SAINT THERESE SCHOOL

GRADE 7 ADVANCE SCIENCE REVIEWER

BOTANY
- Botany is the scientific study of plants—how plants function, what they look like, how they are related
to each other, where they grow, how people make use of plants, and how plants evolved.
PLANTS
- Plants form the most vital and most essential components of our environment. Plants, just like human
beings, are living organisms that require food, water and sunlight to live.
ROOTS
- are the most important part of a plant as they are responsible for transferring the necessary nutrients to
the plant. They are the agents responsible for delivering water and minerals to the plants.
STEMS
- are also support systems for the plants. Their main function is to act as delivery agents for the nutrients
and water stored in the roots and transferring them to the other plant parts in the form of glucose. Stems
also transfer food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant.
LEAVES
- Leaves are a fundamental part of a plant as all the necessary food for the plants are stored in the leaves.
A special part about leaves is that they are designed for the process of photosynthesis which contributes to
the process of making food in the leaves.
FLOWERS
- Flowers are known as the reproductive products of plants. They are mostly responsible for producing
fruits. The process is like this- the ovules present in the flowers get fertilized and produces fruit. They
also contain pollen which helps in the pollination of the flower.
FRUITS
- Fruits are the products of reproduction in plants. The most essential component from which
reproduction starts, that is the seed, is present in the fruit. Therefore, they act as a protective layer for
seeds.
SEEDS
- Seeds are the main agents for reproduction. They can be found most commonly in fruits from where
they germinate and develop into new plants.
MONOCOT PLANTS
- are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one
embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.
Examples of monocot plants are the palms, grasses, orchids, and lilies.
DICOT PLANTS
- Any member of the flowering plants, or angiosperms, that has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the
embryo of the seed.
Most common garden plants, shrubs and trees, and broad-leafed flowering plants such as magnolias,
roses, geraniums, and hollyhocks are dicots.
ANGIOSPERM
- are plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits. They are the largest and most diverse group
within the kingdom Plantae, with about 300,000 species.
- Fruits, grains, vegetables, trees, shrubs, grasses and flowers are angiosperms. Most of the plants
that people eat today are angiosperms. From the wheat that bakers use to make your bread to the
tomatoes in your favorite salad, all of these plants are examples of angiosperms.
GYMNOSPERMS
- Any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule
- They include the conifers (pines, cypresses, etc.), cycads, gnetophytes, and Ginkgo.
- Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Pine, fir, spruce, and cedar are all examples of conifers
that are used for lumber, paper production, and resin. Some other common uses for gymnosperms
are soap, varnish, nail polish, food, gum, and perfumes.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to do its job of turning your food into the nutrients and
energy you need to survive. And when it’s done with that, it handily packages your solid waste, or stool,
for disposal when you have a bowel movement.
- The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of their function) are the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
- Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver.
MOUTH
- The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract.
- After you start eating, you chew your food into pieces that are more easily digested.
- When you swallow, your tongue passes the food into your throat and into your esophagus.
ESOPHAGUS
- Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth
when you swallow.
- The epiglottis is a small flap that folds over your windpipe as you swallow to prevent you from choking
(when food goes into your windpipe).
- A series of muscular contractions within the esophagus called peristalsis delivers food to your stomach.
STOMACH
- The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach
enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form.
- Cells in the lining of your stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for
the breakdown process.
- When the contents of the stomach are processed enough, they’re released into the small intestine.
SMALL INTESTINE
- Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long
muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver.
- Peristalsis also works in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive juices from the
pancreas and liver.
PANCREAS
- The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and
carbohydrates.
- The pancreas also makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief hormone in
your body for metabolizing sugar.
LIVER
- The liver has many functions, but its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients
absorbed from the small intestine.
- Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat and
- The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secretes many drugs that can
be toxic to your body.some vitamins.
GALL BLADDER
- The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in the
small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.
LARGE INTESTINE
- The large intestine, or colon, is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and
convenient.
- It’s a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum.
RECTUM
- The rectum is a straight, 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus.
- The rectum's job is to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated
(pooped out) and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
ANUS
- The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor
muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external).
CONDITONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Heart burn
- Stomach flu
- Ulcer
- Gal stones
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Your heart and blood vessels make up the circulatory system. The main function of the
circulatory system is to provide oxygen, nutrients and hormones to muscles, tissues and organs
throughout your body.
- Another part of the circulatory system is to remove waste from cells and organs so your body can
dispose of it.
Heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body.
Blood vessels, which include your arteries, veins and capillaries.
Blood, made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

PULMONARY CIRCUIT
- This circuit carries blood without oxygen from the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary veins return
oxygenated blood to the heart.
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
- In this circuit, blood with oxygen, nutrients and hormones travels from the heart to the rest of the body.
In the veins, the blood picks up waste products as the body uses up the oxygen, nutrients and hormones.
CORONARY CIRCUIT
- Coronary refers to your heart’s arteries. This circuit provides the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
The coronary circuit then returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart’s right upper chamber (atrium) to send
to the lungs for oxygen.
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
- Arteries are thin, muscular tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and to every
part of your body.
- The aorta is the body’s largest artery. It starts at the heart and travels up the chest (ascending
aorta) and then down into the stomach (descending aorta).
- The coronary arteries branch off the aorta, which then branch into smaller arteries (arterioles) as
they get farther from your heart.
Veins - These blood vessels return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart. Veins start small (venules) and get
larger as they approach your heart.
- Two central veins deliver blood to your heart. The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper
body (head and arms) to the heart.
- The inferior vena cava brings blood up from the lower body (stomach, pelvis and legs) to the heart.
Veins in the legs have valves to keep blood from flowing backward.
Capillaries - These blood vessels connect very small arteries (arterioles) and veins (venules).
- Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products to pass into
and out of cells.
CONDITIONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE CRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Aneurysm
- High Blood pressure
- Plaque deposits
- Venous disease

