8 Science Yearly Study Guide Notes:

Topic 3 - Am I Not Healthy Enough?

Digestion:
- Digestion begins at the mouth and finishes at the anus.

- Chewing (mechanical digestion) breaks down food while mixing with saliva creating
bolus (made by the tongue).

- The esophagus has wave like muscles known as peristalsis, which force food down.

- The stomach is a hollow organ which holds food while being mixed with gastric acids
to continue the process of breaking it down into a useable form. Cells in the lining of
the stomach create strong acids that are responsible for the breakdown process.

- In the small intestine, food absorption takes place. Chyme is released in small
amounts from the stomach to the small intestine through another sphincter.
Peristalsis continues in the small intestine, churning the chime and mixing it with
intestinal secretions. These secretions include enzymes that further digest proteins,
fats and carbohydrates.

- All the nutrients made are then released into the bloodstream and distributed to the
cells of the body. These nutrients are carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

- Villi (finger-like projections) lie in the tubes of the small intestine.

- They come in contact with the digested food passing through the small intestine and
efficiently help with absorption of nutrients (Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins) as
they increase surface area. The molecules (nutrients) will move from the wall of the
small intestine into the blood vessels.

- Gallbladder Produces bile.

- The Pancreas Converts food into fuel for the body’s cells and also produces insulin to
allow absorption of glucose.

- The Liver processes the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

- The Large Intestine. Absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food and
removes waste products from the body.

- Anus removes things the body doesn’t need.

Respiration:
- Respiration I is NOT breathing.

- The Nose inhales and exhales air, warms and moistens. (like a filter) Cilia and mucus
line the nasal cavity and trap bacteria and foreign particles that enter through the
nose.
-
- The Pharynx allows air to pass from the mouth to the lungs.

- The Larynx (voice box), is a passageway for air to enter the lungs.

- The Epiglottis is a flap that protects the trachea against food absorption. (Stops the
food from going down the windpipe)

- The Trachea is hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It
provides airflow to and from the lungs.

- The Lungs are air filled organs like sponges, having two sides. Right lung and left
lung. Within the lung, there are tubular branches called bronchi, which then they
divide into smaller grape like trees called alveoli.

- When air enters the lungs they expand, and deflate when you exhale.

- The Alveoli are tiny grape like sacs that lie in the lungs at the end of the respiratory
tree. Gas exchange takes place because they have very thin walls.

- The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or

inhalation. The diaphragm opens when you breathe.
Circulation:
- The Heart is made of strong muscle tissues and is protected by your rib cage.
- The Heart Consists of four hollow chambers – two ventricles and two atria.
- It consists of the right and left atrium.
- From here it is pumped through yet another valve and into the aorta, the vessel in
which it begins its journey around the body.
- The heart contains valves that make sure that blood only flows in the right direction.
There are four valves in the human heart, one at the exit of each chamber.
- The two chambers at the bottom of the heart are called VENTRICLES.
- Heart valves are made of flaps of skin that only open in one direction. If blood tried
to flow backwards, the valve would snap shut, preventing the flow in that direction.
- Red Blood Cells. Carry oxygen bound to haemoglobin.`
- Blood vessels enter and leave the heart.
- Once in the heart the blood moves from the right atrium, through one way valve,
into the lower chamber, the right ventricle.
- Blood first enters the heart through the right atrium.
- The walls of the atria and ventricles have different thickness. The atria haverelatively
thin muscular outside walls while the ventricles have outside walls that are very
muscular and thick.
- From here the blood is pumped through another one way valve into the pulmonary
artery to travel in the lungs.
- The right side of your Heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The left side
of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
- All four chambers work like pumps and push blood throughout your body.
- Blood Vessels allow blood to flow quickly from one region to another and then allow
- it to come back to your heart. Cellular Respiration:

- Has a hollow area that allows for easy flow of food.

- Three main types of Blood Vessels including capillaries, arteries and veins.
 - Cellular respiration is the series of reactions that occur in an organism’s cells to
release energy from the energy-rich sugar glucose.
- Word formula for cellular Respiration:
- Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (Energy)

Photosynthesis:
- Word Formula:
- Carbon Dioxide + Water (Light) (Chlorophyll) → Glucose + Oxygen

Plant Transport System:

- Plants have two types of transport tubes, which start in the roots and travel up the
stems to the leaves.

- Root Structure: Function is to absorb water and nutrients. Anchors plant into
ground.

- Xylem Structure: Function is to carry water and minerals to plant (eg.

Photosynthesis, hydrogen)

- Phloem Structure: Transports the food (Glucose) made in leaves to all the plant cells.

- Stem: Transports food and water. And holds plant upright.

- Flower: Pollen, Reproduction – make seeds.

- Leaves: Photosynthesis. They release oxygen and enter carbon dioxide.

Revision Tasks:

- Revision Booklet Link: Link