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M06 Surfaces For Finishing Works
M06 Surfaces For Finishing Works
WORKS
SHORT TERM
Based on March 2022, Curriculum Version 1
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................... 5
Acronym......................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction to the Module .......................................................................................................... 7
Unit one: Plan and prepare ............................................................................................... 8
1.1 Work instructions ............................................................................................................ 9
1.2.Following Safety plans and policies................................................................................ 9
1.2.1 Personal protective equipment (PPE) ......................................................................... 10
1.3.Identifying Implementing signage ................................................................................ 14
1.3.1 Implementing signage Barricading Requirements ..................................................... 14
1.3.2 Safety Signage Requirements..................................................................................... 14
1.4 Selecting tools and equipment....................................................................................... 16
1.4.1 Measuring and Levelling Hand Tools ........................................................................ 16
1.5.Calculating Material quantity ........................................................................................ 20
1.6 Prepare materials and safely handled ........................................................................... 29
1.6.1 Applying safe handling techniques ............................................................................ 29
1.7. Identifying Environmental protection .......................................................................... 31
Self-Check -1 ....................................................................................................................... 34
OPERATION TITLE: -. ...................................................................................................... 35
LAP Test 1: - ....................................................................................................................... 37
Unit Two:-Preparing materials for tiling application .................................................... 38
2.1. Identify materials for tiling application ........................................................................ 38
2.2.1 Types of tiles .............................................................................................................. 38
2.2.2 Cement bonded tiles and slabs ................................................................................... 42
2.2 Selecting finishing materials, ...................................................................................... 42
2.2.1 Production of cement ................................................................................................. 42
2.2.2 Kinds of cement ......................................................................................................... 44
Self-Check -2 ....................................................................................................................... 47
Operation sheet -2 ............................................................................................................... 48
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Unit Three: Prepare surface............................................................................................. 49
3.1 Prepare site inspection ................................................................................................... 50
3.1.2 Quality Inspections ..................................................................................................... 50
3.1.3 Building Regulation Compliance Inspections ............................................................ 50
3.1.4 When Does A Prepare Site Inspection Occur? ......................................................... 51
3.2 Remove hazards and obstructions ................................................................................. 52
3.2.1 Construction site hazards: .......................................................................................... 52
3.2.2 Review Company's Safety Record ............................................................................. 53
3.2.3 Encourage Reporting of Hazards ............................................................................... 53
3.2,4 Conduct Risk Assessment .......................................................................................... 53
3.2.5 Designate Workplace Safety Officials ....................................................................... 53
3.2.6 Schedule Voluntary Safety Inspection ....................................................................... 54
3.3 Selecting surface preparation tools. .............................................................................. 55
3.2 Set up surface preparation tools .................................................................................... 57
3.4 Determine patching method ........................................................................................ 62
3.4.1 How to Repair Plaster Walls ...................................................................................... 62
3.5 Select patching materials ........................................................................................... 69
3.6 using appropriate material for application method ....................................................... 71
3.6.1 Preparation background.............................................................................................. 71
3.7 Clean surface of material ............................................................................................... 76
3.7.1 Steps for brushing Surface Preparation ...................................................................... 76
3.8 Selecting patching area .................................................................................................. 83
Self-Check -3 ....................................................................................................................... 88
Operation Sheet -3 .............................................................................................................. 89
LAP Test ............................................................................................................................. 89
Unit Four: Prepare underlay and sheeting substrate ................................................... 90
4.1.Supervision and assist instructions ............................................................................. 91
4.2.1 Construction Supervision Principles .......................................................................... 92
4.2 Approving substrate surface finishing ........................................................................... 94
4.2.1 Surface Preparation .................................................................................................... 94
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4.2.2 Surface preparations for the adherents ....................................................................... 94
4.3.Prepare underlay and sheeting substrates ...................................................................... 95
4.3.1 PATCHING, LEVELING, RE-PITCHING ................................................................. 95
4.3.2 Surface preparation .................................................................................................... 95
4.3.3 Techniques of preparing surfaces ............................................................................... 96
Self-Check -4 ....................................................................................................................... 99
OPERATION SHEET -4 ................................................................................................... 99
Referance .......................................................................................................................... 101
Handling of materials
Hazard control
Safe operating procedures, including the conduct of operational risk assessment and
treatments associated with:
Traffic control
Working at heights
Personal protective clothing and equipment prescribed under legislation, regulations and
workplace policies and practices
Some PPE such as safety helmets and footwear should be used on all construction sites.
