MODULE IN DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL (CDI5)

Prepared By: Ms. Kenneth S. Diodos, MSCRIM (CAR)

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MODULE 2 (2nd WEEK)

THE NATURE OF DRUGS, ITS USES, APPLICATION AND EFFECTS

Learning Objectives:
1. Discuss the nature of drugs.
2. Explain the application, uses and effects of drugs.
3. Name the different scientific name of opium, marijuana, cocaine and morphine.

Drugs
- as defined, is a substance used as a medicine or in making medicines, which affects the
body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an advise of prescription from a physician,
drug can be harmful.
- substances which may have medicinal, intoxicating, performance enhancing or other
effects when taken or put into a human body or the body of animal and is not considered a food
or exclusively a food.

- Any chemically active substance rendering a specific effect on the central nervous
system of man.
-A chemical substance that affects the functions of living cells and alters body or mind
processes when taken into the body or applied through the skin.
-Any chemical substance, other than food, which is intended for used in the diagnosis,
treatment, cure, mitigation or prevention of disease or symptoms.
- In Pharmacology, drug is a chemical substance used in treatment, cure, prevention and
diagnosis of disease.

PHARMACOLOGY – is a branch of medicine concerns with compositions, actions and effects

of drugs into the body.

Medicine – A drug use to cure any symptoms of an illness.

THREE CATEGORIES IN DISPENSING OF MEDICINES:

1. Over the Counter (OTC) – medicines which are readily available in the drugstores or
pharmaceuticals and supermarkets without special restrictions (Ex. Vitamins).
2. Behind the Counter (BTC) – Medicines which are dispensed by the pharmacist even without
doctor’s prescription. (Ex. Insulin...)
3. Prescription Only Medicine (POM) – medicines which are prescribed by a licensed
physician. (Ex. Strong opioid (morphine related) painkillers)
Ways of Administration of Drug
⮚ Orally – liquid or solid drugs which taken through mouth and absorbed by intestines.
⮚ Sublingually – diffusing into the blood through the tissues under the tongue.
⮚ Inhalation – breathed into the lungs as vapor or dry powder.
⮚ Injected – as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular, intravenous,
intraperitoneal, intraosseous.
⮚ Rectally – (as suppository) drugs are absorbed by colon or rectum.
⮚ Vaginal Route – absorbed in the mucosal wall of the vagina.
⮚ Insufflation – snorted into the nose.

OPIUM- (paregoric, Dover’s powder and parepectolin)

- -it may come in a form of dark brown chunks and taken orally or smoked.
- -Obtained from a female poppy plant known as (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM)
cultivated in lower Mesopotamia (3400 BC).
- -a Greek term which means Poppy, and Somniferum means Dream or induced Sleep; the
Summerians called it “Hul Gil” which means “plant of joy”
- Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed
chemically to produce heroin. The latex also includes codeine.

Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the species of plant from which opium and poppy

seeds are derived.
- Opium is the source of many narcotics, including morphine (and its
derivative heroin), thebaine, codeine, papaverine and noscapine. The Latin
botanical name means the "sleep-bringing poppy", referring to
the sedative properties of some of these opiates.

Two groups of alkaloids

1. Phenanthrenes (including morphine and codeine)
*morphine –primary active alkaloids of opium consisting 10-16%
2. Benzylisoquinolines (including papaverine)
- In De Medicina (30 A.D) AULUS CORNELLIUS CELSUS specified various uses of
poppy tears (milky latex)
* Emollient (pacify) for pain and antidotes for poisoning
 *the juice of boiled poppy heads may be intended for procuring sleep, treating earaches,
intestinal grippings, inflammation of the womb, and reduce the flow of phlegm in the eyes.
Medical Uses of Opium
- Painkiller and sedative (inducing sleep)
- number of patent medicines of 19th century were based around laudanum known as
“TINCTURE OF OPIUM”a solution of opium in ethyl alcohol.
-branded as a miracle cure for many common illnesses such as colds and alcoholism.
* In modern days tincture of opium used for severe diarrhea caused. (10% of the tincture of
opium + 90% of ethyl alcohol) taken 30 minutes prior to meals.
MARIJUANA- (grass, pot, weed, reefer, mary jane, dope, sinsemilla, thai sticks, acapulco,
gold, 420, hydro, killer green shake bud (KGB), skunk, wacky, tabacky, chronic, herb, indo,
locoweed)
-Spanish-mexican term to refer Indian hemp plant; scientifically named as Cannabis
Sativa L. (Lima or Linn)
-physical characteristics typically green, brown, in color, similar in appearance to dried
parsley and tobacco, mixed with its stem including seeds. Smoked, eaten, oral intake when
brewed as tea and also sniffing.
-is the term used to describe all the plant material like leaves, tops, stems, flowers and
roots from a cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa), dried and prepared for smoking or taken orally as
“brownies”. It is a Mexican term meaning pleasurable feeling.
-It is a mind altering substance produced from CANNABIS SATIVA
-primary active chemical (THC) TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL which induces
relaxation and heightens to senses.
Used during religious ceremonies in primeval history and according to the botanist it
determined to be native in central Asia.
The most prominent users of cannabis were the ancient HINDUS OF INDIA and the
HASHSHASHINS (hashish eaters) of present day SYRIA.
The herb was known as GANJIKA in Sanskrit (GANJA) in modern Indian languages

