PLANT - Papaver somniferum

commonly known as the opium poppy

or breadseed poppy

Plant diversityII
PPT
 Contents
Introduction
History of the Plant
Pictures of Plant
Description of plants
Uses
leaf, flower description
Introduction
The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is an annual plant.
From a small seed, it grows, flowers, and bears
fruit(a"pod")only once. The entire growth cycle for most
varieties of this plant takes about 120 days.

The flower is native to Western Asia and Southeastern

Europe.

The majority of opium poppies cultivated for their narcotic

compounds grow in India and Turkey. However, farmers
also grow poppies for ornamental purposes as well as
their edible seeds.
History of opium
poppy
The earliest reference to opium growth and use is in 3,400
B.C. when the opium poppy was cultivated in lower
Mesopotamia (Southwest Asia).
The Sumerians referred to it as Hul Gil, the "joy plant." The
Sumerians soon passed it on to the Assyrians, who in turn
passed it on to the Egyptians.
As people learned of the power of opium, demand for it
increased.
Many countries began to grow and process opium to expand
its availability and to decrease its cost.
Its cultivation spread along the Silk Road, from the
Mediterranean through Asia and finally to China where it was
the catalyst for the Opium Wars of the mid-1800s.
 01. MEDICAL USE: AN ANCIENT MEDICINE
Uses of Opium Opium was known to ancient Greek and Roman physicians as a

Poppy powerful pain reliever. It was also used to induce sleep and to give
relief to the bowels.
In 1803, morphine, the principal ingredient in opium, was extracted
from opium resin.
Hailed as a miracle drug, it was widely prescribed by physicians in
the mid-1800s.
Morphine is one of the most effective drugs known for the relief of
severe pain
Codeine: Codeine, another component of opium, is medically
prescribed for the relief of moderate pain and cough suppression.
Company of Germany introduced heroin for medical use in 1898.
Physicians remained unaware of its addiction potential for years, but
by 1903, heroin misuse had risen to alarming levels in the United
States. All use of heroin was made illegal by federal law in 1924.
 External use preparations with red poppy

Throat problems: for the treatment of diseases of the throat.

Other Uses of This treatment will be effective to reduce inflammation and

reduce pain in cases of Sore throat, pharyngitis or laryngitis.
Opium Treatment of wrinkles: The infusion of poppy petals is useful to
avoid the appearance of wrinkles on the face.
Poppy Conjunctivitis:

Other uses of red poppy

Booster of tisanes: Poppy is rich in a pigment called

mecocianin that stains easily when dissolved in a liquid.
Edible wild plant: Poppy leaf is edible. To remove the
alkaloid content, they should be boiled. The seeds are also
edible and are commonly used in the confectionery industry
and to flavor pastries preparations.
Industrial applications: From poppies burning oil is extracted
 THE HEROIN MOLECULE

Opium from poppy plants contains several natural alkaloids

including morphine and codeine. All opiates share the same
Opium
basic molecular structure, with just a slight change in the end
Poppy is
molecules to differentiate heroin from morphine, codeine,
dangerous to oxycodone, and other varieties.
health
HEROIN CHANGES THE BRAIN

After heroin use is stopped, symptoms like

depression, abnormal mood swings, insomnia,
psychosis, and paranoia remain. These brain scans
show a reduction in dopamine receptors which
control judgment and behavior. This reduction is a
result of regular heroin use.
Description of Leaves
The leaves are usually deeply cut or
divided into leaflets, and the sap is
coloured.
The leaves are often compound or finely
divided. Many species have rhizomes or
tubers.
The large leaves are lobed, the upper
stem leaves clasping the stem, the
lowest leaves with a short petiole.
Poppies have lobed or dissected leaves
and milky sap.
The buds are often nodding and are
borne on solitary stalks.
Description of Flower
The inflorescence is a solitary flower or cyme.
The flowers are bisexual, actinomorphic,
zygomorphic, or biradial, hypogynous [rarely
perigynous].
The perianth is dichlamydeous, in 3 [2,4] series.
The calyx is uniseriate and aposepalous to
basally synsepalous, with 2 [3].
The corolla is biseriate, apopetalous, of 2+2 or
3+3 [–16] petals, sometimes imbricate.
The stamens are usually numerous [4–6],
centripetal, sometimes in two or three bundles.
Anthers are tetrasporangiate or bisporangiate,
dithecal or monothecal (sometimes in the same
flower).
The gynoecium is syn-carpous, with a superior
ovary, 2 carpels, and 1 locule(s).
Placentation is parietal [rarely axile]; ovules are
anatropous to campylotropous.
 Floral formula

Diagram formula
 References

• www.thehealthsite.com
•drugs.forum.com
• www.ch.ic.ac.uk
• Opium.com
• www.medicinenet.com
• www.webmd.com
• Bioweb.uwlax.edu
• www.sciencedirect.com
• www.coughiournal.com
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Works Cited:
"DEA, Drug Scheduling." Welcome to the United States Department of
Justice. 26 Oct. 2009shttp://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html>

"Encyclopedia of Drugs: Opiates." Drogen - Drugs - Drogues. 26 Oct.

2009 http://www.drug-encyclopedia.eu/DWEN/opiates.shtml

"Opium - What Kind of Drug Is It?: Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances " eNotes - Literature Study
Guides, Lesson Plans, and More. 26 Oct. 2009 <http://www.enotes.com/drugs-substances-
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