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Your respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. This system helps
your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It also cleans waste gases, such as carbon
dioxide, from your blood.
MOUTH AND NOSE
- Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
SINUSES
- Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
PHARYNX
- Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe).
TRACHEA
- The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube about 4 inches long and less than an inch in
diameter in most people.
- Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
BRONCHIAL TUBES
- Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
- When you breathe in, the air travels down through your trachea (windpipe). It then goes through two
tubes to your lungs.
LUNGS
- The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax).
- Responsible for removing oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
DIAPHRAGM
- The diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from
the chest.
- It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs.
RIBS
- Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart.
ALVEOLI
- Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
BRONCHIOLES
- Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
CAPILLARIES
- Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon dioxide.
LUNG LOBES
- Sections of the lungs — three lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung.
PLEURA
- Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs from the chest wall.
CILIA
- Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out of your airways.
EPIGLOTTIS
- Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you swallow to keep food and liquids out of
your airway.
LARYNX
- Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out.
CONDITIONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Allergies
- Asthma
- Pneumonia
- Aging
URINARY/EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The urinary system works as a filter, removing toxins and wastes from your body through urine. It uses a
series of tubes and ducts to pass this waste. These tubes are connected to your blood vessels and digestive
system. Your urinary system helps the rest of your body work properly.
Your urinary system filters your blood to get rid of what your body doesn’t need. It eliminates extra water
and salt, toxins, and other waste products. Different parts of the urinary system perform tasks including:
 Filtering blood.
 Separating the toxins you don’t need from the nutrients you do need.
 Storing and carrying urine out of your body.

The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra make up the urinary system. They all work together to filter,
store and remove liquid waste from your body. Here’s what each organ does:

 Kidneys: These organs work constantly. They filter your blood and make urine, which your body
eliminates. You have two kidneys, one on either side of the back of your abdomen, just below
your rib cage. Each kidney is about as big as your fist.
 Ureters: These two thin tubes inside your pelvis carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder.
 Bladder: Your bladder holds urine until you’re ready to empty it (pee). It’s hollow, made of
muscle, and shaped like a balloon. Your bladder expands as it fills up. Most bladders can hold up
to 2 cups of urine.
 Urethra: This tube carries urine from your bladder out of your body. It ends in an opening to the
outside of your body in the penis (in men) or in front of the vagina (in women).

WHAT CONDITIONS MAY AFFECT THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

- UTI & STI
- Bladder prolapse
- Kidney stones
- Kidney disease
- Interstitial cystitis
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Your nervous system is your body’s command center. Originating from your brain, it controls your
movements, thoughts and automatic responses to the world around you. It also controls other body
systems and processes, such as digestion, breathing and sexual development (puberty).
Your nervous system affects every aspect of your health, including your:
  Thoughts, memory, learning, and feelings.
 Movements, such as balance and coordination.
 Senses, including how your brain interprets what you see, hear, taste, touch and feel.
 Sleep, healing and aging.
 Heartbeat and breathing patterns.
 Response to stressful situations.
 Digestion, as well as how hungry and thirsty you feel.
 Body processes, such as puberty.
PARTS
I. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) - Your brain and spinal cord make up your CNS. Your
brain uses your nerves to send messages to the rest of your body. Each nerve has a protective outer layer
called myelin. Myelin insulates the nerve and helps the messages get through.
1. BRAIN - Divided into 6 mains sections
a.) CEREBRUM - The largest section, and is further divided into 4 lobes
Frontal Lobe - reasoning and thought
Parietal Lobe - Integrates sensory information.
Temporal Lobe - Processes auditory information from the ears.
Occipital Lobe - Processing visual information from the eyes.
b.) CEREBELLUM - located below the cerebrum and above from the 1st cervical of the neck
- Responsible for muscle coordination, balance, Posture and muscle tone.
c.) DIANCEPHALON- found between the cerebrum and the midbrain.
- it contains two structures.
1. Thalamus - direct sensory impulses to the cerebrum
2. Hypothalamus - Controls and regulate temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep and blood vessel
constriction and dilation.
- also plays a role in emotions such as, anger, pain, fear, pleasure, affection.

d.) MIDBRAIN - Located below cerebrum and responsible for eye and auditory reflexes.

e.) PONS - located below midbrain (in brainstem) and responsible for certain reflex actions.
f.) MEDULLA OBLONGATA - Located at the bottom of the brainstem and connects the spinal chord.
- Responsible for Regulating Heart and blood vessel functions, digestions, respiration, swallowing,
coughing, sneezing and blo od pressure.

2. SPINAL CHORD - The link between the brain and the nerves in the rest of the body
*4 REGIONS OF SPINAL CHORD
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Spinal Nerves - (Afferent, Efferent)
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Your peripheral nervous system consists of many nerves that branch out from your CNS all over your
body. This system relays information from your brain and spinal cord to your organs, arms, legs, fingers
and toes. Your peripheral nervous system contains your:
- Somatic nervous system, which guides your voluntary movements.
- Autonomic nervous system, which controls the activities you do without thinking about them.
CONDITIONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Stroke
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Sciatica
- Peripheral Neuropathy