THE RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
Aam Amarullah, M.Pd
 INTRODUCTION
• Respiratory systems allow animals (including
human) to move oxygen (needed for cellular
respiration) into body tissues and remove
carbon dioxide (waste product of cellular
respiration) from cells.
• “Respiration” is used several different ways:
– Cellular respiration is the aerobic breakdown of
glucose in the mitochondria to make ATP.
– Respiration is an everyday term that is often used to
mean “breathing.” which consist of two phrase:
inspiration and expiration.
 Four Respiration Processes

 Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of

lungs
 External respiration: gas exchange
between air and blood
 Internal respiration: gas exchange
between blood and tissues
 Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce
ATP, carbon dioxide as waste
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 ORGAN IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
STRUCTURE FUNCTION

Nose/Nasal cavity  warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled

Pharynx (throat)  passageway for air, leads to trachea

Larynx  the voice box, where vocal chords are located

Trachea  keeps windpipe "open" trachea is lined with fine hairs

(windpipe) called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs

Bronchi  two branches at the end of trachea, each lead to a lung

 a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi

Bronchioles
into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs

 the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases

Alveoli
are exchanged
Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Function:
 Passageway for
respiration
Receptors for smell

Filters incoming air to

filter larger foreign

material
Moistens and warms

incoming air
Resonating chambers

for voice
Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract

 Functions:
 Larynx: maintains an
open airway, routes
food and air
appropriately, assists
in sound production
 Trachea: transports
air to and from lungs
 Bronchi: branch into
lungs
 Lungs: transport air
to alveoli for gas
exchange
 RESPIRATORY ORGAN– NOSE
• There olfactory nerve for smell
Consists of two holes (right and left),
restricted nasal septum
• Nasal cavity:
– associated with oral cavity
– Function: warm, moisten and filter the air
There is a fine hair and membrane
– filtring incoming air, emit particles
RESPIRATORY ORGAN – FARING
• Faring:
– at the back of the
nasal cavity
– continuation of
the nasal
passages that
transmit air to
the larynx
 RESPIRATORY ORGAN – LARING
(PANGKAL TENGGOROKAN)
• Laring:
• Consists of a plate cartilage
• The inside walls are moved by muscles close the
glottis: hole / slit connecting pharyngeal-tracheal
• There membranes sound, vibrate if there
traversed the air, talking
• Have valves = epiglottis: always open, shut down
if there is food into the esophagus
Glotis and Epiglotis
 RESPIRATORY ORGAN – TRAKEA
(BATANG TENGGOROKAN)
• Composed of cartilage rings
• Located in front of the esophagus tubular
• The inside of the slick lined by mucous
membrane
• Cylindrical ciliated epithelial cell function:
keep dust/dirt in the air from entering the
lungs
 RESPIRATORY ORGAN – BRONKUS
(CABANG BATANG TENGGOROKAN)

• The part that connects the trachea to the

lungs
• There in the right lung and left
• Consists of a plate cartilage
• The walls are composed of smooth muscle
Bronchi branch = bronchioles: thin and not
cartilaginous.
 RESPIRATORY ORGAN – BRONKUS
(CABANG BATANG TENGGOROKAN)
 RESPIRATORY ORGAN – PULMO
• Enveloped by an elastic membrane: pleural
• Layout: in the chest cavity, above the
diaphragm: bulkhead which restricts the chest
cavity and abdominal cavity
• Right lung 3 wattle, left lung 2 wattle
• There bronchi and bronchioles alveoli
 Lungs - pleura

back
 Lungs – diafragma

back
 Lungs - Alveolus

back
Lungs - alveolus
Gas Exchange Between the Blood
and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A
 RESPIRATORY MECHANISM
 Occurs when the conscious and unconscious
Inspiratory and expiratory
 Based on how to do the inspiration and
expiration and the occurrence of:
1. breathing chest
2. abdominal breathing
 BREATHING CHEST
• Inspiration: musculus intercostalis
• contruction raised ribs  chest cavity enlarges,
expands Lungs  air pressure in lungs cavity↓ than
outer↑ air from outside into the Lungs

• Expiration: musculus intercostalis relaxation

ribs down chest cavity narrows, Lungs shrink 
air pressure in Lungs cavity ↑ than outer↓ the
air out of the Lungs.
 ABDOMINAL BREATHING
• Inspiration: diaphragm muscle contraction
flatted diaphragm Lungs and chest cavity
expands  air pressure cavity Lungs ↓ air from
outside into the Lungs.

