BODY SYSTEMS AND ENERGY FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

SKELETAL SYSTEM

● The skeleton provides a rigid framework and support for the body. Bones surround
and protect organs. Bones help produce movement. Bones store and release
minerals. Bones produce blood cells.
● The two parts of the skeletal system are the axial and appendicular systems.
● Synovial joints are the joints that are found between the bones that move against
each other. There are 6 types of synovial joints- gliding, hinge, pivot, ovoid, saddle
and ball and socket joint.
● Vertebral column- Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5, fused), Coccyx
( 4, fused).
● Directional Terms: - Superior: Towards the head/ upper part of the body, Inferior:
Away from the head, lower part of the body, Anterior: At or near the front of the body,
Posterior: At or near the back of the body, Medial: Near the midline of the body,
Lateral: Farther from the midline, Proximal: Near the origination of the body, Distal:
Away from the origination of the body.
● Types of bones- Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid, Sutural bones.
● Gliding joints- slight sliding movements- bones between the vertebrae, wrist bones.
● Hinge joints- flexion and extension- joints in elbows, knees and fingers.
● Pivot joints- rotation- joints in the neck, radius and ulna in the forearm
● Condyloid joints- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction- wrist joint.
● Saddle joints- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction- thumb joint.
● Ball & socket joints- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation-
shoulder joint.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

● There are two types of muscles- voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (cardiac)
● Flexion- the bending or decreasing the angle at the joint- upward phase of a bicep
curl.
● Extension- straightening or increasing the angle at the joint- straightening the knee
when kicking a ball
● Abduction- moving a body part away from the midline of the body- starjumps.
● Adducation- moving a body part towards the midline of the body- starjumps.
● Circumduction- moving a joint in a circular motion- bowling in a cricket match.
● Rotation- turning or twisting a bone along its axis- turning neck joint.
● Dorsi- Flexion- moving toes upwards.
● Plantar- Flexion- moving toes downwards.
● Types of muscles: smooth muscles- walls of hollow organs like intestines, involuntary,
Cardiac muscles- found in the heart, skeletal muscles, cover the skeleton and give
the body shape
● Types of muscle contraction: Isometric- develops tension, no change in muscle
length (wall sit) , Isotonic- develops tension, shortens (concentric) or lengthens
(eccentric), Isokinetic- develops constant tension (Brisk walking).
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

● The circulatory system is also known as the cardiovascular system. It is made of the
arteries, veins, capillaries and the heart. The circulatory system pumps blood
throughout the body. At rest the heart beats 60-80 times a minute.
● Arteries- Takes blood away from the body, Veins- Takes blood to the heart,
capillaries- Transports blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in the organs and tissues.
● The circulatory system has 2 circuits - pulmonary and systemic. The pulmonary
system moves blood between the heart and lungs. The systemic circuit is a system of
transportation that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
● Blood circulates through the body through the pumping action of the heart. The
impure blood is collected from different organs of the body through two major veins
(superior and inferior veins). The two veins empty blood into the right atrium. From
here it enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. From here the blood is
pumped into the pulmonary artery. Through this artery the blood is carried to the
lungs and a gas exchange occurs. Pure blood is carried by the pulmonary vein to the
left atrium. Blood enters the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. From here the
aorta carries the pure blood to the rest of the body.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

● Inspiration: Air is drawn into the lungs. Expiration: Air is breathed out.
● Components of the Respiratory System- 1. air passage: nasal cavities, the pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, 2. The lungs, 3. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
● Larynx: Allows air to pass from the throat to the trachea.
● Pharynx: Receives air from the nasal cavity
● Trachea: Carries air into the lungs
● Bronchus: Carries air into the lungs, moisturises the air inhaled
● Bronchioles: Carries air into the lungs.
● Alveoli: Gas exchange in the lungs.
● Diaphragm: Diaphragm contracts and relaxes in inspiration and expiration
respectively.

ENERGY SYSTEM

● 3 macronutrients- Carbs, Proteins and Fats

● Glucose: being used, Glycogen: Stored in muscles and liver
● There are 2 main classifications for energy systems: Aerobic and Anaerobic (ATP-PC
and Lactic Acid).
● ATP- PC System: This system is used for exercise that is explosive and involves
shorts duration or stops and starts. It relies on stores of phosphocreatine as the
energy source. In this system, ATP is readily available, but PC stores run out quickly.
Therefore, the system does not last long before fatigue sets in (<30 secs or 10 secs
maximal force)
● Lactic Acid System: After the phosphocreatine stores have been depleted and
energy is still required to continue at high intensity, ATP can then be supplied via the
anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates (glycolysis). Glycolysis involves the
 breakdown of glycogen into glucose and produces ATP with lactic acid and hydrogen
ions as a negative by- product. This system relies on glycogen for energy. This
system lasts longer than the ATP- PC system ( 30 sec to 3 mins), but fatigues once
lactic acid builds up.
● Aerobic System: This system is used for long duration (>3mins) or endurance
exercise that uses oxygen to break down glucose. It is used most often, as we use it
for day to day activities such as sitting, walking, thinking and breathing. It is also
important for endurance athletes. This system primarily uses carbohydrates first, then
will use fats and in extreme cases, protein to produce energy.

- Hydration in Sport
● Ingredients in sports drinks- water, salt and energy.
● Hypotonic has a lower concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood. Hypertonic
has a higher concentration of fluid, sugars and salt than blood. Isotonic has a similar
concentration of fluid, sugars and salt to blood.