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name after for the Ganges River.

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GANJA- in its herbal form and HASHISH in its resinous form.

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CANNABIS is an ideal therapeutic drug for CANCER and AIDS patients.
A recent study concluded that CANNABINOIDS found in cannabis might have the

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ability to prevent ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE.
AFGHANISTAN –the world renowned for its hash- (the most pure form of cannabis.)
-is the largest supplier of cannabis today.
 Marijuana plant was first introduced in the Philippines by the Americans at Pasay City in
1955.

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Several Forms of Cannabis

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MARIJUANA OR GANJA- the leaves and flowering tops of female plants.
HASHISH OR CHARAS- a concentrated resin composed of glandular trichomes and
vegetative debris that has been physically extracted, usually by rubbing, sifting, or with

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ice.
KIF or KIEF- the chopped flowering tops of female cannabis plants, often mixed with
tobacco; Moroccan hashish produced in the Rif Mountains; sifted cannabis trichomes

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consisting of only the glandular heads (often incorrectly referred to as crystals or pollen.
Bhang-a beverage prepared by grinding cannabis leaves in milk and boiling with spices

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and other ingredients.
Hash Oil-an oily mixture resulting from chemical extraction or distillation of the

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THC-rich parts of the plant.
Budder- hash oil whipped to incorporate air, making it more like butter.

COCAINE – (coke, flake, white, snow, nose, candy, big C, lady, snow bird)
-it is a white crystalline powder which is often diluted with other depressants.
Injected, smoked or inhale, through nasal passage. Crystalline tropane alkaloid that is
derived from the leaves of the COCA plant known as “ERYTHROXYLON COCA”
-INCAS of Peru were one of the first known users of the coca leaf. It is a stimulant of the
central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, (euphoric effects and increase energy)
This drug affects the central nervous system as a stimulant, an appetite suppressant. In its
pure form, is also white and made up of shiny, colourless crystal. The effect of cocaine is similar
to those of amphetamine, only more intense and shorter duration. It is one of the strongest short
acting stimulants that last only 15 to 20 minutes.
-Treat morphine addiction
- 1855 – Freedrick Gaedckel(German Chemist) first isolated the counterculture of cocaine.
- 1859 Albert Niemann (German Chemist) who first name the alkaloid “Cocaine”

Note: The original formula of Coca-Cola in 1886 includes cocaine.

Forms of Cocaine
1. Cocaine Sulfate
2. Freebase
3. Crack Cocaine
Cocaine as a local anaesthetic for ENT (ears, nose and throat surgery)

MORPHINE – (sweet, Morpheus, pectoral syrup) is a potent opiate analgesic drug that is used
to relieve severe pain
⚫ It may come in the form of white crystal, hypodermic, tablets, and injectable solution.
Smoked, injected or taken orally. It is strong opiate analgesic drug and is the principal
active agent in opium. It acts directly on the CNS that relieve pain.
- 6x more potent than opium. Known cure for opium and alcohol addiction.
- First Isolation of Morphine year 1804 by the German Pharmacist FRIEDRICH
WILHELM ADAM SATURNER, who name it MORPHIUM after“Morpheus” the Greek
God of dreams. Where used during the American Civil War