The need for other PPE will depend on the sort of work you do. Remember, too, that
proper work clothes will provide protection for the skin.
a. Head protection
Falling objects, overhead loads and sharp projections are to be found everywhere on
construction sites. A small tool or bolt falling from 10 or 20 m high can cause serious
injuries or even death if it strikes an unprotected head. Head injuries often occur when
moving and working in a bent position, or when arising from such a position.
Safety helmets protect the head effectively against most of these hazards, and you should
wear a helmet whenever you are on site and particularly when you are in an area where
overhead work is going on. These areas, known as ―hard-hat areas‖, should be clearly
marked with safety signs at entrances and other suitable places see the following figure.
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The same rule applies to managers, supervisors and visitors. Only safety helmets which
have been tested to national or international standards should be used. A chin-strap on the
helmet prevents it from failing off and should be used when appropriate.
b. Foot protection
Foot injuries fall into two broad types: those due to penetration of the sole by nails which
have not been knocked down or removed, and those due to crushing by falling materials,
which can be minimized by wearing protective footwear. The type of safety shoes or
boots to be used will depend on the nature of the work (e.g. the presence of ground water
on construction sites), but all safety footwear should have an impenetrable sole and
uppers with a steel toe-cap
There are many types of safety footwear now available such as:-
light, low-cut leather safety shoes for climbing jobs;
Normal safety shoes or boots for heavy-duty work;
Rubber or plastic safety wellingtons or gumboots which provide protection against
corrosive substances, chemicals and water.
c. Hand and skin protection
Hands are extremely vulnerable to accidental injury, and in construction more injuries are caused
to hands and wrists than to any other part of the body. Open wounds, abrasions, fractures,
dislocations, strains, amputations and burns occur. They are largely preventable by better manual
handling techniques and equipment, and by wearing suitable hand protection such as protective
gloves and gauntlets.
Among the common hazardous tasks where hand protection should be provided are:
operations involving contact with rough, sharp or jagged surfaces;
contact with or splashes from hot, corrosive or toxic substances such as bitumen and
resins;
Working with vibratory machines such as pneumatic drills where some cushioning of the
vibrations is desirable;
Electrical work in humid and cold weather. Skin trouble is common in the construction
industry.
Contact dermatitis is the commonest type of skin disease. It feels itchy and looks red, scaly and
cracked, and can become so bad that it affects your ability to continue working. Wet cement is
one of the main skin hazards, but other substances include tar and pitch, which can cause skin
cancer after prolonged exposure, paint thinners, acids for masonry cleaning and epoxy resins. In
addition to gloves, use barrier creams and wear long-sleeved shirts, full-length trousers and
rubber boots.
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d. Eye protection
In industry many eye injuries occur as a result of flying material, dust or radiation when the
following jobs are being carried out:
Breaking, cutting, drilling, dressing or laying of stone, concrete and brickwork with hand
or power tools;
Chipping and dressing painted or corroded surfaces;
Cutting off or cutting out cold rivets and bolts;
Dry grinding of surfaces with power grinders;
Welding and cutting of metals.
In some industrial processes there may also be a risk from the spillage, leakage or
splashing of hot or corrosive liquids.
Some of these hazards can be removed permanently by proper machine guarding, exhaust
ventilation or work design. For many hazards, for example, stone cutting or dressing, personal
eye protection (goggles, safety glasses or shields) is the only practical solution. Sometimes
workers are aware of the danger they run and the consequences if their eyes are damaged, but do
not wear eye protection. This is because the type chosen interferes with vision or is
uncomfortable to wear, or is not immediately at hand when needed.
Respirator protection
On construction sites there are often tasks where harmful dust, mist or gas may be present, such
as:
Rock crushing and handling;
Sandblasting;
Dismantling buildings containing asbestos insulation;
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Welding or cutting materials with coatings containing zinc, lead, nickel or cadmium;
paint spraying;
Blasting.
Barricading is one of the risk control measures used to protect personnel from hazard such as:
• Being struck by falling objects, material movements or plant;
• Fall from height, including falling into open excavations or penetrations;
• Fall from unprotected edges (e.g. removed flooring, walkways, stairs and handrails);
• Exposure to hazardous substances, process or activities;
• Unauthorized entry into a confined space or other restricted work areas;
• Any potentially hazardous work processes, such as hot works, demolition work, scaffolding,
radiation work and work involving asbestos.
