SCS, TRIAC, DIAC, SUS, UJT

Objectives
• To differentiate the SCS and SCR
• To Check the Output of TRIAC compared to SCR
• To Classify the Control Circuits Devices Likewise the Trigger Circuits
Devices
• To Apply UJT as a trigger circuits.
The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)

If we take the equivalent circuit for an SCR and add another external terminal, connected
to the base of the top transistor and the collector of the bottom transistor, we have a
device known as a silicon-controlled-switch, or SCS: (Figure below)
SCS: Motor start/stop circuit, equivalent circuit with two
transistors.

Q1

Q2

Same function as SCR--- to control the average current flow to a load

TRIAC
- Triode for alternating current
- A three terminal device used to control the average current flow to a
load
- The triode AC switch (TRIAC) is a power-switching device as is the
SCR.
- The TRIAC conducts currents in both directions while the SCR allows
current in only one direction.
TRIAC Symbol

gate

Cathode
Anode
Characteristics curve
I
Vbr3
Vbr2
Vbr1
Vbr0
V

Vbr0
Vbr1
Vbr2
Vbr3

Vbr – breakdown voltage

 Triacs
FOUR TRIGGERING MODES
1 MT2 (+), G(+), MT1(-)
2 MT2 (+), G(-), MT1(-)
3 MT2 (-), G(+), MT1(+) MT2

4 MT2 (-), G(-), MT1( +)

G
MT1
FOR TRIAC VOLTAGES

Ѳ = Arc sin VBRF/Em

Elave = 0

1
ELRMS = 2{ 2∏ ∫ Em2 Sin2 Ѳ dѲ}
1
∏
ELRMS = ∫ Em2 Sin2 Ѳ dѲ
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate:
a) Firing angle
b) Load Average voltage
c) Load RMS voltage
VBR = 100 V d) Load Average power

RL = 5 Ω
240 Vpk-pk
cc
Given : Vbrf = 100V RL = 5 Ω
Em = 240 V
Calculate:
a) Firing angle
b) Load Average voltage
c) Load RMS voltage
d) Load Average power
answer
Ѳ = 56.44⁰
EAVE = 0
ERMS = 77.45 V
PLAVE = 1.2 KW
DIAC
Diode for alternating current
- Is a two terminal , directional AC switch
- Has a fixed break down voltage
- Exhibits a negative resistance when the break down voltage is
exceeded in either direction
- Is a three layer diode AC switch used primarily for triggering device
for TRIAC’s and SCR’s
- For Triggering
symbol

anode cathode
Characteristics curve
I

- Vbo
V

+Vbo
SUS
Silicon unilateral switch
- A break over device which can break over only in one direction
- More frequently used for triggering circuits SCR’s
Symbol

anode cathode

gate

Vbo = Vz + 0. 6

Vz - the zener diode voltage connected to the gate and

cathode of the SUS
Vbo – break over voltage
Characteristics curve

V
Forward breakdown voltage

Reverse
Breakdown voltage Much greater than the FBV
UJT ---For Triggering & Relaxation Osc.
OPERATION

SYMBOL BASIC CONCEPT:

-UJT has a single PN junction
-It has 3 terminals E, B1 & B2
-Intrinsic stand off ratio (n)is the ratio of
the value of B1 equivalent resistance
(rB1) to the total inter base resistance
(rBI + rB2) or (rBB)
PUT
• The programmable unijunction transistor, or PUT, is a close
cousin to the thyristor. Like the thyristor it consists of four P-
N layers and has an anode and a cathode connected to the
first and the last layer, and a gate connected to one of the
inner layers.
PUT’s are essentially special-purpose devices in
electronics, used for lighting control, motor speed
control and other variable power applications.
PUT SYMBOL/CONSTRUCTION
PUT TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENT
UJT equivalent circuit

B2
VD = 0.6

rB2

rB1
rBB = rB1 + rB2
B1
rB1
n=
rBB
n – intrinsic stand off ratio
- needed in the calculation of the
Vp = n VB1B2 + 0.6 Vp - emitter peak firing voltage
Characteristics curve

Ie

Iv
Ip
Veb

Vv Vp
Where :
Vp – emitter peak firing voltage
Vv – valley voltage – the minimum conducting voltage
Ip – peak emitter current
Iv – valley current – the current where the minimum conducting
voltage is located
Example
Basing from the circuit below;
1. What is the emitter peak firing voltage for n = 0.55 ?
2. a) if the UJT has an internal resistance @ b1 of 6.2 KΩ and an internal
base resistance rb2 = 2.2
KΩ, what is the intrinsic stand off ratio?
b) how large is Vp?
Ckt. 20 V

R2
Re

Vb2
B2

B1 Vb1

C R1
rBB = rB1 + rB2
rB1
n=
rBB
Vp = n VB1B2 + 0.6

Find: a) Vp @ n = 0.55
b) N @ rb1 = 6.2 KΩ ,
rb2 = 2.2 KΩ
c) Vp @ b?
Soln.
1. Vp = n Vbb + 0.6
Vp = 0.55(20) + 0.6
Vp = 11.6 volts
2. a) n = rb1/(rb1 + rb2) = 6.2(6.2 + 2.2) = 0.74
b) Vp = 0.74 (20) + 0.6 = 15.4
UJT used as a relaxation oscillator

1 1
F= =
T ReCe

Operating frequency - Hz

Re max = Vs – Vp
Ip

Vs – Vv
Re min =
Iv

VR1 = Vp - Vv Peak voltage across R1

Vs (R1) UJT is not conducting

VR1 =
R total
Example:
Refer to the relaxation oscillator shown below, assume that UJT has the
following characteristics:
n = 0.63 Ip = 5 uA
rb1 = 5.8 KΩ Iv = 3.5 mA
rb2 = 3.4 KΩ Vv = 1.5 V
Calculate:
a. Vp
b. The approximate oscillating frequency
c. Prove that Re min < Re < Re max Vp = n VB1B2 + 0.6
d. Calculate the peak voltage across R1
e. Calculate the voltage across R1 when the UJT is not conducting ?
Figure:

24 V

= 470 Ω
Required: 10 KΩ

Vp
F
Remin
Remax
Prove = 100 Ω
VR1 conducting 0.2 u F
VR1 off
Required:

Vp
F
Remin
Remax
Prove
VR1 conducting
VR1 off
Answer key
Vp = 14.84 V
Fo = 500 hz
Re min = 6.428 k ohms
Re max = 1.832 Mohms
6.4 K < 10K < 1.8 M
VR1 = 13.34 V
VR1 off = 0.246 V