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ORGAN SYSTEMS
Learning Competency:
Describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ systems in representative
animals (S11/12LT-IIIaj-21).
Specific Objectives:
1. Describe the general characteristics of the different organ systems in representative animals.
2. Describe the unique characteristics of the different organ systems in representative animals.
Time Allotment: 2 hours
Key Concepts
Organ systems are group of organs within the body that can be thought of as working
together as a unit to carry out specific tasks or functions within the body. The human
body is most commonly divided into eleven organ systems.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous System throughout the animal kingdom vary
in structure and complexity.
Vertebrate Nervous Systems are more complex,
centralized, and specialized. While there is great
diversity among different vertebrate nervous systems,
they all share a basic structure: a CNS that contains a
brain and spinal cord and a PNS made up of peripheral
sensory and motor nerves.
The brain receives and interprets stimuli and
transmits impulses to organs. Your brain uses the
information it receives to coordinate all of your actions
and reactions. The spinal cord functions primarily in
the transmission of nerve signals from the motor
cortex to the body, and from afferent fibers of the Figure 1 Human Nervous System
sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. Source:courses.lumenlearning.c
Some organisms, like sea sponges, lack a true nervous om/microbiology/chapter/anato
system. Others, like jellyfish and hydra, lack a true my-of-the-nervous-system/
brain and instead a separate system but connected nerve cells (neurons) called a “nerve
net.”
Echinoderms such as sea stars have nerve cells that are bundled into fibers called
nerves.
Flatworms of the phylum Platyhelminthes have both a central nervous system (CNS),
made up of a small “brain” and two nerve cords, and a peripheral nervous system (PNS)
containing a system of nerves that extend throughout the body.
Insect Nervous System is more complex but also fairly decentralized. It contains a brain,
ventral nerve cord, and ganglia (clusters of connected neurons). These ganglia can control
movements and behaviors without input from the brain.
Octopuses may have the most complicated among invertebrate nervous systems—they
have neurons that are organized in specialized lobes and eyes that are structurally similar
to vertebrate species.
One interesting difference between the nervous systems of invertebrates and vertebrates is
that the nerve cords of many invertebrates are located ventrally whereas the vertebrate
spinal cords are located dorsally.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The Circulatory System is effectively a network of
cylindrical vessels (the arteries, veins, and
capillaries) that emanate from a pump (the heart).
The Circulatory System of animals differs in the
number of heart chambers and the number of
circuits through which the blood flows. It varies
from simple systems in invertebrates to more
complex systems in vertebrates.
The human circulatory system is made up of the
heart, blood, blood vessels, and lymphatics. It is
the body’s delivery system, concerned with Figure 3 Human Circulatory System
circulating blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients Source:
to the different parts of the body. This is an quizlet.com/215357676/psle-science-
systems-human-circulatory-system-
example of a closed circulatory system.
flash-cards/
In closed circulatory
systems, the heart pumps
blood through vessels that are
separate from the interstitial
fluid of the body. Most
vertebrates and some
invertebrates, such as this
annelid earthworm, have a
closed circulatory system.
In open circulatory systems,
a fluid called hemolymph is
pumped through a blood
vessel that empties into the
body cavity. Hemolymph
returns to the blood vessel
through openings called
ostia. Arthropods, such as Figure 4 Types of Circulatory System
bee and most mollusks, have Source: http://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-
open circulatory systems. transport-and-homeostasis/animal-circulatory-systems/
Amphibians have two circulatory routes: one for Figure 5. Animals without
oxygenation of the blood through the lungs and skin, and Circulatory System
the other to take oxygen to the rest of the body. The blood Source:
http://organismalbio.biosci.ga
is pumped from a three-chambered heart with two atria
tech.edu/nutrition
and a single ventricle.
Reptiles have two
circulatory routes;
however, blood is
only oxygenated
through the lungs.
The heart is three
chambered, but the
ventricles are
partially separated
so some mixing of
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
occurs, except
crocodilians and
birds.
Mammals and
birds have the most
efficient heart with
four chambers that
completely separate
the oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood;
it pumps only
oxygenated blood Figure 6 Circulatory System of Different Animals
through the body Source: http://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-
and deoxygenated and-homeostasis/animal-circulatory-systems/
blood through the
lungs.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestion is the process of breaking down of
food into simple substances to be absorbed by
the body. Absorption is the taking of the
digested parts of the food into the
bloodstream.