Barricading may also be used as part of incident management and emergency response
procedures
Safety signs are erected to warn workers or the public of specific hazards and to communicate
necessary precautionary measures and emergency actions. Safety signage is required for:
• Construction sites;
• confined spaces;
• Asbestos;
• Hazardous areas;
• Hazardous chemicals;
• Site specific Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements;
• Fire protection equipment;
• Emergency and first aid information;
• Emergency eyewash shower; and
• Traffic management and pedestrian control.
ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS
• General Safety Controls Directive
• Hazardous Chemicals Management Procedure
• Working at Height Procedure
• Trenching and Excavation Procedure
• Confined Space Entry Procedure
• Asbestos Management Procedure
• Workplace Risk Assessment Procedure.
• Lockout and Tag out Procedure
• First Aid Procedure
• People Managers Toolkit – Barricading and Safety Signage
Toolkits provide practical guidance, useful tools and information for people managers to
effectively manage the risks associated with staff working with, around or on Barricading and
Safety Signage tags,
There are several type tools used by a Mason. Hand tools, in general, ease the work and
accelerates the process, improves quality of work significantly and they are very important for
everybody who wants to do decent work so that keep tools in perfect order. In addition tools
and equipment also represents highly valued assets. For this reasons it is crucial necessary to
handle tools and equipment with extra care. That means cleaning after use, storing neatly,
slightly greasing if necessary and regular maintenance.
Measuring Hand tools and instruments are precise devices but needed to be handled with extra
care, e.g. Spirit level should be checked every day before use!
Spirit level
It is used to control the horizontal and vertical alignment of wall surface and edges. The length
is at least 80 to 120cm long. It is made of metal, synthetic material or wood. It has two
measuring bubbles: one is located at mid length is used to check horizontal positions. While
the second one, at the end, is used to check vertical position. This tool requires always to be
handled with care and needs to be checked from time to time weather it is still working
accurate or not.
base line on the floor or vertical point alignments of wall. In other words, it is used to align the
walling blocks, (stone, bricks, concrete blocks, hydra form etc). It is available in different
thickness & sizes in the market.
Measuring tape
Tape is used to measure dimensions of building parts and distances in site. It is manufactured
from steel, plastic or fibre in lengths of 1m, 2m, 3m, 5m, 30m, etc. and 50m. In using tapes
for measurements, the two points should be aligned perfectly. In addition, when long
horizontal measurements are needed, care should be taken to avoid sag
on the tape meters.
Mason tools
Flat chisel
Bucket
A Bucket is used to serve small amount of water or material and to take the tools after work.
Before beginning to work on the plastering calculation, note down these general things
Cement Mortar Ratio for wall plastering 1:6
1:6 & 1:5 This ratio is usually used for Internal plastering of bricks
1:3 As its a rich mortar mix and it is used where external walls are prone to
severe climatic conditions.
It is also used for repair works.
Mix plastering compounds using hand or mechanical mixing techniques Materials appropriate to
the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and Types of finishing
compounds compatible with project-based assessment techniques fully replicate ... follow safe
handling requirements
Sorting solid plastering material and component
DURING WORK
Minimize vegetation disturbance and protect all vegetation not identified for removal.
Avoid the use of machinery or vehicles outside the construction zone. Use designated
parking areas and plant compounds.
Locate stockpiles and their access in cleared areas, away from drainage lines or good
vegetation.
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Maintain bunting around protected areas.
Store weed infested materials separately from clean materials.
Clear or spray weeds before stockpiling topsoil.
Check fill and construction materials for weeds and seeds before use.
Re vegetate or mulch disturbed areas, particularly batter slopes, at the earliest
opportunity.
Do not flush spray bars near vegetation or under the tree canopy.
Do not stockpile material on vegetation, under tree canopies or against trunks.
Do not burn vegetation pruning or removals unless there are no other options and keep
fires clear of other vegetation.
AFTER WORKING COMPLETION
Wash or brush down equipment and vehicles to remove soil and plant matter before
leaving the site as this can carry weeds and soil diseases.
Dispose of weeds and empty weed spray containers at a licensed waste depot.
