PHARMACOGNOSY

ASSIGNMENT
3rd prof. Pharm _D (evening)

MADE BY: NEHA MUHAMMAD GULFAM

 HERBAL DRUGS IN CNS DISORDER
A. CONVOLVULUS PLURICAULIS
1. FAMILY:
Convolvulaceae
2. COMMON NAMES
Shankhpushpi
3. BOTANICAL DRUG USED
To prepare the extract of CP, plant leaves were separated from the herb and washed
thoroughly and dried in shade and powdered. The leaves powder was macerated
with 70 %ethanol in a shaker for 2 days. The extract was filtered and concentrated
using flash evaporator and lyophilized to remove the residual water. Different
preparation then be made by using this extract.
4. GENERAL PLAMT INFORMATION
Convolvulus pluricaulis ( C. Pluricaulis) also called Shankhpushpi in India commonly
known as Bindweed, is a perinneal herb. It seems like morning glory. Its branches
are spread on the ground and can be more than 30 cm long. The flowers are blue in
color (5mm) and the leaves, which are elliptical in shape (2mm), are located at
alternate positions with branches or flowers. It is commonly found in India,
especially in the state of Bihar. All the parts of the herb are known to possess
therapeutic benefits. It is believed to be the only herb that is capable of enhancing all
the aspects related to brain power such as learning, memory, and the ability to
recall. However, its popularity stem from its ability to treat Insomnia effectively.
5. MAIN CHEMICAL COMPOUND
It include bioactive components such as Cinnamic acid, pentanoic acids, ascorbic
acid, vitamin E, phthalic acid, squalene, silane, decanoic acid, linoleic acid, b-
sirosterol, tropane alkaloid, kaempferol etc. Chemical studies of whole plant have
shown the presence of glucosides, coumarins, falvonoids and alkaloids.
Shankhpushpi, ( the alkaloid) has been identified as active principle. B. sitosterol
glycoside, Hydroxy cinnamic acid, octacosanol tetracosane along with glucose,
sucrose also have been isolated from the plant drugs.

6. CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

 The drug is used as antiepileptic. It is used alone or is administered along with
modern antiepileptic drugs. Little human research has been published in the
western medical literature regarding this plant. One study shows Convolvulus
pluricaulis to have anti-ulcer effects due to augmentation of mucosal defensive
factors like mucin secretion and glycoproteins. Another study showed that
convolvulus pluricaulis may be helpful in improving symptoms of hyperthyroidism
by reducing the activity of a liver enzyme. Convolvulus pluricaulis is used as a brain
tonic. Is used as a tonic, alterative and febrifuge. It is a sovereign remedy in bowel
complaints especially dysentery. The plant is reported to be a prominent memory
improving drug. It is used as a psychostimulant and tranquilizer. It is reported to
reduce mental tension. Mechanistically, it reduces the spontaneous motor activity,
thereby controlling the refluxes and frightening responses. It ultimately acts as a
sedative moiety which initiates a persistent fall in blood pressure and cardiac
contraction, thereby managing neurological pathologies such as anxiety, insanity
and epilepsy.

7. INTERACTIONS
Compounds in the root of convolvulus (400mg/kg for 30 days) appear to inhibit the
5’-deiodinase enzyme which bioactives T4 into T3 as evidenced by the root causing
reduced serum T3 and preventing T4-induced elevations in T3.
8. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is not contraindicated to any condition or drug, unless it is used according
to the physician consultation.
9. ADVERSE EFFECT
This memory-boosting herb has no proven side effects but one should always
consult a doctor before starting to use shakhpushpi formulations in case it has many
harmful interactions with the medicines the individual is already taking. Since
Shankhpushpi has a mild hypotensive effect, people suffering from low blood
pressure should consult a doctor before taking this.
As it is an herbal drug, it has a specific bitter taste, one might feel nauseatic while
having the formulation.

10. DOSAGE

 Shankhpushpi tablet /capsule (Gutika) - 1or 2 tablets for adult Bid.

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  Shankhpushpi powder (churna) – ¼ to ½ teaspoon for adults Bid.

 Shankhpushpi juice (kashayam) – 2 to 4 teaspoon for adult once or twice a day.

 Shankhpushpi Syrup(Arishtam)- 20 ml for adults Bid with water after meals.

B. VELERIANA OFFCINALIS

1. FAMILY:
Caprifoliaceae
2. COMMON NAMES
Garden Haliotrope, All- heal, veleriana etc
3. BOTANICAL DRUG USED
Preparations for valerian marketed as dietary supplements are made from its roots,
rhizomes, and stolons. Dried roots are prepared as teas or tinctures, and dried plant
parts and extracts are put into capsule or incorporated into tablets.
4. GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION
Valerana officinalis is an herbaceous perinneal that grows 1.5-4 ft. (0.5-1.5m ) tall.
The plant grows from a small rhizome and has fibrous roots. Stems are usually
pubscent, especially at the nodes. It is still cultivated today for its medicinal use.
This plant can grow in a variety of different habitats ranging from grasslands to
wooded areas. It can tolerate a wide variety of conditions from to dry to wet soils. It
is often abundant near the coast.