The human digestive system includes the
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestines, rectum and anus.
Figure 7 Swine Digestive System
Different species of animals are better able to
Source: Oklahoma Department of Career
digest certain types of foods than others. This
and Technology Education, Curriculum
difference occurs because of the various types and Instructional Materials Center
of digestive systems found in animals.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The primary function of the respiratory system
is to supply the blood with oxygen to all parts
of the body.
The complexity of the respiratory system is
correlated with the size of the organism.
The human respiratory system consists of the
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs, and diaphragm.
In humans, exchange of gases occurs in the
lungs through breathing while in small Figure 11 Human Respiratory System
multicellular organisms occur in the surface Source:https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/re
membrane through diffusion like cnidarians spiration-types-of-respiration-and-anatomy-of-
human-respiratory-system/
and flatworms.
Earthworms and amphibians use their skin (integument) as a respiratory organ. A dense
network of capillaries lies just below the skin and facilitates gas exchange between the
external environment and the circulatory system. The respiratory surface must be kept
moist in order for the gases to dissolve and diffuse
across cell membranes.
Fishes and many other aquatic organisms have
evolved gills to take up the dissolved oxygen from
water. Gills are thin tissue filaments that are
highly branched and folded. When water passes
over the gills, the dissolved oxygen in water
rapidly diffuses across the gills into the
bloodstream. The circulatory system can then
carry the oxygenated blood to the other parts of
the body. In animals that contain coelomic fluid
instead of blood, oxygen diffuses across the gill Figure 12 Fish Respiratory System
surfaces into the coelomic fluid. Gills are found in Source:https://courses.lumenlearning.c
om/wm-biology2/chapter/different-
mollusks, annelids, and crustaceans.
types-of-respiratory-systems/
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive system has multiple functions in animals and may vary in types and
processes.
There are two types of reproduction: sexual and asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction starts with the combination of a sperm and an egg in a process
called fertilization while asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent because the offspring are all clones of the original parent.
Fertilization occurs either inside (internal fertilization) or outside (external fertilization)
the body of the female.
Internal fertilization occurs in terrestrial (animal living on
a
land) animals, though it is followed by some of the aquatic
animals also while external fertilization occurs in aquatic
environments where both eggs and sperm are released into
the air. After the sperm reaches the egg, fertilization takes
place. Few vertebrates, fish, sea urchins, all aquatic
invertebrates and most amphibians are oviparity, b
viviparity, ovoviviparity.
Oviparity is followed by the animals that lay eggs outside
and is provided by a nourishment in an egg yolk as shown
in figure 15a Harmonia axydridis beetles hatching. These
animals are called oviparous, like birds, most
amphibians, reptiles, bony fish, and some cartilaginous c
fishes.
Ovoviviparity, the eggs are retained in the female’s body
and nourishment is provided from the egg yolk to the
developing embryo and hatched when they’re fully Figure 14 a) Oviparity,
developed. Sharks, lizards, snakes follow this process as b) Ovoviviparity and c)
shown in figure 15b pregnant Xiphophorus maculatus. viviparity
Source:
Viviparity is followed by mammals, few reptiles and
https://opentextbc.ca/biolo
cartilaginous fishes. The offspring develops within the gy/chapter/13-1how-
body of a female and receives nourishment through the animals0-reproduce/
placenta from the mother’s blood which later comes out
from the mother’s body and are called as viviparous as
shown in figure 15c newborn squirrel (Rachna, 2018).
Figure 15a Human Digestive Sytem Figure 15b Bird Digestive System
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/ Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/
Figure 15c Cattle Digestive System Figure 15d Rabbit Digestive System
Source: Courtesy of the Oklahoma Source: LSarhan, 2018
Department of Career and Technology
Education, Curriculum and Intructional
Materials Center
Guide Questions:
1. What type of digestive system do humans, birds, cattle and rabbits have?
2. How many stomach compartments do humans, birds, cattle and rabbits have?
3. How many times humans, birds, cattle and rabbits chew their food?
4. How efficient is the digestive system of humans, birds, cattle and rabbits in digesting plants
and plant byproducts?