Common Hazards
1. Cave in of ground
2. Collapse of Trench walls
3. Instability of adjoining structures
4. Contaminated environment
5. Contact with services
6. Inrush of water
7. Hazardous atmosphere
8. Falling loads
9. Placement of loads
10. Hazardous materials
Relevant principles of this act, which could impact on the contract, include:
That pollution and degradation of the environment must be avoided or, where they cannot be
altogether avoided, are kept to a minimum and corrected.
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next
page:
I. choice the correct answer from the alternatives (12%)
1. _________used for picking up mortar out of the barrel, spreading mortar on the tile. (Points 2)
A. Straight edge C. Trowel
B. Hose level D. Plum bob
2. what‘s is the measurement units wall area -------------------?
A m2 B kg2 C kg/m3 D km
3.------------------------- what is the volume of mortars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
………………………………………………………………………………………………
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
1----------------------------------- 3. ---------------------------
2. ----------------------------- 4. ----------------------------- Rating: ____________
5.----------------------------------- 6.----------------------------------
7.------------------------------------ 8.-----------------------------------------
In building the strafes with their necessary supports are essentially constructed in the form of
floors to provide accommodation to its users to live at different level in that building.
A) 150mm *150mm*15mm,
B) 200mm* 200mm* 20mm,
C) 225mm* 225mm*22mm,e.t.c.
Ceramic tiles
Examples of Tiles
Earthenware
Earthenware is the most common tile used in tile laying. Earthenware is very weak and sucks a
lot of water. Because of these properties, one can use it for wall tiling. It is available in differed
shapes and sizes. If you use it on the floor, the very fine and sensitive surface of the glaze will
get spoiled very soon from the abrasion and the heavy load use.
Stoneware
Stoneware is much harder than earthenware. It doesn‘t absorb as much water as earthenware
does and it is very tough and stable. It is suitable for most kinds of floor tiling in the private
sector. It is also available in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The selection is larger than
Mosaic:
Mosaics are all tiles, not bigger than 90 cm² per piece. The
expression mosaic only describes the size of the tile, not the
material. When somebody says: ―Stoneware mosaic‖, that
means the material is stoneware and in a very small size. In
most of the cases the mosaic tiles are pre-glued on paper or
woven fabric. One sheet is about 30 cm x 30 cm, but this
depends on the size of the tiles. These sheets are either glued
on the backside or the front side of the tiles. On the front they are always glued on paper. After
the adhesive has set, the paper must be removed. Therefore you wet it all over and wait until the
water has solved the glue. At this time the paper can be removed very easily.
The terrazzo mixture consists of 1 part of white, grey or colored Portland cement and 1, 1.5 parts
of marble chippings which should be of 3 mm gauge. After dry mixing only that much quantity
of water is added, which gives a fairly dry but a workable mix. Mostly (1:2:4) MIXE RATIO
USED.
Properties
Floors from terrazzo are tough and hard, resistant against abrasion, easy to clean and frost proof.
But they are not resistant against acid at all, because the cement that is used as bonding material
is not resistant either.
Finishing material means a coating used in the wood furniture manufacturing industry. Such
materials include, but are not limited to, stains, basecoats, wash coats, enamels, sealers, and
topcoats.
to select appropriate materials according to the specified work requirement.
2.2.1 Portland cement
Portland cement has a medium rate percent hardening and is suitable for the most types of work.
Pozzuoli Cement
Classification of Limes
Most of the limestone or chalks quarried contain impurities such as silica, alumna, iron oxide and
sulfur. The lime retains these impurities after manufacture from calcium carbonate, and their
presence will greatly affect the setting times, working properties and strengths of the resulting
slaked limes. Limes of this type do not depend upon carbonation for setting and are capable of
setting out of air even under water.
.
(a) Non-hydraulic limes
This is the purest type of lime containing upon 98% calcium oxide. This produces a putty lime,
which has high plasticity and workability, and sets slowly by carbonation. It is also known as
high calcium lime.
With gypsum the workability period is very short. From the beginning of mixing to the
beginning of hardening a period of 8 to 20 minutes is available
With the beginning of hardening the gypsum has already reached 40 % of its final strength. From
the beginning of hardening the gypsum should not be used any more. Especially the adding of
water should be avoided.
High temperatures will accelerate the process as well as remaining of gypsum in the mixing
water work as initial crystals.
