Living Things

-Multicellular organisms have multiple cells which all perform different functions e.g humans,
animals etc
-Unicellular organisms have only one cell that performs all functions e.g bacteria,
protists-amoeba, paramecium etc.
-The human body is a complex organism with cells, tissues, organs and systems
-The human body has 10 major systems
-The ten major organs systems are: Skeletal, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Nervous, Endocrine,
Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive
–The skeletal, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Nervous systems creates an infrastructure that
facilitates the other systems
-The skeletal system is the framework of 200 bones and hold the body, give in shape and
protects organs and tissues
-The muscular system has types of muscles skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Joints and Movements (Skeletal and Muscular System)

-Joints connect bones together and extent direction in every movement made
moveable joints and freely moveable joints
-Structural classification includes fibrous joints , cartilaginous joints and synovial joints
-Fibrous contains thick fibrous material and don't allow movement and hold the bones close
together
-Cartilage is a type of firm tissue which is softer and provides more movements
-Synovial joints are freely moving joints that has a synovial fluid
-There are six types of synovial joints: hinge, pivot, ball and socket, ellipsoid, saddle and plane.
They allow the movement for the musculoskeletal systems - Structural classification is
connection with bones
-Functional classification is amount of mobility
-Functional classification includes 3 types of joints which are immovable joints, slightly

Tendons (Skeletal and Muscular System)

-Connect muscles to bones
-Transfer force by the muscle to the bone
-Made of collagen fibres that are packed close together
-Tendonitis is the inflammation of tendons
-Found in bones, skin, blood vessels etc
-Tendon problems can be caused by overuse, repetitive motion or bad posture

Circulatory System
-Parts-Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, Veins and Blood
-The heart is a muscular organ and located slightly left of centre in the body
-The heart is divided into a right and left side which separates oxygen rich blood and oxygen poor blood
-The heart pumps 5 quarts of blood every min, 100,000 pumps per day, 35 million times in a year
-4 chambers- right ventricle, right atrium, left ventricle, left atrium
-The right side of the heart collects and pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.
The lungs refresh the blood with a new supply of oxygen. Oxygen rich blood enters the left side of the
heart and is pumped to the aorta to the body.
-4 valves within the heart keep your blood moving the right way- tricuspid, pulmonary, aortic, mitral.
Each valve opens and closes once per heartbeat
–A beating heart contracts and relaxes. Contraction is called systole and relaxing is called diastole
-During systole your ventricles contract forcing blood into the vessels going into your lungs and body. Like
a ketchup being
-Your heart has electrical wiring which keeps it beating

Blood in the circulatory system

-Most of blood is plasma
-Plasma has all the nutrients, oxygen and waste dissolved in it
-Suspended in the solution are white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells
-White blood cells help fight infection in the human body
-Red blood cells help transport oxygen and move carbon dioxide
-One blood cell red has 300 haemoglobin molecules
-An average adult has 5 litres of blood in their body
-Each drop of blood contains 5 million red blood cells
-Blood flows through blood vessels
-There are 3 types of blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
-Arteries carry away oxygenated blood towards the other organs
-Veins collect oxygen poor blood and returns in to the heart
-Capillaries transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems
Parts of the Heart
Breathing and Respiration
-Humans need to breathe continuously in their life
-We breathe to get the oxygen cells our body needs and expel the gases we don't need
-Air enters and leaves lungs which is called pulmonary ventilation
-Pulmonary ventilation has 2 phases inhalation and exhalation
-Inhale our lungs expand and inflate with air and exhale contract
-expands contracts through diaphragm
-Lungs carry out the exchange of gases

Human Respiratory System

-Breathing: Intake of oxygen, release of carbon dioxide
-Nostrils (takes in air) -> Nasal Cavity (lined by hair)-> Pharynx-> Trachea->Bronchi->
-The nose takes in air through the nostrils. Nostrils have a nasal cavity which is lined with hair
and a mucus membrane which prevents viruses and dirt getting in the respiratory system. Air
then passes through the pharynx (throat) and then goes down the wind pipe which is called the
trachea that is about 13 cm long. The trachea has mucus membranes on the side so your body is
warmed up. Then it enters the bronchi which is divided into 2 bronchus (left and right) which is
connected to your lungs. Inside the lungs each bronchus divides into bronchioles. Each
bronchiole ends into a tiny tube-like flexible structure called alveoli. Alveoli is surrounded by
capillaries, where exchange of gases takes place. Below the lungs lies a thin shaped muscle
called the diaphragm which is a thin dome shaped muscle. It separates the lung cavity from the
abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm pushes downwards, the cavity expands to allow air to
enter. When the diaphragm moves upwards, it causes the lung cavity to contract, resulting in air
to move out.

Male and Female Reproductive System

FEMALE:
-Inside the pelvis
-Pair of ovaries, 2 fallopian tubes and uterus
-Each ovary releases 1 egg/ova
-The uterus is a pear shaped structure, made up of muscles
-The lowest part of the uterus is called cervix, which leads to the vagina
-Ovaries release 2 hormones called estrogen and progesterone

MALE:
-Organs in abdominal region
-Testes, sperm duct/vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, urethra, penis
-The scrotum has 2 oval shaped glands called testes
-Each testes releases sperms
-Sperms have a head, middle piece and tail
-Testosterone is secreted by testes which is responsible for secondary sexual characteristics
-Gonads are primary sex organs
Males Gonad : Testes
Female Gonad: Ovaries
Assisted Reproduction Technology
1. Artificial Inseminations
2. In-vitro fertilization
3. IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Ejection (ICSI)