic bronchitis tend to get lung infections
more easily. They also have episodes of acute
bronchitis, when symptoms are worse.
Thank you.