Properties of gypsum
A Prepare site inspection checklist is essential in the planning phase of a construction project as
it ascertains compliance with project requirements. Once the project has broken ground, progress
inspections become part of the job site‘s daily routine to guarantee these requirements are met.
Depending on the project size, progress inspections are conducted by one or more individuals
across several trades. If a specific aspect of the project requires additional input, specialist
inspectors may be brought in to perform inspections on things like the environmental policy,
waste management plan, and accessibility.
3.1.2 Quality Inspections
Quality control inspections ensure the finished construction work meets the quality standards set
in place. Quality inspections also make sure that the project complies with all the specifications
and quality requirements listed in the contract documents. Quality inspections include regular
site walkthroughs, and they typically result in a monthly quality report that identifies issues and
monitors progress.
3.1.3 Building Regulation Compliance Inspections
By carrying out building regulation inspections, builders ensure that performed work is going to
be approved by the local authority‘s building control department or by an approved inspector.
Depending on the details of the project, these building regulation inspections vary in number and
frequency.
These inspections most often occur during:
Commencement.
Excavation, (before excavations are filled).
Foundations (before they are covered up).
Laying of damp proof courses.
Installation of new drains (before covering up).
Construction of the primary structure.
Installation of insulation.
Roof construction.
Completion.
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3.3 Selecting surface preparation tools.
To ensure adhesion of the coating to the substrate and prolong the coating‘s service life , it is
important to properly prepare the surface.
The surface must be dry and in sound condition.
All oils, dust, dirt, loose rust, peeling paint and other contaminants must be removed. Failure
to do so can lead to loss of adhesion and coating failures.
For optimum coating performance product, substrate and ambient temperature should be
between 20°C-25°C* (68°F-77°F). To prevent condensation during application the surface
temperature must be 3°C (5°F) or more above the dew point at all times.
One of the most important principles to recognize to understand wiping in clean rooms is that the
contamination is typically of the invisible kind. While some macro residues may be visible to the
naked eye, clean room contamination is typically concerned with micro level residues,. Even
with the superior air handling and filtration offered by proper clean room construction, surfaces
can be contaminated with a variety of different residues and materials that differ physically and
chemically. Small sub micrometer (micron) particles, larger visible filamentous fibers, acids,
bases, salts, organic matter, a variety of materials both in solid and liquid form are used in the
process, and nonvolatile residues (NVRs) are all examples of surface contaminants that may be
commonly present and need to be removed.
The risk with these contaminants is not merely that they will exist in a clean room environment,
potentially risking the product integrity, but that they may migrate to other locations in the room
if they are not promptly, frequently, and periodically removed. In fact, using methods other than
wiping for removal can increase the potential of such undesirable migration. Therefore, most
clean room operations will document specific cleaning procedures, tools, and frequencies as part
of their quality assurance systems to ensure that product integrity will not be compromised.
Render
Render offers an wide range of possibilities in surface character and appearance, and the
perception of a building can be changed dramatically through the choice of render used.
By adding marble grain to the mix a render can be used to create a rolled texture, allowing the
craftsperson to score the surface either vertically, horizontally or randomly in a worm-like
pattern. Homogenous grain-free material gives the craftsperson almost unlimited freedom,
allowing tool choice and technique to determine the pattern type, size and texture. The choice of
binder within a render can also radically change its surface character. Cement-free renders
provide surfaces with a uniformity of appearance, even when wet, while mineral renders increase
the degree of patina through a mottled appearance that is further highlighted by water. When
repointing masonry, preserve original mortar characteristics, including composition, profile, and
color. In some cases, matching the composition of the historic mortar mix will be essential to the
preservation of the bricks.
Repair of the original material may be required after it is uncovered.
Removal of other materials, such as stucco, should be tested in a small area to ensure that
the original material will not be damaged.
If masonry has a stucco finish, removing the covering may be difficult and may reveal
A Trowel is an important plastering tool that allows you to smooth the plaster after applying it to
the wall. This tool is used to flatten the plaster down over the area intended for plastering. It‘s
important to have a good, clean surface on the trowel to provide for a uniform finish.
Hawk
A hawk is used by the professionals to carry the plaster with them as they move down the wall.
An advantage of this, over carrying plaster in a pan or working from the bucket directly, is the
amount of drywall compound that that can be picked up by the trowel in each ―scooping‖ action.
