The General and Unique Characteristics of the Different Organ Systems

in Different Representative Animals

Gas Exchange-oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon

dioxide
breathing.-physical process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon
dioxide
Respiration- (inhalation and exhalation)

Animals obtain oxygen in different ways:

FLATWORM- Air or water through the moist surface directly into the
body
EARTHWORM-air or water through a thin, moist body wall of blood
vessels
INSECTS- through the spiracles (opening of the thorax) or a tracheal
system to a system of ducts to the tissues
FISHES-water through the moist gill surfaces to blood vessels
US- air through the moist lungs surface to blood vessels

Types of Gas Exchange Systems

four gas exchange systems:

1. the skin
2. body surface
3. gills,
4. Tracheae/ lungs.

Skin System- known as the integumentary system. / Animals that

live in moist environments,
Gills System- These are extensions of the outside membranes in
most aquatic animals (FISH)
Tracheal System- These tubes have holes called spiracles that open
to the outside surface of the animals’ bodies/ enters the animal’s
body through its tracheae
Lung System-the lungs are enclosed in the rib cage, which serves to
protect the respiratory organs and the heart.
Inhale-moves your diaphragm downward/ known as active
breathing.
Exhale-moves your diaphragm upward./ known as passive
breathing.
alveoli - called dead air.

Some Diseases Related to Gas Exchange

Emphysema – progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and

loss of membrane in the respiratory system which is responsible for
oxygen exchange
known as- a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Cystic fibrosis – inherited disease that causes frequent lung infections
because of mucus build up. Ubo
Pneumonia – inflammation of the lung especially the alveoli or air sacs.
caused bacterial and viral infection.

Internal Transport

internal transport system is one that enables an

organism to move particles into its body / organism
remove unwanted particles from body.
Homeostasis- (stable state) of its internal environment
Blood- mixture of cells, gasses, inorganic salts, minerals,
organic nutrients, and waste products
Hemolymph-combination of blood and lymph

Types of Circulatory System (BASED ON THE FLOW OF BLOOD)

 OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - open system of circulation, the
organism’s heart pumps blood or lymph from the heart through the
blood vessels to various organs,

 CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM- blood is transported from the heart

through various vessels and capillary beds located among the tissue and
back to the heart. Vertebrates, such as mammals (like humans,
fish,annelids (worms)
#Animals- blood is separated from the interstitial fluid
Blood circulation- in all vertebrates is mostly similar, only with few
unique differences such as the complex structure of the heart (one or
two atria)

Cardiovascular System- composed of the heart, blood vessels, and

blood

three types of blood vessels

1. Arteries- oxygenated blood away from the heart and branch
into smaller vessels
2. Veins- carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
3. Capillaries-smallest blood vessels.

 Fishes- two-chambered heart

 amphibians - three-chambered heart
 mammals - four-chambered heart
 Humans- double circulation/ pulmonary and systemic
circulatory systems

 The transport of gases in the human body is affected by the

pumping of the heart.
 human heart- four chambers: two ventricles and two atria. The
ventricles are two lower chambers, while the atria are the two
upper chambers.

Some Diseases Related to the Circulatory System

Atherosclerosis – This is the leading cause of heart attack

Myocardial infarction or MI - damaged heart muscle. caused by a
blood clot block the flow of blood that may lead to the death of the
affected muscle
Ischemia – medical term used when the heart muscle does not get
enough oxygen
 Structure and Function of the Nervous System

nervous system- complex networks of nerves and specialized

cells, known as neurons

central nervous system (CNS)- primary command center of the

body composed of the brain and the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)- consists of the sensory

neurons, ganglia (cluster of neurons)

somatic nervous system- controls the voluntary actions

and body reflexes.

autonomic nervous system- involuntary actions such as

breathing and digestion
three part:
1. Parasympathetic- helps the body to gain and conserve
energy
2. Sympathetic-prepares the body for physical and mental
activities.
3. Enteric- consists of a network of neurons that controls
secretion and peristalsis in the digestive tract, pancreas,
and gallbladder

The PNS has two types of neurons

Efferent-send impulses from the CNS to limbs and

organs,
Afferent- receive sensory information and transmits this
to the CNS.

Some Diseases Related to the Nervous System

Schizophrenia – severe mental disturbance and psychotic episodes

a patient loses the ability to distinguish reality.

Alzheimer’s disease – confusion, personality changes, and memory

loss.

Parkinson’s disease – slowness and difficulty of movement.

The Body In Motion

Muscle- made up of thousands of elastic and movable

fibers

human body- has more than 650 muscles,

muscle fiber- consists of small cylindrical structures called
myofibrils.

Muscle contraction- known as the latent period.

Animal’s body- is made up of around 200 bones

Joints- make movement possible.

three kinds of joints: immovable, slightly movable, freely
movable.

Immovable joints (fibrous)- bones that are fused together

with collagen,such skull and pelvis. They make very little
movement or do not allow movement at all.

Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous)- bones that are

joined by cartilage, found between the bones

Some Skeletal Injuries and Disorders

 Fracture – break in the bone and a common skeletal injury. The

bone heals itself as soon as the fracture occurs.
 Dislocation – displacement of bones in the joint due to hard
blow.
 Ankle ligament injury – as sprained ankle.
 Osteoporosis – low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue