ORGAN SYSTEM

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
DESCRIBE THE GENERAL AND UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEMS
IN REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS (S11/12LT-IIIAJ-21).
Specific Objectives:
1.Describe the general
characteristics of the different organ
systems in representative animals.
2.Describe the unique characteristics
of the different organ systems in
representative animals.  Time
Allotment: 2 hours
Key Concepts:
Organ systems are group of organs
within the body that can be thought of as
working together as a unit to carry out
specific tasks or functions within the
body. The human body is most commonly
divided into eleven organ systems.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Nervous System throughout the animal kingdom vary in structure and complexity.

Vertebrate Nervous Systems

 The brain receives and interprets
are more complex, centralized, and
specialized. While there is great
diversity among different vertebrate
nervous systems, they all share a
basic structure: a CNS that contains
a brain and spinal cord and a PNS
made up of peripheral sensory and
motor nerves.
stimuli and transmits impulses to
organs. Your brain uses the
information it receives to
coordinate all of your actions and
reactions. The spinal cord
functions primarily in the
transmission of nerve signals from
the motor cortex to the body, and
from afferent fibers of the sensory
neurons to the sensory cortex. 
Some organisms, like sea
sponges, lack a true nervous
system. Others, like jellyfish and
hydra, lack a true brain and
 Echinoderms
 suchas sea stars have nerve cells that are
bundled into fibers called nerves.
 Flatworms
 of the phylum Platyhelminthes have both a
central nervous system (CNS), made up of
a small “brain” and two nerve cords, and a
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
containing a system of nerves that extend
throughout the body.
 Insect Nervous System
 is more complex but also fairly decentralized.
It contains a brain, ventral nerve cord, and
ganglia (clusters of connected neurons).
These ganglia can control movements and
behaviors without input from the brain.
 Octopuses
 may have the most complicated
among invertebrate nervous
systems—they have neurons that
are organized in specialized lobes
and eyes that are structurally
similar to vertebrate species.
 One interesting difference between
the nervous systems of
invertebrates and vertebrates is that
the nerve cords of many
invertebrates are located ventrally
whereas the vertebrate spinal cords
are located dorsally.
Circulatory system
The Circulatory System is effectively a
network of cylindrical vessels (the arteries,
veins, and capillaries) that emanate from a
pump (the heart). 
:The Circulatory System of animals differs in
the number of heart chambers and the
number of circuits through which the blood
flows. It varies from simple systems in
invertebrates to more complex systems in
vertebrates.
 The human circulatory system
is made up of the heart, blood,
blood vessels, and lymphatics.
It is the body’s delivery
system, concerned with
circulating blood to deliver
oxygen and nutrients to the
different parts of the body.
This is an example of a closed
circulatory system
In closed circulatory systems, the heart
pumps blood through vessels that are
separate from the interstitial fluid of the
body. Most vertebrates and some
invertebrates, such as this annelid
earthworm, have a closed circulatory
system.
In open circulatory systems, a fluid
called hemolymph is pumped through a
blood vessel that empties into the body
cavity. Hemolymph returns to the blood
vessel through openings called ostia.
Arthropods, such as bee and most
mollusks, have open circulatory systems.
 Simple animals
such as sponges and cnidarians do not have a
circulatory system. Instead, gases, nutrients, and
wastes are exchanged.
Fishes
 have the simplest circulatory systems of the
vertebrates: blood flows unidirectional from the
twochambered heart through the gills and then to
the rest of the body.
Amphibians
 have two circulatory routes: one for oxygenation
of the blood through the lungs and skin, and the
other to take oxygen to the rest of the body. The
blood is pumped from a three-chambered heart
with two atria and a single ventricle.
 Reptiles
 have two circulatory routes; however, blood is
only oxygenated through the lungs. The heart is
three chambered, but the ventricles are partially
separated so some mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood occurs, except crocodilians
and birds.
 Mammals
 and birds have the most efficient heart with four
chambers that completely separate the oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood; it pumps only
oxygenated blood through the body and
deoxygenated blood through the lungs.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Is the process of breaking down of food into simple substances to be absorbed by the body. Absorption is

