Rana

A Pond Frog
 1. Introduction
2. Habit & Habitat
3. Characteristics
4. Digestive system

Contents 5. Respiratory system

6. Urinogential system
7. Nervous system
8. Arterial System
9. Lymphatic System
 Habit and Habitat
Habit: Habitat:
Rana is a cold-blooded
amphibian with a smooth,
moist skin and no tail.
They have long, powerful
legs, which are adapted for
jumping and swimming.
Rana has a distinct call, which
is used to attract mates during
the breeding season.
They are mainly active at
night, and spend the day
hiding in damp, cool places.
Rana is carnivorous.
Rana is found in a wide range of
habitats, including wetlands,
streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds.
They require a moist environment to
survive, and their skin must be kept
moist to facilitate gas exchange.
Rana is found in both rural and
urban areas.
Rana breed in water, and their eggs
hatch into tadpoles, which live in
water and feed on algae and other
aquatic plants.
As they mature, they develop lungs
and limbs and eventually leave the
water to become adult frogs.
 characteristics
Rana is a genus of frogs commonly known as true frogs,
which includes many species. Here are some general
characteristics of Rana frogs:
1. Appearance: Rana frogs are usually green or brown in
color with smooth skin. They have long hind legs and
webbed feet, which are adapted for swimming and
jumping.
2. Size: The size of Rana frogs varies depending on the
species. Some are relatively small, while others can grow
quite large. The smallest species, Rana graeca, reaches a
maximum length of 3.2 cm (1.3 inches), while the largest,
Rana goliath, can grow up to 30 cm (12 inches).
 Digestive System:
The digestive system of Rana is adapted to its carnivorous diet. The
digestive tract consists of the following parts:

Mouth: The mouth is located at the anterior end of the body and contains the
tongue and teeth. The tongue is attached to the front of the mouth and can be
extended to catch prey.
Oesophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the
stomach.
Stomach: The stomach is a J-shaped organ that secretes digestive juices to
break down the food. The food is partially digested in the stomach and then
moves on to the small intestine.
Small Intestine: The small intestine is a long, coiled tube where most of the
nutrient absorption takes place.
Large Intestine: The large intestine is a short, straight tube where water is
absorbed from the undigested food, and waste material is formed.
Cloaca: The cloaca is a common opening for the digestive, urinary, and
reproductive systems. The waste material from the large intestine is eliminated
through the cloaca.
 Respiratory System:

The respiratory system of Rana consists of the following parts:

Lungs: Rana has two lungs that are located in the chest cavity.
The lungs are connected to the pharynx by a pair of short trachea.

Skin: Rana can also breathe through its skin. The skin is moist
and has a large surface area for gas exchange.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood vessels in the skin, and carbon
dioxide diffuses out of the blood vessels.

Buccal Cavity: Rana can also breathe through its buccal cavity.
The buccal cavity is a space in the mouth where air can be
exchanged with the environment.
When Rana is underwater, it closes its nostrils and uses its
buccal cavity to exchange gases.
 Urinogenital System:

The urinogenital system of Rana is adapted to its aquatic lifestyle.

The urinary and reproductive systems of Rana are closely linked and share
some common structures.
The kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary system, and they filter
waste products from the blood to be excreted as urine. The urinogenital
system consists of the following parts:
Kidneys: Rana has two kidneys that filter waste products from the blood
and produce urine.
Urinary Bladder: The urinary bladder is a sac that stores urine until it
can be eliminated.
Testes/Ovaries: Rana is a sexually dimorphic animal, with males having
testes and females having ovaries.
Cloaca: The cloaca is a common opening for the digestive, urinary, and
reproductive systems.
In males, the cloaca is modified to form a cloacal chamber, which is
used to store sperm.
In females, the cloaca is used to lay eggs.
Lymphatic system
PARTS
LYMPH
It is a colourless fluid which is a part
of blood. Actually it is blood minus
its red blood corpuscles and plasma
proteins. It has the power to
coagulate slowly. It fills body spaces
and bathes the tissue cells where it
is known as tissue fluid.
LYMPH HEART
From the diffuse lymphatic system
lymph is pumped back into veins by
two pairs of lymph hearts. One pair
is situated just behind the transverse
processes of the third vertebrae or
below the scapulae, opening into the
subscapular veins.
LYMPH VESSELS
The lymph capillaries found
between the tissue cells are
interwoven with but independent
of blood capillaries. Lymph
capillaries form an anatomizing
network in all the body organs
except in the nervous system.
LYMPH SPACES
In frog in the tissues there are
numerous lymph spaces from which
arise lymph capillaries, the lymph
capillaries unite to form lymph
vessels, some of which dilate to
form large lymph channels or sinuses
LYMPH SPACES
SUBCUTANEOUS LYMPH SINUSES
They are large spaces found on the dorsal, ventral and lateral sides
between the skin and muscles. They are separated from each other
by fibrous membranes (septa).

