RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
What is Human Respiration?
■ The human respiratory system is a process which
allows one to obtain oxygen, and eliminate
carbon dioxide.
■ Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and
expiration
■ Inspiration- the process of taking in air

■ Expiration- the process of blowing out air

Human Respiratory System

Figure 10.1
Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
warms, moistens, & filters air as it is
nose / nasal cavity
inhaled

pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea

the voice box, where vocal chords are
larynx
located

keeps the windpipe "open"

trachea is lined with fine hairs called
trachea (windpipe)
cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs

two branches at the end of the trachea,

bronchi
each lead to a lung

a network of smaller branches leading from

bronchioles the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs

the functional respiratory units in the lung

alveoli
where gases are exchanged
Components of the Upper
Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.2
 Upper Respiratory Tract
Functions

■ Passageway for respiration

■ Receptors for smell
■ Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
■ Moistens and warms incoming air
■ Resonating chambers for voice
Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3
 Lower Respiratory Tract

■ Functions:
■ Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and
air appropriately, assists in sound production
■ Trachea: transports air to and from lungs

■ Bronchi: branch into lungs

■ Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Gas Exchange Between the Blood
and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A
Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9
 Diaphragm:

The diaphragm is a dome shaped

muscular structure separating the
thoracic and abdominal cavities.
It forms floor of the thoracic cavity
and roof of abdominal cavity.
 Physiology of respiration
External Respiration [ Pulmonary respiration]:
During external respiration oxygen enters and
carbon-dioxide leaves the blood in the lungs.
Internal Respiration [Cellular respiration]:
Exchange of gasses takes place by means of
oxygen enters into the body cells and carbon-
dioxide leaves the body cells.
 RATE OF RESPIRATION

Adults: 10 to 20 beats per minute

Newborn: 40 beats per minute

INSPIRATION: EXPIRATION:
Nitrogen: 79% Nitrogen: 79%
Oxygen: 20% Oxygen: 16%
Carbon-dioxide: 0.04% Carbon-dioxide: 4.04%
 APPLIED

Sinusitis: it is usually caused by spread of microbes from

nose and pharynx to mucous membrane.
Pharyngitis: This usually accompanies common colds and
tonsillities caused due to acute bacterial infection.
Pneumonia: Infection to alveoli.
Hyperventilation: Increase in rate and force of respiration.
Hypoventilation: Decrease in rate and force of respiration.
Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System

severe allergic reaction

asthma characterized by the
constriction of bronchioles
inflammation of the lining
bronchitis
of the bronchioles

condition in which the alveoli

emphysema deteriorate, causing the lungs
to lose their elasticity

condition in which the alveoli

pneumonia become filled with fluid,
preventing the exchange of
gases

irregular & uncontrolled

lung cancer
growth of tumors in the lung
 ASSIGNMENT
Measurement of Lung Capacity

PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST:

I. IC
II. EC
III. FRC
IV. VC
V. TLC

Figure 10.10A
THANK YOU