The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

 Chemical level – atoms form molecules

 Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
 Tissue level – a group of cells performing a
common function
 Organ level – a discrete structure made up of
more than one tissue
 Organ system level – organs working together for
a common purpose
 Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels
working in unison
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
 Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
 Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
 Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

 Regional terms – names of specific body areas

 Axial region – the main axis of the body
 Appendicular region – the limbs

 Directional terminology
 Refers to the body in anatomical position
 Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
Gross Anatomy
Orientation and Directional Terms
Orientation and Directional Terms
Orientation and Directional Terms
Regional Terms
Body Planes and Sections

 Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and

divides body into anterior and posterior parts
 Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal
plane that lies vertically in the midline
 Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides
body into superior and inferior parts
 Oblique section through the trunk
Body Planes and Sections
Surface Anatomy- Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Subdivided into the
cranial cavity and
the vertebral cavity.
 Cranial cavity
houses the brain.
 Vertebral cavity
runs through the
vertebral column
and encloses the
spinal cord
Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity Subdivided into:
Thoracic cavity divided into three parts:
 Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a
pleural cavity
 Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the
pericardial sac.
 Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts

 Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys,
and other organs
 Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive
organs, and rectum
Body Cavities and Membranes
Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
 Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
 Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
 Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs
Other Body Cavities
1. Oral cavity 3. Orbital cavities 4. Synovial cavities
2. Nasal cavity 5. Middle ear cavities
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
 Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
 Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
 Right upper and left upper quadrants
 Right lower and left lower quadrants
Histology Anatomy - Human Tissue
What is Tissue?
a collection of cells that have the same shape and
function, Multiple groups to form organ tissue.

Division of Human Tissues Anatomy- Base on cell type:

Epithelium tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue
and Neural tissue
A. Epithelium Tissue
 Arranged very close one to another
 Cell layer is always facing surface
 Epithelial tissue consists of two components: the cell layer and the bottom layer
 is the basal membrane, the cell layers were attached
 Avascular (without blood vessels)
 High regeneration
Division of Epithelium Tissues

Classified based on the number of layers Classified based on the shape of the cells :
of cells:  Flattened epithelial
epithelial layer  Cuboid epithelial
 Cylindrical epithelium
stratified epithelium
1. Flattened ephitelial:
a. Flattened epithelial layer
 Compiled by flattened cells
layer
 Generally serves to exchange
gases or other
 For example, the alveolar
epithelium and capillary
vessel walls.
b. Epithelium Pipih Berlapis
 Composed of several layers
 Shaped flat,
 serves as a protective
Found in:
skin; mouth; esophagus
2. Cuboidal Epithelium
a. Cube epithelial layer
 Compiled by a layer of cube-
shaped cells
 Usually found on the duct/gland
 Example: the walls of the bile
duct and ovarian wrap

b. Epithelium-lined cube
 Composed of two layers of
cells/more cuboid.
3. Cylindrical epithelium
a. Cylindrical epithelial layer
 Compiled by a layer of
cylindrical cells
 Usually have a goblet cells.
 Example: intestinal wall

b. Epithelium Silindris Berlapis

 Cylindrical surface of the cell,
but the cell underneath shaped
diverse
4. Pseudo stratified epithelial layer
 Compiled by a layer of cells, but
the rod shaped like a layered
 Some have cilia, especially in
breathing duct,
 Serves as a secretion or absorption

5. Transitional epithelial
 A layered epithelial with
various cell layer
 Wrapping the urine bag
inside
B. Connective tissue
 Tissue found in all organs of the body.
 Consists of two components, namely: connective tissue
cells and the extracellular matrix (fiber and basic
substances).
Function: Tying one organ to another organ; Sustain organ
Organ protection
Connective tissue component
Matriks Ekstraseluler

Two forms of the extracellular matrix, namely:

