Human Anatomy

And
Physiology
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeletal System
 Framework of the human body.

 The Skeletal System consists

- Bones
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
-Tendons
FUNCTIONS OF BONE

❑ Gives shape and support

❑ Allows movement

❑ Produces blood cells

❑ Protect organs

❑ Store minerals such as calcium

Classification Of Bones On The Basis Of Shape
SKELETON CLASSIFICATION
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
The Appendicular includes

• Shoulder girdle
• Pelvic girdle
• Upper limbs
• Lower limbs
AXIAL SKELETON

The axial skeleton includes all the bones

along the body’s long axis.

• Skull
•Ossicles in Middle Ear
•Hyoid bone in neck
•Vetebral Coloum
•Rib cage + Sternum
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Rib Cage
Vertebral Colum or Spine
Ossicle Bone in Middle Ear
 Osteoporosis
Arthritis
Disorders of
- Osteoarthritis
the skeletal
- Rheumatoid arthritis
system
Spondylitis
Slipped disc
OSTEOPOROSIS ARTHRITIS
Spondylitis Slipped Disc
 Generate YOGA practice

Cultivating Calcium rich food

Healthy Vitamin D

Skeletal
System Moderate weight bearing exercises

Check on alcohol consumption

 Muscular System
What do our Muscles do?

• Enable us to move our body parts

• Give us our individual shape
• Helps in the circulation of blood
• Generate body heat when they contract
 • Muscles that attaches to bones is skeletal
muscles
• Voluntary muscles(can be controlled
consciously)

Skeletal
Muscles
 • Small muscle line your blood vessels and many of your
organs
• Involuntary in nature (cannot be consciously controlled
• Example : muscle of the digestive system

Smooth
Muscle
 • Only found in the heart
• Involuntary muscle (cannot control consciously
• It works automatically but is under constant
nervous and chemical control

Cardiac
Muscle
Disorders of the muscular system
Muscle Sprain Tendonitis Muscular
Dystrophy
 YOGA FOR MUSCULAR SYSTEM
More Yoga - More Movement - Less DISEASES

• Yoga asanas help in problems related to poor body posture as they strengthen
weak muscles and stretch tight ones.
• Pranayama compliments yoga poses as it helps the person to release accumulated
muscle tension from the body, promotes energy flow and leaves person feeling
rejuvenated.
• When asanas practiced regularly with a well thought sequence of poses and
counter poses can really help the muscular system balanced.
• Improves flexibility, endurance and neuro-muscular coordination.
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system, essentially the body’s electrical wiring, is a

complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons
that transmit signals between different parts of the body..

.
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Brain
• Spinal cord
 Brain

Brain:
● The brain is found in skull or cranium.
● Made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of
connections called synapses.
Brain
 Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous Atonomic Nervous

System System
 Disorders of The Nervous System

Alzheimer's Disease Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

 Yoga for The Nervous System
There are some yoga practices for the health of nervous
system.
Asanas :
- Supta badhakonasana
- Viparitakarani
- Supta Veerasana
- Badhakonasana and Butterfly pose
- Savasana
And also inversion asanas.

Pranayama : Surya bedhana is good for the health of

sympathetic nervous system and nadi shodhana cleanses the
nerves. 40
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

❑ Set of organs that allows to breathe and

exchange , oxygen and carbon dioxide
throughout the body.
Functions
Supplies the body with O2 & disposes
CO2
Functions

Filter air

Regulates blood pH

Rids the body with excessive water and

heat
Parts of Respiratory System
• Nasal cavity
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Lungs
• Diaphragm
Tracheo - Bronchial Tree
• Left lung divided into 2 lobes

• Right lung divided into 3 lobes

BREATHING
INHALATION EXHALATION

Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm relaxes

Rib cage rises up Rib cage lowers down
Expands the volume of chest cavity Air is pushed out of the lungs
INHALATION AND EXPERATION
COMMON RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
YOGASANAS FOR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Chest opening Asanas such as

Ustrasana
Bhujangasana

Setu Bandhasana

Chakrasana
Dhanurasana
PRANAYAMA
Yoga breathing practices that lengthens your inhale and
exhale or rapid inhalation and exhalation, exercises
breathing muscles even more, such as :

• KAPALBHATI
• BHASTRIKA
• NAADI SHODHAN
Thank You
 01
Circulatory system is a network consisting of blood,
blood vessels, and the heart.

