Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machinery : ME-231

Instructor: Dr. B. Pathak

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
IIT-BHU VARANASI
 Concept of System

Closed System Open System Isolated System

(Control Mass) (Control Volume)
piston
high pressure
fluid

E E
gas m
turbine

work output

heat
low pressure water in a
fluid tank

**[control volume is an open system (with fixed region in space)]

Concept of Lagrangian and EulerianApproach
ship
 Continuum Concept
Fluid is treated as a continuous medium: Randomness due to molecular
uncertainties are not considered

Microscopic Approach Macroscopic Approach

Molecular fluctuations to be Molecular fluctuations rule out

considered 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ∝ 𝑚𝑣 2 Example: Density

𝛿𝑚
𝜌=
𝛿𝑉
𝛿𝑚
𝜌= lim
𝛿𝑉→𝛿𝑉 ∗ 𝛿𝑉

What should be the size of the region??

𝝀
Knudsen Number Kn=𝑳 𝝀:Molecular mean free path
L:Characteristic Length
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 > 𝑲𝒏 > 𝟎
For continuum treatment
Some Important Properties
Microscopic uncertainties
Density
𝛿𝑚 𝜌
𝜌=
𝛿𝑉
Macroscopic uncertinities
Too small ‘𝛿V’ : molecular
fluctuations will be large
𝛿V :local variations will be missed 𝛿V* 𝛿V
𝛿𝑚
𝜌= lim
𝛿𝑉→𝛿𝑉 ∗ 𝛿𝑉
How easily can the volume (/density) of a given mass of the fluid be changed when there
is a change in pressure?
Bulk Modulus
−∆𝑃 ∆𝑃 m= 𝜌𝑉
𝑘= = 𝑑𝜌
∆𝑉ൗ ∆𝜌ൗ ⇒ ൗ𝜌 + 𝑑𝑉ൗ𝑉 = 0
𝑉 𝜌

The velocity at which small disturbances propagate: Acoustic velocity (c)

𝑑𝑃 ∆𝑃 𝑘
𝑐= ⇒ 𝑐2 = ⇒ 𝑐2 = 𝑣
𝑑𝜌 ∆𝜌 𝜌
𝑀𝑎 =
∆𝑃 1 1
𝑐
∆𝜌ൗ ~ 2 𝜌𝑣 2 /𝑘 ~ 2 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2
𝜌 =
𝑘 c = 1481 m/s (water)
=330 m/s (air)
∆𝜌 1
~ 𝑀𝑎2
𝜌 2

Compressible Fluid or Incompressible fluid depends upon the Ma

 Discussion on Surface Tension

Discussion on Surface Tension

𝐹
𝜎=
𝐿

Can also be expressed in terms of

surface energy/work per unit area

water strider
The intensity of force per unit length along any line in the surface is called the surface
tension
Example: liquid droplet

𝑭𝑺𝑻 = 𝝈𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝜋𝑅2 = 𝜎2𝜋𝑅 + 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝜋𝑅2
⇒ 𝜎2𝜋𝑅 = (𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡 −𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 )𝜋𝑅2
2𝜎
𝑷𝒆𝒙𝒕 ⇒ ∆𝑃 =
𝑅

4𝜎
• Differential pressure across interface of a bubble ?? ∆𝑃 =
𝑅

• Any arbitrary surface with two curvature:

1 1
∆𝑃 = 𝜎 +
𝑅1 𝑅2
Marangoni Effect
 Capillary Effect

𝝆𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒉𝒈

𝝆𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒉𝒈 = 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟐𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
⇒𝒉=
𝝆𝑹𝒈

cellulose microfibrils