As plaster sticks to the hawk after a few seconds the hawk can be tipped up at a 90 degree angle
whilst scooping plaster off with the trowel.
Mud Pan
A mud pan can be used instead of a hawk for the less experienced plasterer. While it can be more
wasteful, time consuming and laborious scooping plaster material out of the pan, it is harder to
spill material onto the floor with the pan than with a hawk.
A utility knife or scissors will help cut plaster tape to size. The utility knife is employed to
square out the edge of the hole to be plastered over if repairing damaged walls. Straight edged
holes are easier to smooth over for an even surface.
Sponge/Sandpaper
A wet sponge is used to smooth out unevenness that may occur after plastering the wall.
Coarse grit sandpaper is used quickly to smooth out large areas of rough unevenness, and then
the finer grit is used to finish up the area.
Jointing Knife
A jointing knife is essential for defining a straight line and edging into tight spaces such as
corners and those areas that are tight, such as between a window near the wall and the wall that is
perpendicular to it. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes as needed. Angled jointing
knives help reach hard to reach angles
Step Ladder
Bucket
Never discount the importance of a couple buckets of clear, fresh water for keeping tools clean
and for wetting the sponge during the project.
The Hawk (or hand board) is the plastering tool that holds the plaster for your trowel to scoop
from. Again there are loads of options but here‘s what we recommend.
Aluminum Hawks
These Hand Boards are a lot stronger. They will last longer but are still quite light due to the
lightweight aluminums. They are a bit more expensive but will definitely last longer than the
plastic types. You don‘t need to spend loads on a Hawk
Mixer
Back in the day, all the old boys used to mix their plaster with a spade. However, we‘re a bit
more advanced and I‘d defiantly recommend you invest in a decent mixer.
Again there loads of different models to choose from but we‘ll narrow it down for
Finishing Trowel
In a similar way to the pointing trowel, the finishing trowel is another crucial tool in any
plasterer‘s kit. It utilizes a wider, flatter blade to smooth out the plaster more effectively and
provide that exceptionally smooth finish to all your surfaces. This is a tool you‘ll be using a lot
so it makes sense to invest in a high quality tools .
Window Trowel
When you can‘t use your other larger trowels around windows, most plasterers will reach for
their window trowel. As its name suggests, this tool is specifically designed for use around
windows thanks to its smaller blade face which gives you better man ability across the wall in
tighter spaces. An important tool if you work on a lot of residential projects.
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Inside and Outside Corner Trowels
Yet another crucial tool in the professional plasterer‘s kit – the corner trowel. Instead of tackling
the complexities of finishing your corners with a more traditional trowel, corner trowels allow
you to smooth out your plaster with accuracy and simplicity. Save time on site by reaching for
your knives help reach hard to reach angles and outside corner trowels instead of trying to get by
with a traditional flat blade.
Mortar Stand
This is one you might consider obvious, but again it‘s another simple accessory that can make
life on site that little bit easier. A mortar stand is a small foldable table that you can use to hold
your plastering material or grout, giving you that ease of access whilst working. Don‘t overlook
the simple tools as they can make a big difference!
Bucket Trowel
This tool is commonly used to scoop plaster up out of your mixing bucket and on to your
plastering hawk. Because of the weight involved when transferring the plaster, you‘ll need a
strong and robust bucket trowel as part of your kit. This really is a must-have tool.
Mixing Bucket
Similar to the mortar stand, a bucket will have multiple uses when working on a project. In most
cases, you‘ll want a decent size bucket – at least 15 liters should be sufficient depending on your
specific requirements. Before you start any plastering job, you‘ll need to keep your bucket clean
and dry prior to mixing any plastering materials.
Snips
Having a reliable pair of snips is always important in modern plastering, primarily because you‘ll
likely need to trim and cut your beading. Make sure the snips you choose have the ability to cut
both popular types of beading metal – cold steel and stainless steel. Also, having longer handles
on your snips can give you better leverage and make the task of trimming up beading much
easier. All plasterers should have a durable set of snips as part of their kit.
When you‘ve added the final layer of plaster to your wall or ceiling, you‘ll need to give it one
final pass over with a plasterers float to give it that all-important smooth, high quality finish.
This is another very important tool that should be carried by all plasterers as without it, you
won‘t be able to smooth down the top layer of plaster and you could see your surface end up
uneven.
