Future trends HERZ Sinaller and faster Nanotechnology, the science of creating and using macerials or devices ar molecular and atomic sizes, is going to represent a new technological evolution, These devices will fallin the range of 1 nanometre. which is equal to one billionth of a metre, to 100 anometres (nm). Nanobors, robots formed from molecules or molecular components, will be used in medieine to control and diagnose diseases. For example, they will be injected and will move through blood vessels destroying cholesterol molecules or cances Nanocomputers, molecule-sizal computers, may have the power of 100 workstations but only be the size of a geain of sand, There will he swo main types of molecular computers: @ Quantum computers, hased on quantum mechanics, Aalst’ impression oa ranabot may be millions of times faster than cusrent computers. They 3rd bin will be so fast heause they will be able to examine all possible answers to a query at the same time. This capability is made possible by qbits, quantum bits, which can be 0 oF 1, or something in between, simultaneously © DNA computers will use DNA biochips to perform the same functions as silicon microchips do today but at a much faster speed. Computers everywhere: human-centred technologies The relationship berween people and computers will be closer, Cemputars will be embedded, er hidden in @ vortaty of items. For ‘example, well have wearable computers that wil be embedded in @ belt or 0 piece of jewellery ete User interfaces, the systems thot faclitare ‘communication between people and computers. will resemble human communication. Thare will be gesture interfaces based on fociothard recognition systems ICT devices will be mobile and multimedia: we'l watch mobile TV programmes on our phones which wll algo access the Internet ond work as @ mobile offes. Computer chips con be injected under the akin RFID, radio-frequency sdentifcation tags, might be used ro track or identify people or 40 store Information, such at medical data, although there are concerns about privacy and personal safety. By the yeor 2040 there might be In the necr fture well be able to Inalligant robots mochious that tum in the imenersiea Internat, Wil be ce to think creatively: The echinolagy thor ail change [Processing power ef computers ray mensional voorkd of the Totoro Foca rewchea roagocacc mis See per ee (niiens of iptructtona par ancora) dimensional sound and images ed fia ettonated speed of harman ‘even the sense of touch thought Professionel Engl io Use ICT1 Read these extracts and replace the words in italics with words in A opposite. 2 Ina computer of this type, data is processed by exploiting the strange qualities of quantum physics; the building blocks of computation are not transistors but caged atoms or qbits. 1 A computer of this type is a molecular computer that works biochemically. It ‘computes’ using enzymes that cause chain reactions. 3 It has the potential to revolutionize the 4 The government plans to fund a way we live, from creating miniaturized study examining the feasibility of “Star Trek'-like electronic gadgets to molecule-sized robotic devices that delivering medicines to specific places id position atoms to build in the human body. complex substances and products. 5 Scientists at an Israeli institute have developed a very small one — so small that a trillion of its kind fir into a test tube. 2) Write a caption under each picture illustrating the fucure trends from B apposite 3° Match the terms with their definitions 1 quantum bits 2 a microchip made with organic materials 2 DNA biochip b the speed at which the CPL! processes inseructions 3 embedded ¢ the device or program used to interact with a computer 4 user interface d subatomic particles used in quantum computers 5 MIPS € fixed, integrated You and computers NGM Cee ee eee eae Then do the activity Emerging technologies. Profesional English in Use (CT6 Prefixes Common prefixes ‘We can form new words by using prefixes and suffixes, e.g. micro-process-or prefix + rot + sf prefix; ‘ora pars re ke pul ees Prefixes come hefore the root word and usually change its meaning. Here are some common ones in ICT. a Negative pres meaning “nor rnon- Non-volatile memory rvtains its content when the power is tumed off, tun An unformarted disk has nor heen “initialized i doesn't allowe data ro be stored 1 Prefises of location: iross| Data transmission can he wired oF witeles inter: [= between} The faterner eonsiss of millions of computers interconnected in a global network inta- (= within) An intranet isa private network, restricted 10 company’s internal use. extra-(= outside in addition to) An extranet Hinks a ‘company with iss euscomets and suppliers tele- (= over a distance) -Teleconterene in different places ro tll to and see cach other. © Prefixes of size ‘super {= lange, beter} A supersite offers links 10 oxher websites on a certain ropie. semi (= half, party) A semiconductor is neither a An etare fe an good conductor nor a good insulator (eg silicon, cena itanet used to make compurer chips. micro [= small) A mierobrowser i designed ro display web pages on PDAS ane! mobiles. Prefixes of size ace also used in units of memory like megabyte and gigabyte. {© Another common prefix is ee-n words like nrint,reevtable avd reboot, to start the computer Verb prefixes Prefixes used eo form verbs which mean “to caus x0 be something’: fer encrypt to change data into a secret code so that only someone with key can ead it ‘up- update: ro modify data ina file and ehos ensue the fle reficcs the lates siaation upgrade: ro add