the taking of the digested parts of the food into the bloodstream
 The human digestive system includes the
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestines, rectum and
anus.
 There are four basic types of digestive
systems: monogastric, avian, ruminant,
and pseudo-ruminant.
.
 Monogastric Digestive System
 has one simple stomach. The stomach
secretes acid, resulting in a low pH of 1.5
to 2.5. The low pH destroys most bacteria
and begins to break down the food
materials. Examples of monogastric
animals are cats, dogs, and humans and
swine
AVIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

 is found in poultry. This system differs greatly

from any other type. Since poultry do not have
teeth, there is no chewing. Poultry break their
food into pieces small enough to swallow by
pecking with their beaks or scratching with their
feet. Food enters the mouth, travels to the
esophagus, and empties directly into the crop.
The crop is where the food is stored and soaked
RUMINANT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 has a large stomach divided into four
compartments— the rumen, the
reticulum, the omasum, and the
abomasum. The ruminant digestive
system is found in cattle, sheep, goats,
and deer.
 The first and largest section of the
stomach is the rumen. In the rumen, solid
feed is mixed and partially broken down.
The rumen contains millions of bacteria
and other microbes that promote
fermentation, which breaks down
roughages
 The reticulum is the second segment of the stomach.  The abomasum is the fourth compartment of the
The reticulum is a small pouch on the side of the stomach. The abomasum is also referred to as the
rumen that traps foreign materials, such as wire, nails, true stomach because it is similar to the stomach
and so forth. Since ruminants do not chew their food in monogastric animals.
before swallowing, they will occasionally swallow
foreign objects.
 The omasum is the third compartment of the stomach.
The omasum produces a grinding action on the food
and removes some of the water from the food.
Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes are mixed
with food in the omasum.
 PSEUDO-RUMINANT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 is an animal that eats large amounts of
roughage but does not have a stomach with
several compartments. The digestive system
does some of the same functions as those of
ruminants. For example, in the horse, the
cecum ferments forages. An animal with a
pseudo-ruminant digestive system can
utilize large amounts of roughages because
of the greatly enlarged cecum and large
intestine, which provide areas for microbial
digestion of fiber. Pseudo-ruminants often
eat forages as well as grains and other
concentrated foods. Besides horses,
examples of pseudo-ruminants are rabbits,
guinea pig,and hamsters.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The primary function of the respiratory

system is to supply the blood with oxygen to
all parts of the body.  The complexity of the
respiratory system is correlated with the size
of the organism.  The human respiratory
system consists of the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and
diaphragm.
TRACHEAL SYSTEM

 Insect respiration is independent of its

circulatory system; therefore, the blood
does not play a direct role in oxygen
transport. Insects have a highly
specialized type of respiratory system
called the tracheal system, which
consists of a network of small tubes that
carries oxygen to the entire body. The
tracheal system is the most direct and
efficient respiratory system in active
animals. The tubes in the tracheal system
are made of a polymeric material called
chitin.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
There are two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual reproduction
 Sexual reproduction starts with the combination of
a sperm and an egg in a process called fertilization
while asexual reproduction produces offspring that
are genetically identical to the parent because the
offspring are all clones of the original parent
 Fertilization occurs either inside (internal
fertilization) or outside (external fertilization) the
body of the female.
 Internal fertilization occurs in terrestrial (animal
living on land) animals, though it is followed by
some of the aquatic animals also while external
fertilization occurs in aquatic environments where
both eggs and sperm are released into the air.
 Oviparity is followed by the animals that lay eggs  Viviparity is followed by mammals, few reptiles
outside and is provided by a nourishment in an egg yolk
as shown in figure 15a Harmonia axydridis beetles and cartilaginous fishes. The offspring develops within
hatching. These animals are called oviparous, like birds, the body of a female and receives nourishment through
most amphibians, reptiles, bony fish, and some the placenta from the mother’s blood which later comes
cartilaginous fishes. out from the mother’s body and are called as viviparous
as shown in figure 15c newborn squirrel (Rachna, 2018)
 Ovoviviparity, the eggs are retained in the female’s
body and nourishment is provided from the egg yolk to
the developing embryo and hatched when they’re fully
developed. Sharks, lizards, snakes follow this process as
shown in figure 15b pregnant Xiphophorus maculatus.