.
 JOBS of Blood & RBC
💗 Transport nutrients

💗 Transport oxygen

💗 Transport hormones

💗 Removal of metabolic waste material, such as carbon dioxide,

nitrogenous waste.
The Circulatory System consists of 3 parts.
- Blood
- Blood Vessels
- Heart

Blood : The red blood cells in the blood carry different

materials, like nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and more, to
and from all parts of the body.
Blood Vessels - Network of vessels that
transport blood throughout the body.

These are 3 types :

Arteries – Transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to different parts

the body.

Veins - Carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart from different parts of the body.

Capillaries – Form connection between arteries and veins, they

exchange the materials between the blood and the cells.
HEART
Location
Heart has 4 chambers
• 2 upper chambers atria

• 2 lower chambers ventricles

Valves
Tricuspid Valve:
Mitral Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve
In Circulatory System, there are 2
types of circulation.
- Pulmonary circulation
- Systemic circulation

Pulmonary Circulation :
It carries blood from the heart to
lungs and back to heart.

Systemic Circulation :
It carries blood from the heart to all
parts of the body and back to heart.
CARDIAC CYCLE
 Disorders of The Circulatory System
Blood Pressure Coronary artery disease : Narrowing or blockage of
the coronary arteries usually caused by is the build-up of
cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques)

Angina : A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood

flow to the heart.

Heart attack : A blockage of blood flow to the heart

muscle
 Yoga for The Circulatory System
● Asana & Pranayama.

● Love & Connection with the inner self and friends & family.

● Social & Extracurricular Activities - Satsanga - True Company.

● Yoga Nidra , Meditation, Rest & Lifestyle, Food Habits.

● Positive Attitude, Way of Thinking & Healthy Behaviours.

*However, inversions must be avoided by blood pressure (BP) patients.

Shavasana and relaxation techniques help to get the blood pressure to normal level.
Thank You
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Sultan Kösen Jyoti Amge
8 ft 9 inch 63 cm
37 years age 26 years
 Glands ?
Two types of glands

Endocrine glands

Exocrine glands
 Hormones
01 Steroid Hormones 02 Protein Hormones
Aldosterone Insulin
Estrogen Growth hormone
Progesterone
 Functions
Hormones Control The Function Of Entire Organs Metabolism
• Growth And Development
• Sexual Function And Reproduction
• Heart Rate
• Blood Pressure
• Appetite
• Sleeping And Waking Cycles
• Body Temperature
Endocrine system is a series
of glands that produce and Endocrine
secrete hormones that the
body uses for a wide range of System
functions
Organs
Endocrine Glands
Disorders
Hypothalamus and pituitary : Disturbs all other glandular functions.

Pineal gland : Mental and sleep disorders.

Hyperthyroidism : Thyroid hormone ↑ - weight loss, rapid heart rate, sweating and
nervousness..

Hypothyroidism : Thyroid hormone ↓ -weight gain, fatigue, constipation, dry skin and
depression.

PCOS : Over production of androgens that interferes with development of eggs and
their release from female ovaries.

Diabetes : Low insulin production or insensitivity of cells to insulin.

 Yoga For Endocrine System
• Practice Asana,
Bandha, &
Mudras regularly give physical & mental automatically.

• Lifestyle changes
• Balanced Diet
• Menstrual Cycle - Uddiyana Bandha, Kapalbhati, Nauli, Dhanurasana,
Halasana, Yoga Mudra Etc
• Thyroid issues - Setu Bandhasana, Halasana, Matsyasana And
Some Ujjayi Breathing Or Chanting
Thank You
The Immune System is a complex network of cells &
proteins that defends the body against infection.
The main parts of the immune system
are:

white blood cells

antibodies

Complement system
lymphatic system
spleen
bone marrow
thymus.
White blood cells (WBCs)
• Leucocytes
• Made in the bone marrow.
• Stored in your blood and lymph tissues.
• Short life of 1 to 3 days
• 4500-11000
• Bone marrow is always making them.
Mast Cells: they have many jobs such as helping to heel
wounds and defend against pathogens.

Dendritic Cells: these are type of antigen presenting cells.

 Lymphatic
system

The lymphatic system is a network of tissues

and organs which helps to drain the waste,
toxins and unwanted material
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs
which helps to drain the waste, toxins and unwanted
material.

Lymph : It is a colorless fluid that travels through the

lymphatic system.
Lymphatic Vessels : These are like blood vessels that
carry lymph.
Lymph Nodes : These are round shaped glands that
filters lymph and connects the lymphatic vessels.
Spleen : It acts as a filter for the blood.
Disorders of The Immune System

95
 Yoga for The Immune System

▪ Yoga is a way to keep your immune levels high by strengthening your body physica
and even mentally.

▪ Your lifestyle, diet and sleep has signification effect on Immune System.

▪ Pranayama : Ujjayi, Bahstrika, Bramari

▪ Asanas : All balancing Asanas, Trikonasana, Purvottansana,Parsvakonasana.

96
Excretory
System
The Excretory System
Excretory system helps in filtering and
removing excessive and unnecessary
material from the body

Functions of the Excretory System

⚫ Maintain internal chemical
homeostasis
⚫ Maintain body fluids
⚫ Maintain pH balance
⚫ Regulates the blood pressure
The Urinary System

1. Kidney
2. Ureters
3. Urinary bladder
4. Urethra
Anatomy & Internal structure of Kidney
Ureter and Urinary Bladder
Kidney Disorders

KIDNEY STONES
In case of Chronic kidney failure only two treatments can help-
Kidney transplantation
Dialysis
Yoga Asanas For Kidney Health

⚫ Sarala Bhujangasana

⚫ Ardha Matsyndrasana (Sitting half spinal twist)

⚫ Paschimottanasana (Seated forward bend)

⚫ Setu Bandhasana

⚫ Naukasana
 Tips To Keep Your Kidneys Health

Besides yoga for kidney health, there are a few lifestyle changes you can include:

• Home cooked food

• More fruits and green leafy vegetables.
• Avoid foods with high-potassium content and include more iron-rich food in
your diet.
• Switch to an ayurvedic diet for more nutrition.
• Drink plenty of water
• 6-8 hours of sleep every day.
THANK YOU
What is Reproduction ?

• The production of new organisms from

the existing organisms of the same species
is known as reproduction.
 1. Male reproductive system
2. Female reproductive system
Reproductive
3. Fertilization
system consists
of: 4. Development of Embryo
Male Reproductive system consist of two
main parts

• Testes

• Penis
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FERTILIZATION PROCESS
 DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO

FERTILIZATION PROCESS
PLACENTA
 FEMALE

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

• Ectopic pregnancy
DISORDERS OF MALE • Fibroids
and FEMALE • Dysmenorrhea– pain full menstrual cycle
REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

MALE
• Prostatitis
• Infertility
 YOGASANAS FOR REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

Ekapada Rajakapotasana

• Virabhadrasana variation:
 YOGA FOR REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Stress can cause PCOD - Meditation and yoga nidra can solve these problems
very effectively.
• Problems related to infertility in men and women can be effectively cured with
regular yoga practice.
• Some of the pranayama techniques are to be avoided during menstrual cycle for
women. It is not advised to do intense yoga asanas and inversions during that time.
Simple joint rotations can be practiced.
• Excess/abnormal sexual desire is due to hormonal imbalance. It can be
successfully treated with regular yoga practice.
INTEGUMENTRY
SYSTEM
INTRODUTION
Integumentary System - set of organs that forms the
external covering of the body.

It consists of skin, hair, nails, glands

The skin has 3 different layers :

Epidermis : It is made up of cells called

keratinocytes which produce keratin helps as
barrier protection to the skin

Dermis : It consists of tissues, blood vessels, sensory

receptors, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands.