or replace hardware or sofpwaee in order vo expand the computer's power upload: co send files th a central, ten remote computer; compare with ‘dowaload! Prefixes chat mean “he oppasite of an action’ or “to reverse an action’ dde- decrypt: to convert secretly coded (encrypted) data back into its original os decompress: to restore compressed data hack co its original size debug: 0 correct errors in a progtam or system defragment: to ceorganize daca stored on disk bs putting files into contignous order tun- uninstall: 0 remove hardware of software from a computer systern The prefixes e and cyber- The e prefix means ‘lectoni’ eye describes things relating to computer networks ce The erm elearning refers tothe wse of ICT to provide edecation al eraining 2 ezine is « magne or newslerer published online. E-commerce isthe buying and seling of product ot services over the Ineaet cxber The electonic space shih online communication tas place alld eybespace, Gyherlacking nea using a company’ ern acces for activities which are not wworkelaedy es emailing fiend, playing games ee its also cilled “bringing Professional English in Use ICT3.1 Use words from A opposite to complere chese sentences. 1 Medical researchers in many countries exehange information through email and memory (eg, ROM or flash memory) is able to hold dara when switched oft, and web portals are examples of + they offer news, opinions and web links 4 noone ae used for making integrated circuits and computers. 5 [ill post the agenda for next week's meeting on che company’s 6 A-home network is two or more computers to form a local arca network 3.2. Complete these definitions with words from A opposite 1 a disk that is completely blanks, so informacion can’t be recorded onco ic 2 2 network that allows communication between a company and the people it deals with 3 the process of sending data over a commonicasion channel 4 ww restart the computer, without switching it off completely 5 a web browser designed for small sereens on hand-held devices 3.3 Complete these sentences with words from B opposite and make any necessary changes, 1 The peogeam ean so slowly, Thad to un. it 2 Your financial information is fully en and cannot be accessed 3 Messages encrypted using a public key ean only be de by someone with the corresponding private key. 4 The computer compresses and de aa colour image in less than 2 second. 5 Once you've written a program, you have to test it and de ito remoxe all 6 In eyberspace, ‘up. means to send « file 7 You can easily up. your files by adding or deleting information, 8 Tode your hard disk you need a disk aptimizer, a program thae will worden yout files 9. Thero are minimum system requirements for your PC to be suitable for to Windows Visa 3.4. Complete thi text with words from © opposite. ‘The tren ‘cyber’ fist appeared in the wed ‘cybernetics’, coinad by Noxbert \Weaner in 1948 os te Science of communication and cool. In he 1960s new ‘bar’ words errged, such os eybormen and cyborg, refering fo © being thot Is part robot, pat human. in 1984 Wilk Gibson populevizad tho trm {I 'n his novel Neuromoneer He vid itfo describe o frist, ‘weal world o£ computers, but now i refers tothe Internat. her common words tte cyberword, cybercoié, end eyberphobia fe fear of computer). Companies fre now wortied doo (2 ‘omployeer uring the Natio do things tht have nothing to do wih tee jobs, e-9. cho nth fends ‘The & prefic is cen cdded aeuis thet have moved from the physicel word tothe electronic bsrnatve, 2.9. email and eshopping. Ober wellknown exOMPLE 2: |B) mnan = sal ‘magazines thot ore avaiable onthe intern) doing business elecronicoly on the Net ond (5 —- Proving instution via oplical dic, the Web or sole TV rere errr With the help of an online camputer dictionary, find the meaning of these w Cree ae Setar) ecards er es Oren ey Professional Engl in Use ICT nEr Suffixes MES common suffixes Suffises change the class of the roos word, For example by adding the suffix er, the verb publish becomes the noun publisher. Suffixes can tel you if word isa noun, adjective, verb or adverb, Solfixes for jobs er manufacturer The two major manufacturers of processor chips are Intel and AMD. webmaster eet engineer Greg is a sofware engineer, which means he writes computer programs. auetioncer -or animator He worked asa computer animator on Tay Story. operator ant IT consultant She's a compater consultant and specializes in e-commerce, data protection MTassistame and IT steaegies. sian technicians A computer technician installs, troubleshoors and upgrades hardware electrician amd software. ist typist [Anyone who works as a typist may develop a problem with their hands, scientist ‘Other common suffixes in ICT Nouns ion, -ment, ies, ity ‘compression, management, robotics, electricity activity, state) Adjectives able ible able 0 be) programmable (keyboard), convertible (format) -fal (full of), -less [without colourful, colourless ipierure) Verbs ize ise to make} symthesiae emusic ~ ro-make i¢ with a synthesizer} HEED iors caries Irs usefal ro know hove to build up word families by adding suffi, Look at these examples: Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs magnet, magnetism —-magnerize magnetic, magnetized magnetically recorder, recording ecard recordable, recorded digitizer, digitizing digitize digital, digitized Aigially Adding sufix may change the pronunciation, Look at how the stes chang in these words: photograph photographer photographic photographically HRS V4 love wares The sulfix -ware refers to produets of the In computing, software refers eo