🎓🎓Foreign Literature

Working Students was still increasing time passing by, According to Georgetown University's
Center on Education and the Workforce, all of a student's education expenses won't cover
working through college. More than 75% of college students for the past 26 years, have worked
while joining school. Same source said that the increase of college enrollment and tuition is the
primary reason for the rise of working students.According to National Center for Education
Statistics in America in 2007, nearly half or 45% percent of traditional undergraduate students
between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four attending college is working full-time while
enrolled.

Every students in college have their own challenges, family problem and school work
difficulties. The main reason why students working while studying was financial problem, every
students need to balance allowance to be able to attend classes. According to the findings of
the study conducted by Williams (2014), the reasons why students work is due to
budgetary need, meet a quick or basic necessity, and to help the under studies in their
future objectives. This was supported by the study of Furr and Elling (2002), where the
reason why the students work part-time is due to financial problem.

According to Cabtree, D., college and career counselor at Wheaton Academy in Illinois. The
main point that students should have in mind is the importance of balance and moderation. It
may not be a wise decision, if working will restrict with completing schoolwork, spending time
with friends and family or getting adequate rest. Student have worked was not exempted in
responsibilities at school and family. Time management will always apply by the working
students, considering responsibilities and privileges must be performed. According to Curtis &
Shani, 2002; Curtis & Williams, 2002, Students can have the prospect to directly relate the
experiences of working part-time to enhance and refine their academic knowledge, motivation
and employment prospects.

Students doing work while attending school was very popular not only in the Philippines but
also in other country. According to Steinberg et al. (1981), engaging students in part-time and
some full-time employment is progressively a common phenomenon everywhere. It very
significant to study this case to fully understand the experiences and opportunities of being
working students. According to the study of Ruhm (1997), it is necessary to understand the
effects of working students in society because as the rate of working student reached an
abnormal state, job-hiring started to show the negative impacts that were attributed to it since
it lessens instructive fulfillment and scholarly execution particularly among youthful laborers
without school training. On the other hand, if working at a young age proves to be a favorable
aspect of the economy. According to the research conducted by Watts and Pickering
(2000), while working part-time and studying full-time has a variety of positive outcomes,
respondents generally viewed part-time employment as a necessity to survive in the
contemporary higher education sphere.

Theoretical Framework

Students engaged in part-time and sometimes full-time employment while studying is

becoming a normal phenomenon everywhere. Job employment will eventually prepare the
students for their future profession. While ordinary experiences will comprise the majority of
the data content of this study, these data will be analyzed and justified using particular
theories. This study makes use of the Moral Responsibility Theory of P.F. Strawson,
Sociobiology Theory of Edward Wilson, and the Existential Theory by Soren Kierkegaard and
Friedrich Nietzsche.

The Moral Responsibility Theory of P.F.Strawson published in 1962 presents the consequences
of each action in the pros and cons result. It can be defined in Philosophy as the status of
morally worthy praise, reward, blame, or punishment for an act performed or neglected by
one's moral obligations accompanied by the three essential elements: accountability, freedom,
and results that can be either praise worthy or blame worthy.This theory shapes the pros and
cons of the life experiences of working students.As indicated by Watts and Pickering (2000),
working part-time and studying full-time has a variety of positive outcomes and respondents
generally viewed part-time employment as a necessity to survive in the contemporary higher
education sphere. However, the student might experience under pressure due to demands in
academics such as completing the tasks in the given time and instability regarding with
financial.The work plus studies make these hardworking students sleep deprived, and sleep
deprivation increases the risk factors of insomnia and damage to brain function.

Effects of Working While Studying to the students performance

Part-time jobs can affect study performance both positively and negatively. Positive effects of
part-time jobs can be beneficial for study performance in several ways. Firstly Butler (2007)
finds that the interaction between school responsibilities and work. Responsibilities can lead to
an interchangeable improvement in skills needed for both work and school performance.
Cinamon (2018) finds a positive relation between work - school facilitation and school grades.
Same source adds that the number of working hours influences the work-school facilitation of
students, which in turn affects the grades of students. Cinamon(2018) concludes in her article
that working a moderate numbers of hours per week has been associated with higher school
commitment and stronger intentions to attend college. However, it is unclear what she
indicates as a moderate number of hours per week. She concludes that negative effects enter
students life when they are working more than 20 hours a week, but she not indicate whether
this is a moderate amount of hours.

Other positive effect or working while studying are studied by Try (2004), Wang et al. (2010),
and Robotham ( 2012). Try (2004) finds that part-time jobs are leading to an easier entry to
future labour markets for the students. Wang et al. (2010) conclude that students engaging in
part-time jobs during their study life are more likely to enlarge their social support networks. A
general finding of Robotham's study (2012) is that students engaging un part-time jobs during
their study report more positive effects more than they report negative effects of their part-
time jobs. This reported effects differ from school specific effects to general quality of life
effects,like stress.

However, opposing literature has shown that students working during their study time can have
deleterious effects on several factors in student's life. Cinamon (2018), said that especially
when students have more than 20 working hours per week. Mainly, students employment in
part-time jobs negatively affects school behavior, school, school grades, school engagement,
and class attendance (Marsh and Kleitmann 2005; Zierold et al., 2005). Besides working
students may experience lavk of sleep, leading to feelings of tiredness (Bachman et al., 2013,
Harma, 2006). Also the probabilities of psychological strains and physical injury increase.
Robotham (2012) finds that when students engage in part-time jobs to fund their study the
feelings of pressure to work rise. Same study concludes that when students have feelings of
pressure to work, this influences both work and school performance. When financial pressure is
the main driver for students to work part-time besides their study, work and school are affected
by the stress following from this. (Robotham, 2012), stress in return, leads in most occasions to
worse study and work performance. ( Markel & Frone, 1978), the combined negative effects of
part-time jobs on study performance is called work-school conflict.

To further study the relationship between part-time jobs and study performance of students,
Cinamon (2018) describes two mechanisms to describe students interfaces between work and
school. Work-school facilitation (WSF) and work-school conflict (WSC). This concept are derived
from the ecological system theory, developed by Bronfenbrenner (1989).This theory focuses on
the reciprocal interaction between life environments, such as school and work environments.
McNall and Michel (2011) and Cinamon (2015) found WSC to negatively affect study
performance and WSF to positively affect study performance, with WSC having more impact on
study performance than WSF.

1. The Experiences of Working While Studying

- https://osf.io/w5t7a/download

-https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://osf.io/w5t7a/download
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UGwGHaF6AUAQFnoECAgQBg&usg=AOvVaw3746plZZ88qmgEn_il_ec4

2.https://edarxiv.org/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://edarxiv.org/w5t7a/
&ved=2ahUKEwirib6ljq37AhWl_XMBHZPHAbsQFnoECCcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0_CUSMfzqpekBKV
xnWx17d

3.Working Students: Their Benefits, Challenges and Coping Mechanism

-https://sshj.in/index.php/sshj/article/view/113

-https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://sshj.in/index.php/sshj/
article/download/
113/65/196&ved=2ahUKEwjQm4KMlI_7AhULd94KHSSYC8QQFnoECBUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1UAK
syH2WsKU4lBlIaOyB3

4. https://www.coursehero.com/file/ppmolnk/Theoretical-Framework-Students-engaged-in-
part-time-and-sometimes-full-time/

5.https://www.coursehero.com/file/ppmolnk/Theoretical-Framework-Students-engaged-in-
part-time-and-sometimes-full-time/
6.The difference between students with non-regular working hours

https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/11454/Kamp%2C_Bob_1.pdf?
sequence=1