• Expiration: diaphragm muscle relaxationcurved

diaphragm Lungs and chest cavity decreases air
pressure in Lungs cavity ↑ the air out of the
Lungs.
ABDOMINAL BREATHING
Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9
BREATHING
 Volume & Lungs Capacity
• Everyone different
• Depending on the size of the Lungs, the power
of breathing, how to breathe
• Lungs volume adults: 5-6 liters, consisting of:
 tidal Volume (VT)
 Volume up inspiration (VCI)
 Volume up expiration (VCE)
 Residual volume (VR)
 Volume & Lungs Capacity

• Tidal Volume (VT): air volume results

inspiration / expiration at any time to breathe
normally, ± 500cc / ml on average young
adults
• Volume up inspiration (VCI): extra air volume
that can be inspired after tidal volume, ±
reached 3000cc / ml
 Volume & Lungs Capacity
• Volume up expiration (VCE): the volume of air
that can still be strong at the end of normal
normal, ± reached 1100cc / ml
• Residual Volume (VR): air volume remained
strong in the Lungs after expiration, ± as
1200cc / ml
 Volume & Lungs Capacity
• Inspiration Capacity (KI)= VT+VCI
• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)= VCE+VR
• Vital Capacity (KV)= VCI+VT+VCE
• Total Lungs Capacity= KV+VR
• Spirometri: the method used to record the
volume of air in and out of the Lungs
Volume & Lungs Capacity
Volume & Lungs Capacity

spirometer
 BREATH FREKUENTION
• Slow fast breathing is affected by:
1.Age
2.Sex
3.Body temperature
4.Body position
 CHANGE O2 & CO2 MECHANISM
• Normal requirement of oxygen day: 300 cc /
day, except in certain circumstances
• Simple diffusion : the movement of molecules
freely through the cell membrane of
concentration/high pressure to
concentration / low pressure
• In alveolar cells and tissues in the body
 CHANGE O2 & CO2 MECHANISM
• Change O dan CO at alveolus :
2 2

– HbCO2  Hb + CO2
– O2 + Hb  HbO2 (oksihemoglobin)
– H+ + HCO3-  H2CO3  H2O + CO2
• Change O and CO at tissues :
2 2

– HbO2  O2 + Hb
– Hb + CO2  HbCO2
– H2O + CO2  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-
• Change O2 by tissues
– C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
 CHANGE O2 & CO2 MECHANISM

Reaksi reversibel antara oksigen dan

hemoglobin.
CHANGE O2 & CO2 MECHANISM
CHANGE O2 & CO2 MECHANISM
CHANGE O2 & CO2 MECHANISM
CHANGE O2 & CO2 MECHANISM
 Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System
Pharyngeal inflammation, pain on swallowing, throat feels dry,
Pharyngitis
bacterial or viral infections, cigarette

Severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of

asthma
bronchioles

 bronchitis Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles

Condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to

emphysema
lose their elasticity

Condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid,

preventing the exchange of gases
pneumonia
Infection is spread by bacteria from the alveoli into the alveoli
another, can be extended to other lobes even entire Lungs.

lung cancer Irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue
 ANOTHER MALFUNCTION AND DISEASE
• Rhinitis • Sinusitis
• Laryngitis
• Tuberculosis (TBC)
• Diphteria
• Asfiksia
• Bronchogenic Carcinoma
• Pneumothorax • Hipoksia
• Decompresi desease • Asidosis
• Coryza/Common cold • Sianosis
• Influenza