peo boy a computer, as opposed to the physical devices on. which they run ~ the hardware, I is commonly used to form jargon terms for classes of software, © fceware: aailable free of charee bur protected by copyright: ie lfers fom ‘ece sofewate’ which san he changed and eissibuted subject wo Hence 1 shareware: istbuted sinlarly co freeware, except that requires payment afer a tcial period © ‘malware: designed to infra or damage a Be eet of spre computer (ea viruses, trojan horse, spyware) 1 spyware: designed so monitor the acioas of your computer and send this data via the Nec sm advvare: devised to display advertisements; some includes spy '& groupware: enables a group of people connected 10 a nervork 10 work on the same project 78 Professional English in Use ICTWhich IT professionals from A opposite are described here 1a person who designs and maintains software applications 2 a person who gives expert, professional advice 3 a person who uses graphics software to make or edit animated piewures 4 a person who is employed ro type lerers, reports and onher dacuments {5 a petson or enterprise that produces goods in large numbers, using machines 6 2 specialist inthe technical details of computers ‘Complete each sentence using the weed in brackets and the corset suffix from A opposite 1 IBMTs BlueGene is the most supercompurer. POWER) 2 Most library databases are via the Innorner, (ACCESS) 4 Plemail my repore to you as an (ATTACH) 4 This baok will show you how co your smell business, (COMPUTER) 5 An _-~ optical dise allows data to be deleted and new data 10 be recorded on it, (ERASE) 6 ‘The growth of the Inrerner has increased che need for effective data (SECURE) 7 The combination Of nnnn-nonn and new textile materials has made it possible 10 create musical jackets and smart shirts thac can read our heart rate. (ELECTRON) 8 Bluecaoth is 2 rechnology’ designed to conneer computers, mobile phones and ocher deviees, replacing direct cable links. (WIRE) 9 Aircraft ight is osed to train pales. (SIMULATE) Look at the word families ia B opposite and complete these sentences with che correct word. 1 From kitchen magnets regret asi 5 Avideo is to computer disks, used to convert analogue pays. woo video into digital video 8 central role in families files. the technology of 6 Sound and pictures can everyday life. be stored 2 Hard disks are read ason a CD. - storage seve. 3 My ditital voice _- has a storage capacity of GB, 4 Blo-Ray Dise is a new optical dise format developed by nine electronic manufacturers. Look at C opposite. What type of sofwane do these descriptions rofee to? 1 software thar transmits data about your Web surfing habits withour your consent 2 also known as ‘try betore you buy’ software 3 shozt for malicious software 4 software that periodically pops up advertising, matesial 5 collaborative software 6 progeames that yon don't have to pay for Pens Cee anes sh in Use ICT website 1 www.cambridge.org/eltfct. Then do the activity oes Do yom sill vase to ru pirated software Professional Engh in Use ICT 9EEL Compounds TD Compound nouns 20 Compound nouns consist of evo oF more words used together as a single word, eg, ard drive. Wa pound there ia headword and one or more modificts, ike printer modifier ead Modifiers can refer ca different things: © morerial, eg. silicon chip = a chip made of silicon @ use or function, eg search engine = 3 progrant used 10 find information an che Webs 1m ctiviey or profession, e.g, software engineer = a person who designs software 1 place, eg. web portal = a site on the Web shar acts as a yateway to other sites Compound nouns are weitren in diferent ways: 1 as oro separate words, eg control panel = a elty char lers you configure and! adjust a system @ as pwo words joined with a hyphen, eg. self-test = an automatic examination of a device as one word, 4 lipboard = a holding place for text or graphics you've just cut or copied Unfortunately there are no rules. For example, you may soe clip art, elimart and clipart Some compounds change over time, for example two words ~s0eb site ~ become hyphenated after a rime, and then eventually end up as one word website, ‘The two parts may be: T nou + noun address bus = a se of wires that identities locations, addresses, in the main bandwideh = the rate at which data flows through a cable oc network rail merge = a rool that combines a standard lercr with mailing list ro create personalized letters 2 adjective + broadband = high-speed connection, e.g, cable or ADSL Intemer access oun shorteut = a small fle, IKB in size that links to a veal file stored elsewhere smart card =a plastic card that contains a small chip 3 verb or verbal scrollbar = parr of a window that less you move through a document oui + s10un recording head = 2 mechaniso char transfers daca to a disk 4 verb + particle add-on = a hardware or software medule that ean be added t0 a computer secup / secup = the way in whieh a program or device is configured Compound nouns normally have the main sceess on the first part and a secondary stress ‘on the second part, eg sereen saver Pskriat yews Compound adjectives : hyphens between them. The second part is often a past participle. G a ‘\ 'A voice-activated product is activated by the user's voice. hi eestor goarusnry Vues rtscisund lies Other common patteens inelade ‘sun + present pazticiple Space-saving PCs take wp very litle deskeop space @ noun + adjoctive A hands-free device does nor require the hands for eperation, An experimental aot A stand-alone computer or business ean operate on is own, eaetated Profession Engi in Use ICT