Endodermis : The hypodermis is made of

subcutaneous fats, connective tissues, blood vessels,
and nerve cells.
GLANDS OF SKIN
• Sebaceous glands

Sebum -
Fatty acids ,Trglycerides, waxes
,paraffin ,Lipids

• Sweat glands
Sweat – water ,Nacl,
urea ,lactic acid

• Sympathatic nervous –
acetylcholine- stimulate sweat
glands
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN

• Protective function
• Sensory function
• Storage function
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
• Regulation of body temperature
 HAIR
The hair grows out of hair follicles
in dermis layer.

Prevents heat loss from the head.

Protects skin from UV rays.
Hair in nose filters incoming air.
Eyelashes keeps harmful
substances out of the eyes.

126
NAIL
• Like hair, nails also consists
dead keratinocytes.

Protects ends of fingers and

toes.

Enhance the sense of touch

in fingertips.

Nails can be an indicator of

a person's general health,
and illness
DISEASES

Acne

Vitiligo

Psoriasis

Sunburns

Itching and rashes

Fungal Infections
Yoga For The Integumentary System
Skin Hydrated.

It lubricates the body internally and externally and may more.

Regular practice of yoga - Improves blood circulation which helps to fight aging.

Shat kriyas - Detoxify The Body

Shanka prakshalana - Cleanses your digestive tract

Thank you
Digestive System
What is Digestion ?

•Process by which food is broken down into simple chemical substances that
can be absorbed and used as nutrients by the body

• Digestive process mechanical and chemical breakdown

 Mouth Gall Bladder
This image cannot currently be display ed.

Salivary glands Liver

Oesophagus

Stomach
Pancreas Small &Large Intestine
 Alimentary canal
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine

Accessory glands

• Salivary glands
• Exocrine part of pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder
 Digestive process

❖ Ingestion
❖ Propagation
❖ Mechanical break down
❖ Chemical Digestion
❖ Absorption
❖ Defecation
 Pharynx

The pharynx conducting zone of

the respiratory system and digestive
system
 ESOPHAGUS

Esophagus - Food Pipe - 25cm length

Peristalsis - is a radially symmetrical contraction and

relaxation of muscles that propagates in a wave down a
tube

lower Esophageal Sphincter

● Major organ STOMACH
● J-shaped organ

● Joines esophagus & duodenum

● Layers – mucosa , sub - mucosa muscle

layer , serosa.

● Mechanical digestion - peristalsis

● Hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride

● Pepsinogen - enzyme pepsin -
Digestion of proteins
● Mcosa - hco3- alkaline

● 1 hour or two, a thick semi-liquid

called chyme.
SMALL INTESTINE & LARGE INTESTINE

Large
intestine

Small
intestine
 Accessory Organs
• Include: Liver, gall bladder and pancreas

Pancreas :
• Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats,
carbohydrates and proteins
• Regulates blood sugar by producing
insulin
Volume : 500 to 800 mL/day
Reaction : Highly alkaline with a pH of 8 to 8.3
PANCREAS
 Liver :
Directly affects digestion by producing bile
◦ Bile helps digest fat
• filters out toxins and waste including drugs and alcohol and
poisons.
Volume : 800 to 1,200 mL/day
Color : Golden yellow or green

Gallbladder :
• Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the small
intestine.
• Fatty diets can cause gallstones LIVER AND GALL BLADER
 About 1.5 meters long
7 meters long
Absorbs nutrients left behind by the small
Absorption of nutrients - villi
intestines.
Secretes digestive enzymes
Water absorption
 Length Of Intestine

More than 9 meters (30 feet)

long in adults and includes the
oesophagus, stomach, and small and
large intestines.
 YOGA Point of view
Cleansing Practices - Shatkriyas/Shatkarmas/ShuddhiKriyas:

▣ Kunjal Kriya & Shanka prakshalana - Detoxification processes

▣ Asana - Digestive fire or Agni is stimulated - Hunger & Digestion.
Naukasana (Boat pose)
Paschimottasana (Seated forward bend pose)
Ustrasana (Camel pose)
Pavanmuktasana (Wind-relieving pose)
Ardha Matsyendrasana (Sitting half spinal twist)
Trikonasana (Triangle pose)
Disorders of the digestive system

● Diarrhoea
● Indigestion
● Vomiting
● Constipation
● Cancer
● Jaundice
● Ulcer
THANK YOU