Name: ( ) Class: Date:

A. Multiple choice Marks: / 10

1. Which of the following is the approximate percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the exhaled
air?

Oxygen (%) Carbon dioxide (%)

A. 21 0.04
B. 16 4
C. 21 4
D. 80 20
□
B

2. Which of the following is the function of the pleural membranes?

A. They secrete a fluid which lubricates the lungs during breathing movements.
B. They give the lungs a pink colour. X
C. They help the lungs expand during inspiration. X
D. They help the diaphragm change pressure during breathing.✗
A
□

3. Which of the following statements about the mammalian trachea is correct?

A. It is kept open by a series of ring-shaped cartilages.

B. It is kept open by a series of C-shaped cartilages.
C. It is kept open by a series of ring-shaped bones.
D. It is kept open by a series of C-shaped bones.
B
□

4. Exhaled air contains

A. carbon dioxide, water vapour, oxygen and no nitrogen.

B. carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrogen and no oxygen.
C. carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and no water vapour.
D. carbon dioxide, water vapour, oxygen and nitrogen.
□
D

HKDSE Biology – a modern approach

© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 11-1
Name: ( ) Class: Date:

5. Which of the following processes takes place during inhalation?

A. relaxation of the intercostal muscles ✗

B. relaxation of the diaphragm muscles ✗

C. increase in volume of the thoracic cavity ✓
D. increase in air pressure in the thoracic cavity
□

:
6. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which oxygen will pass
during its entry into the human body?

A. trachea à bronchiole à bronchus à air sacs

B. trachea à bronchus à air sacs à pulmonary vein
C. trachea à bronchiole à air sacs à pulmonary artery
D. trachea à air sacs à bronchiole à pulmonary vein
□

7. Mary is breathing into and out of an airtight bag. Which of the following graphs about the change
in the respective gas component inside the bag is incorrect?
A. B.
amount of gas

nitrogen
amount of gas

carbon dioxide

number of breaths number of breaths

C. D.
amount of gas

amount of gas

oxygen water vapour

number of breaths number of breaths

A
□

HKDSE Biology – a modern approach

11-2 © 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Name: ( ) Class: Date:

0
8. In a multicellular organism, the structures involved most directly in providing oxygen to and
removing carbon dioxide from cells are

A. capillaries and veins.

B. arteries and air sacs.
C. capillaries and air sacs.
D. nasal cavity and air sacs. ✗
□
13

9. The graph below shows the relationship between oxyhaemoglobin and the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the blood.

concentration of
oxyhaemoglobin
in blood (%)

concentration of CO2 in blood (%)

Which of the following statements correctly describes this relationship?

A. The concentration of oxyhaemoglobin increases with the increase in carbon dioxide

concentration. ✗
B. The concentration of oxyhaemoglobin decrease with the decrease in carbon dioxide
concentration. ✗
C. The concentration of oxyhaemoglobin decreases with the increase in carbon dioxide
concentration. ✓
D. The concentration of oxyhaemoglobin is not affected by the concentration of carbon
dioxide.
□
o

O
10. Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity for haemoglobin than oxygen. Inhalation of excessive
carbon monoxide can be fatal. This happens because the capacity of red blood cells for carrying

A. carbon dioxide is decreased.

B. carbon dioxide is increased.
C. oxygen is decreased.
D. oxygen and carbon dioxide is decreased.
□
o

HKDSE Biology – a modern approach

© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 11-3
Name: ( ) Class: Date:

B. Structured questions Marks: / 31

1. The diagram below shows the human lungs.

trachea
X

(a) What is the function of structure X? (1 mark)

Prevent the trachea

from collapsing
(b) Explain why it is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth. (4 marks)

Hath Inside the nostrils filter larger dust particles from Inhaled air .

Mucus cells secret to trap dust particles from inhaled

secreting mucus air
-

and It moisten the Inhaled air from drying out .

Cilla beat to sweep the trapped particles in mucus for cough or

swallowing .