Scarified
The final tool on our list is the scarifies a large metal comb that allows you to scratch away at the
render before applying your second coat. The scarifies is an important tool for any plasterer as it
gives you the ability to comb lines directly into the render which will create a stronger bond
when the next layer is applied. If you want a high quality finish on your walls and ceilings, we‘d
definitely recommend investing in one of these.
If you're an old-house person, you probably need no convincing that plaster is far superior to
drywall. It feels more solid, it's better for soundproofing and it has a texture that's much more
pleasing to the eye than generic sprayed-on drywall textures. But plaster isn't perfect. It tends to
crack over time, and when you drill or hammer into it, you can end up with a much bigger hole
than you wanted. Plaster also seems more complicated than drywall, since the material is hand-
applied rather than screwed in place. As it turns out, that's another advantage of plaster, as
repairing ordinary cracks and holes isn't much more difficult than icing a cake (which, for old-
house enthusiasts, might just be the icing on the cake).
There's a simple fix for loose plaster, assuming the problem isn't significant:
Drill holes spaced about 3 inches apart on both sides of the crack or around the
perimeter of the hole, using a 3/8-inch masonry drill bit.
Repairing cracks in plaster can be done with the same materials used in standard drywall
finishing projects. For such small repairs, buy a small tub of premixed drywall joint compound
rather than mixing up a large quantity.
Step 1 Clean Out the Crack
To make effective repairs to plaster cracks with drywall mud and fiberglass tape, the crack needs
to be clean and free of loose material and debris.
1. Use a putty knife or a painter's 5-in-1 tool to scrape out loose plaster or old repair material
from the crack. You don't have to dig out the solid plaster; just remove the loose stuff.
2. Sand along the edges of the crack and about 6 inches to either side of the crack with 100-grit
sandpaper (a sanding sponge works well for this). The goal with sanding is to remove any
loose paint or plaster flakes and to roughen the surrounding painted area so the repair
materials will stick to the surface.
3. Remove all sanding dust from the area with a slightly damp rag, and let the surface dry.
Step 2 Tape and Mud the Crack
Plaster cracks can be effectively repaired with ordinary drywall compound and fiberglass
tape, which is self-adhesive and readily sticks to the wall surfaces.
1. Apply self-adhesive mesh drywall joint tape over the crack. Press and smooth the tape
onto the surface with a 6-inch drywall knife.
Once the first coat of mud is dry, apply a second coat to raise the surface of the patch and
completely cover the fiberglass tape.
1. Scrape the mudded area carefully with the 6-inch knife to remove any blobs or chunks of
hardened mud.
2. Apply a second thin coat of mud over the entire repair area, spreading it out a little wider
than the first coat to "feather" the mud into the surrounding surfaces. This coat should be just
thick enough to cover the mesh tape.
3. Let the mud dry overnight.
Step 4 Finish the Repair
Finishing the crack repair requires a final coat of mud, then very light sanding to remove
irregularities. Make sure not to over-sand, exposing the fiberglass tape.
1. Scrape the dried mud, as before, then apply a final thin coat of fresh mud, feathering it out at
the edges so it is flush with the surrounding wall.
2. Let the mud dry overnight.
3. Sand the mudded area with 150-grit sandpaper (or a sanding sponge) to smooth out any
imperfections.
4. Wipe off all sanding dust with a dry rag.
5. Prime and paint the patch to match the surrounding surface.
How to Repair Holes in Plaster
Cleaning the patch area and removing loose debris is essential to a long-lasting patch.
1. Scrape along the edges of the hole to remove all loose plaster and peeling paint, using a putty
knife or a painter's 5-in-1 tool. Also, remove any loose plaster from the interior of the hole.
2. Sand the painted surface in an area about 6 inches beyond the perimeter of the hole, using
100-grit sandpaper (a sanding sponge works well for this). The goal with sanding is to
remove any loose paint or plaster flakes and to roughen the surrounding painted area so the
repair materials will stick to the surface.
3. Remove all sanding dust from the area with a slightly damp rag, and let the surface dry.
4. Coat all surfaces inside and around the hole with liquid bonding agent, using a paintbrush.
Let the agent set or dry as directed. This treatment acts as an adhesive and seals over the dry
wood to prevent premature drying of the patching material.
For very small holes, you can simply remove loose plaster from the hole, then fill the hole
with patching plaster or spackling compound, smoothing the surface with a putty knife. Let
the patch dry, then touch up the area with paint.