Basic Substance - Characteristically semi-liquid, composed by
hyaluronic acid (protein) and mucopolysaccharides.
Fiber
Produced by connective tissue cells
Based on the shape, there are three types of fibers making up the
matrix: Collagen fibers; Elastin fibers and reticular fibers
Part of connective tissue
Based on the type of fiber and its constituent cells, connective tissue can be
divided into several types, namely:
1. Osteon
Consist by :
 Bone cells (osteocytes)
 Hard matrix (calcium deposits)
 Collagen fibers
For protect of organ and to gibe shape in the
body
2. Cartilage
Consist by :
 Chondrocyte cells
 A number of collagen
 Fibers
Cloudy and elastic matrix
Function : developed the framework for
a newborn baby, Contained in certain
organs, such as the ears, nose, ribs, etc.
3. Dense connective tissue
 Compiled by fibroblasts
 Matrix components such as collagen
fibers are arranged densely and
regularly
Example:
 Tendon - bone with muscle Liaison
 Ligaments - liaison bone to bone
4. Loose connective tissue
 Consist of loose fiber/not meeting
 Constituent fibers are collagen
 Component fiber cells are fibroblasts
Function: Support, surround and
connect the elements of the network /
other organs.
5. Adiposa Tissue
 Is a connective tissue that contains
or stores fat
Function:
 Protecting multiple organ
 Store food reserves
 Regulate body temperature

6. Blood vessel
 Compiled form of blood fluid
(plasma) and blood cells.
Blood plasma contains fibers
that fibrin function of
transporting substances to and
from the rest of the body
C. Muscle Tissue
 Serves as an active locomotor
 Based on the shape of its constituent cells of muscle tissue
can be divided into three types, namely:
1. Smooth muscle
2. Striated muscle
3. Myocardial

1 2 3
No Diferences Smooth muscle Striated muscle Myocardial

1 working unconsciously consciously Unconsciously

2 Cell shape Such us disc, core in Like a pipe, A pipe branch
the middle
3 nucleus One in the middle Many, One in step Once in the middle
next

4 Picture Only In hearts

D. Nerve Tissues
Function:
Receive stimuli from sensory organs
Processing stimuli received
Responds to stimuli
Neural tissue Components:
Glia cells: Serves protect, support neurons to perform
its functions
Nodus Ranvier
Selubung myelin
Akson

Sel Schwan
Sel Schwan
Nodus Nucleus Sel
Akson Selubung Myelin
Ranvier Gbr. Schwann
Neuron dan bagian-bagiannya

0.1 µm
Regional Anatomy (Systemic)

 Systemic – study of anatomy by system

 Regional – study of anatomy by region
 Most students use a combination of regional and
systemic study
 The Integumentary System

 Forms external body covering

 Protects deeper tissues from
injury
 Synthesizes vitamin D
 Site of cutaneous receptors
 (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat
and oil glands
 The Skeletal System

 Protects and supports

body organs
 Provides a
framework for
muscles
 Blood cells formed
within bones
 Stores minerals
 The Muscular System

 Allows manipulation of
environment
 Locomotion
 Facial expression
 Maintains posture
 Produces heat
 The Nervous System

 Fast-acting control system

 Responds to internal and
external changes
 The Endocrine System

 Glands secrete hormones

that regulate
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Nutrient use
 The Cardiovascular System

 Blood vessels transport blood

 Carries oxygen and carbon
dioxide
 Also carries nutrients and
wastes
 Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels

Figure 1-2(f)
 The Lymphatic System

 Picks up fluid leaked from

blood vessels
 Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic system
 Houses white blood cells
(lymphocytes)
 Mounts attack against foreign
substances in the body
 The Respiratory System

 Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen
 Removes carbon dioxide
 Gas exchange occurs through
walls of air sacs in the lungs
 The Digestive System

 Breaks down food into

absorbable units
 Indigestible foodstuffs
eliminated as feces
 The Urinary System

 Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

 Regulates water, electrolyte,
and acid-base balance
 Reproductive System
 Overall function is to produce offspring
 Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
 Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
 Mammary glands produce milk

Figure 1-2(l)