Humans Birds Cattle Rabbits
1. Type of Digestive System
(Monogastric, Avian, Ruminant,
Pseudo-Ruminant)
2.Number of stomach
compartments (1, 2, 3, 4)
3. Number of times food is chewed
(Never, Once, Twice, Several times)
4. Efficiency in digesting plants and
plant byproducts (Limited, Highly
Developed)
Figure 16a Fish Respiratory System Figure 17b Human Respiratory System
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ Source: Encyclopedia Britannica. Inc.
wm-biology2/chapter/different-types-of-respiratory/
Figure 16c Cockroach Respiratory System Figure 16d Earthworm Respiratory System
Source: https://www.examfear.com/notes- Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/6493540/
dir/00/00/13/00001335.html
Guide Questions:
1. What is the breathing organ of fish, human, cockroach and earthworm?
2. What is the source of their oxygen?
Figure 17a Fish Circulatory System Figure 17b Frog Circulatory System
Source:http://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-and-homeostasis/animal-circulatory-systems/
Figure 17c Lizard Circulatory System Figure 17d Monkey Circulatory System
Source: http://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-and-homeostasis/animal-circulatory-systems/
Guide Questions:
1. How many heart chambers of the fish, frog, lizard and monkey?
2. How many circulatory routes of the fish, frog, lizard and monkey?
3. What type of circulatoy system does a fish, frog, lizard and monkey has?
Guide Questions:
1. Does Central Nervous System present or absent in sea star, flatworm, octopus and human?
2. Does Peripheral Nervous System present or absent in sea star, flatworm, octopus and human?
3. What is the location of the nerve cords in sea star, flatworm, octopus and human?
4. What Nervous System Structure is used by sea star, flatworm, octopus and human to respond
to its environment?
B. Arthropods 4 5
C. Insects 6 7
D. Fish 8 9 10
E. Amphibians 11 12
F. Reptiles 13 14
G. Birds 15 16
H. Mammals 17 18 19 20
Reflection
Directions: Which of the concepts listed in the table below interest you the most? the least?
Please put a check mark to the column that corresponds to your answer.
CK 12. “Bird Structure and Function ”Flex Books, September 24, 2016.
Retrieved from https://www.Ck12.org/book/Ck-12-Biology-Concepts/section/12.19.
Lumen. “Anatomy of Nervous Systems”. Retrieved from
http://lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/ anatomy-of-the-nervous-system/
Lumen. Animal reproduction methods. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundle biology/chapter/reproduction-methods/
Lumen. “Different Type of Respiratory Systems”. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/different-types-of-respiratory-
systems/
Lumen. “The circulatory system”. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm
biology 2/chapter/circulatory-system-variation-in-animals/
Lumen. “Diversity of Nervous System”. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm
biology2/chapter/diversity-of-nervous-systems/
LSarhan. “How the Rabbit Digestive System Works”. 2018. Retrieved from
htpps://owlcation.com/stem/How-the-Rabbit-Digestive-System-Works/
Molnar, C. Gair, J. “ How Animals Reproduce. Retrieved from https:// opentext bc.ca/biology/
chapter/13-1-how-animals-reproduce/
Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, Curriculum and Instructional
Center.(n.d). Agriscience principles and applications:Unit 1: Animal nutrition and Digestion.
Retrieved from www. Okcimc.com
Organismal Biology. “Animal Circulatory System”. Retrieved from https://organismalbio.
biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-and homeostasis/animal-circulatory-systems/
Pinterest. “Digestive System Function Bodytomy”. Retrieved from
https://pinterest.ph/pin/36176578
Poultry Hub. “Digestive System”. Retrieved from https://poultryhub.org/physiology/body-
systems/ digestive-system/
PSLE Science-Systems. “Human Circulatory System”. Retrieved from
https: quizlet.com/215357676/psle science – systems-human-circulatory-system-
flash-cards/
Rachna, C. “Differences between internal and external fertilization,Biodifferences”. February 8,
2018. Retrieved from https://biodifferences.com/difference0-between-internal-and-
external-fertilization.html.
Slideplayer.”Respiratory System”. Retrieved from https://slideplayer.com/slide/6493540