5. MAIN CHEMICAL COMPOUND

Active compounds include flavones, Alkaloids and sesquiterpenes.

6. CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

It is widely used to treat insomnia and anxiety. Valerian has received approval for
use as a sleep aid by regulatory authorities in several countries including Germany.
Animal studies have shown a depressant effect of valerian on the central nervous
system as well as antioxidative and vasorelarelaxant activities. In human studies,
,valerian is associated with a reduction in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during
the first part of the night but an increase during the latter stages of sleep,

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 minimizing natural sleep stage composition. This is the mechanism of action of
valerian of inducing sleep and relaxing CNslS. Clinical trials suggest that with
repeated administration, valerian produces sleep-inducing effects without altering
sleep architecture at modest doses.

7. INTERACTIONS
 It can enhance e Benzodiazepine action by binding with GABAa receptor
 It can increase activity of VYP2D6 and CYP3A4
 It can affect p-gp activity

8. CONTRAINDICATIONS
 Don’t take valerian with other sedatives and hypnotic medications.
 Don’t consume alcohol.

9. ADVERSE EFFECTS
Although there are no clinically reported adverse effects, it should be recalled that
valerian acts through GABA receptors and may counter the symptoms of
Benzodiazepine withdrawal.

10. DOSAGE

Doses generally range from 400 mg to 900 mg of valerian taken before bedtime. It is
not known whether higher doses may be more effective because of a paucity of
safety and efficiency data at higher doses.

C. BACOPA MONNIERA
1. FAMILY:
Plantaginaceae
2. COMMON NAMES
Water hyssop, Brahmi, herb of grace, Indian Pennywort.
3. BOTANICAL DRUG USED
The extract of Bacopa is prepared in which the aerial part of B. Monniera was
collected, cut into small pieces and dried in a hot air oven at 50°C and then crushed.

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 This dried powder was percolated for 8h with 95% ethanol (1g in 6ml) three times
and then filtered. The filtrate was evaparated under reduced pressure. Then, the
extract is used to make capsules and tablets.
4. GENERAL PLAMT INFORMATION
It is a perinneal creping plant belonging to the family Schrophulariacea, is a majority
found in damp, wet, and marshy areas throughout India. Bacopa is commonly used
for Alheimer disease, memory and thinking skills (cognitive function), anxiety, and
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but there is limited scientific
research to support these uses.
5. MAIN CHEMICAL COMPOUND
B. Monniera contains alkaloid brhamine, nicotinine, herpestine, barcosides And B,
saponins A, B and C, triterpenoid saponins, stigmasterol, B-sitosterol, betulinic acid,
D-mannitol, stigmastanol, alpha-alanine, aspartic acid, glumatic acid, and serine and
pseudojujubogenin glycoside.
6. CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
Bacopa monniera has been used by Ayurvedic medical practitioners for centuries
for a variety of purposes, including improving memory, reducing anxiety, and
treating epilepsy. In fact, research shows that it may boost brain function and
alleviate anxiety and stress, among other benefits. Preliminary evidence suggests
that Bacopa may have antioxidant properties. The herb contains saponin
compounds such as bacosides and Bacopasides, which may enhance the
communication of brain chemicals involved in cognition, learning, and memory, and
inhibit inflammation in the brain.
7. INTERACTIONS
 Anticholinergic medications
 Antihistamines
 Thyroid hormone
 Other Alzheimer’s medications
8. CONTRAINDICATIONS
 Avoid use with hypersensitivity to any of the components of Bacopa.
 Avoid use in pregnancy. Information regarding safety and efficiency in
pregnancy and lactation is lacking.
9. ADVERSE EFFECTS

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 Common Adverse effects include increased bowel movements, stomach cramps,
nausea, dry mouth, and fatigue.
10. DOSAGE
For improving memory and thinking: a dosing of 300 mg Brahmi extract per day for
12 weeks.

REFERENCES:
1. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2012/vol1issue1/PartA/4.pdf
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868798/
3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00171
4. https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/shankhpushpi-benefits-uses-dosage-
formulations-and-side-effects
5. https://examine.com/supplements/convolvulus-pluricaulis/research/#interactions-
with-hormones
6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-
pharmaceutical-science/valerian
7. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-870/valerian
8. https://www.koop-phyto.org/en/medicinal-plants/valerian.php
9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-
pharmaceutical-science/bacopa-monnieri
10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746283/
11. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-761/bacopa
12. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/bacopa-monnieri-benefits#:~:text=Bacopa
%20monnieri%20has%20been%20used,and%20stress%2C%20among%20other
%20benefits.
13. https://www.rxlist.com/bacopa/supplements.htm
14. https://www.drugs.com/npp/brahmi.html
15. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/606424/#materials-and-methods
16. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Valerian-HealthProfessional/