(c) Name Y and state their function. (3 marks)

pleural membrane , It secret pleural fluid and act as lubricant to reduce

friction during breathing

,
movent .

of lungs
(Total: 8 marks)

HKDSE Biology – a modern approach

11-4 © 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Name: ( ) Class: Date:

2. The diagram below shows a model used to demonstrate how air enters the lungs during breathing.
When the syringe plunger is pulled downwards, the balloon swells up with air.

balloon
syringe barrel
space X
rubber washer

baloon
syringe plunger

(a) Give two reasons to explain why the rubber washer cannot truly represent the diaphragm in
breathing movements. (2 marks)

the rubber washer has

fixed shape while diaphragm can
a

contract and relax .

Rubber washer is rigid and Inflexible while diaphgram is

(b) Why is the syringe barrel a poor representation of the thoracic wall? (2 marks) flexable .

The syringe barrel has a

fixed shape while the thoracic wall
fan more upward and downwards by the force of rib
cage
.

(c) Name the space of the mammalian body represented by space X in the diagram. (1 mark)

thoracic cavity
(d) Explain how air enters the lungs during inspiration. (4 marks)

Intercostal muscle contract ribcage move upwards and outwards

. the .

Diaghram muscle contract and become flattened The thoracic cavity .

Volume there use causes Increase

of
an volume
of lung the air pressure .

lower the atmospheric pressure and lungs

1h
lung air rushes into the
(Total: 9 marks)
.

HKDSE Biology – a modern approach

© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 11-5
Name: ( ) Class: Date:
3. Read the following short paragraphs and answer the questions.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common inherited diseases among northern Europeans
and white North Americans. The mucus of normal epithelial cells lining the trachea helps
prevent infection by trapping dirt particles and microorganisms. In CF patients, mucus
becomes abnormally thick and sticky. As this sticky mucus is difficult to clear, it tends to
clog up the bronchioles and fill up the alveoli. It makes lung infection more likely and the
lungs have to be cleared of mucus by physiotherapy at least twice a day.

(a) Explain how cystic fibrosis leads to the shortage of oxygen in the body. (2 marks)

1-1 Increase the diffusion distance for dissolving oxygen hence ,

the diffusion rate

of dissolved oxygen into capillaries decrease .

Emphysema is a disease often caused by smoking. The tars in cigarette smoke can also
irritate and damage lung tissue. This leads to a gradual breakdown of the thin walls of the
alveoli. People with emphysema are always short of breath. As the disease gets worse, they
may need to breathe pure oxygen.

(b) Explain how emphysema leads to the shortage of oxygen in the body. (2 marks)

The breakdown of alveoli thin wall reduce the surface area

for
gas exchange
(Total: 4 marks)

HKDSE Biology – a modern approach

11-6 © 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Name: ( ) Class: Date:
4. Read the following article and answer the questions.

Recently a study showed that chronic respiratory disease was the number-five killer in Hong
Kong. From 2000 to 2004, about 200000 people were hospitalized due to chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). One of the major causes of this disease was smoking. In this
study, researchers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong also found that the amount of
air pollutants in the air was directly proportional to the number of COPD patients hospitalized.

The study also pointed out that the frequency of hospitalization was directly proportional to
the number of deaths caused by COPD. Another problem that bothers the daily life of citizens
is asthma. People suffering from asthma may experience difficulty in breathing in the daytime
when the air pollution index is high.

Air pollution seems to be a threat to citizens’ lives!

(a) What should asthma patients do when air pollution index is high? (2 marks)

Staying Indoor and stop exercising

(b) According to the study of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, comment on the impact of
air pollution. (2 marks)

People from asthma may experience difficulty In breathing

suffering .

People with COPD disease may have difficulties 1h breathing

(c) Smoking is now banned in public places. Discuss the pros and cons for the policy. (2 marks)

less people in public places will breath

e in second hand smoke .

It Infringed Smokers right .

(d) Write a proposal to the government to suggest measures to help COPD patients. (Do not limit
your suggestions to medical treatments.) (3 marks)

limit the Import of cigge rates from overseas and Increase

the
price of oigge rates to lower the demand of it .

(Total: 10 marks)

HKDSE Biology – a modern approach

© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 11-7