SUBVERTEBRAL SINUSES:
They are found around the dorsal aorta and also enclose the kidney.

PERICARDIAL SINUSES:
They enclose the heart, their lymph is called pericardial fluid.
Nervous system

CNS PNS ANS

BRAIN AND SPINAL CRANIAL AND SPINAL TWO GANGLIONATED
CORD NERVES SYMPATHETIC NERVES
CNS
Brain is white in color, elongated and somewhat flattened structure.
It lies well protected inside the cranium of skull.
It is surrounded by two meninges.
Meninges are connective tissue membranes.

I.Forebrain:
It consists of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres and a diencephalon.
Olfactory lobes: They are two anterior most, rather small and spherical lobes.
Cerebral hemispheres: long, oval, and smooth structures.It is narrow in front but broad
behind.
Diencephalon:It is the short, rhomboid, depressed region.It lies just behind the
cerebrum.

I.Midbrain:
It is the broadest part of brain.
It consists of a narrow canal, called as iter or aqueduct of Sylvius, which is
continuous with III ventricle in front and IV ventricle behind.

III. Hindbrain:
It is the posterior part of brain which includes cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
Cerebellum: It is a poorly developed narrow ridge or band.It is placed dorsally just
behind the optic lobes.
Medulla oblongata:It is the last small part of brain.It is continuous with spinal cord
without distinction.
PNS
i.Cranial nerves
From the brain of frog, 10 pairs of cranial nerves are originated.
Some claim to have O or terminal nerves making that count to 11 pairs.

ii.Spinal nerves:
There are 10 pairs of spinal nerves in case of frog, which are often reduced to 9pairs.
This unusual small number is expected in animal with short spinal cord.

ANS
Autonomic Nervous System:
The autonomic nervous system is partly independent and not under voluntary control.
Though it is involuntarily controlled by the nerve centres located in the central
nervous system, it is also connected to spinal nerves and some cranial nerves.
It is simply concerned with the intestinal regulation of the body with the central
nervous system together with its spinal and cranial nerves and is concerned with the
external regulations.

Kinds of Automatic Nervous System:

1. The sympathetic;
2. The parasympathetic.
 Arterial system of frog
Aortic arches:

The initiation of arterial system starts with truncus

arteriosus.
The truncus divides into left and right branches and
each of these branches subdivide into three major
vessels or aortic arches:
Common carotid to head
Systemic to body and viscera
Pulmocutaneous to lung and skin

i. Common carotid arch:

It is a short vessel that runs forward and outward.

It divides into 2 branches i.e. external and internal
carotids.
External carotid:
Internal carotid:
The internal carotid artery divides into 3 branches:
A palatine to the roof of mouth.
A cerebral to the brain
An ophthalmic to the eye
 ii. Systemic arch:

It is the longest of the three arches and has the

greatest distribution of blood.
The two systemic arches curve dorsally around the
oesophagus and join with each other behind the heart
to form the dorsal aorta.
Each systemic arch gives off 3 arteries:
- Oesophageal
- Occipito-vertebral
- Subclavian

Dorsal aorta
Dorsal aorta is formed by the union of both the
systemic arches.
It runs posteriorly lying mid-dorsally, just beneath the
vertebral column.
It gives off the following branches:
- Coeliaco-mesentric.
- Renal
- Gonadial.
- Posterior mesenteric
- Common iliacs
 iii. Pulmocutaneous arch:

It divides into two main arteries:

Pulmonary to the lung
cutaneous to skin of dorsal and lateral sides and
various other structures.

Of these auricularis supply blood to tympanum, thymus

gland, lower jaw, pharynx, and hyoid etc.

However, dorsalis supplies the skin of dorsal side and

lateralis supplies the skin of lateral sides of the body.
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