Step 2 Apply the First Patch Coat
Effective patching of holes in plaster is best done with several layers of patching plaster.
Avoid the temptation to complete the patch with a single application. Applied too thick,
patching plaster can take a very long time to dry and may be weaker if not allowed to dry fully.
1. Apply a base layer of patching plaster to the hole, using a margin trowel. Press the plaster
against the wood lath so it squeezes in between the gaps for a strong bond. Fill the hole to
about half of its depth with this first layer.
2. If recommended by the manufacturer, scarify the surface of the plaster with a crosshatching
of lines about 1/4 inch apart, using a nail or flat-blade screwdriver (or use a scarifying tool if
you have one).
3. Let the plaster set as directed by the manufacturer.
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A scarified tool gives "tooth" so that the second plaster coat will bond to the first.
Step 3 Apply the Second Patch Coat
Once the first coat is fully dry, fill the remainder of the hole with patching plaster, using a 6-
inch drywall knife. Smooth the plaster flush with the surrounding surface. Let the plaster dry
as directed.
A bit of artistry is required to finish the repair area, especially if you are trying to match a
textured surface. The finishing is done with drywall compound, not patching plaster.
1. Scrape the dried patch area smooth with a 6-inch drywall knife to remove any blobs or
chunks of hardened patching plaster.
2. Apply a thin coat of premixed all-purpose drywall compound ("mud") over the entire
repair area, spreading it out a little wider than the plaster to "feather" the mud into the
surrounding surfaces.
3. Let the mud dry overnight.
4. Sand the mudded area with 150-grit sandpaper (or a sanding sponge) to smooth out any
imperfections.
5. Wipe off all sanding dust with a dry rag.
6. If desired, texturize the patch to blend it in with the rest of the wall or ceiling.
7. Prime and paint the patch to match the surrounding area.
Repair sagging, cracking plaster walls and avoid the mess of demolition. With plaster washers
and wide fiberglass mesh, old plaster walls can be made smooth and solid again.
Reattaching loose plaster
Pull loose plaster tight to the lath with plaster washers. If the screw cracks the plaster as it goes
in, predrill through the plaster. Finish by skim coating the washers.
Plaster sags from ceilings or bulges from walls when the plaster keys embedded around the wood
lath break loose. You can break out all the loose stuff and replaster the are not a do-it-yourself
project. Or, you can stabilize the sagging plaster by using plaster washers to pull it back up
against the lath. Plaster washers don‘t always work, but they‘re cheap so it‘s worth a shot.
First, locate the joists or studs and mark their location in the loose area. Push up the loose plaster
and place 2-in. screws and the perforated plaster washers into the joists or studs about every 6 or
8 in. The convex washer will flatten as the screw tightens. If the plaster has a rough surface, you
may need to first scrape the surface to get the washer to lie flat. Next, secure the loosened field to
the lath between joists with more washers. Finally, skim-coat over the washers with drywall joint
compound. It may take several coats and extra effort to create a smooth finish or mimic the
existing texture.
If you have solidly attached plaster with cracks spider-webbing through your walls and ceilings,
you can stabilize and coat the entire surface with another product—wide sheets of fiberglass mat.
Self-stick mats are available at home centers. Simply stick them to the wall or ceiling and then
skim coat with two or three coats of joint compound. Another system, called Nu-Wal, uses a
slightly different method. First, you roll on a latex-like base coat. Then embed the fiberglass
A. CHEMICAL CLEANING
Finishing construction work contaminated with oil, grease or dirt can be cleaned with detergent,
disodium phosphate or various proprietary concrete cleaners. The use of these materials should
be followed by vigorous scrubbing and thorough rinsing with water to remove all residues.
Solvents should not be used to clean concrete since they will dissolve the contaminate and carry
it deeper into the concrete. Muriatic acid is relatively ineffective in removing oil and grease.
B. MECHANICAL CLEANING
Mechanical cleaning devices are of two types, rotary and impact. Rotary equipment includes
discs and grinders usually used on low compressive strength concrete substrates that do not have
a steel trowelled finish. These devices are not effective on hard dense concrete, which they are
likely to polish rather than abrade
Bonding Agents
If you chose not to use cement paint, you can use many of the acrylic bonding agents that are
available. These chemicals are not much different than the resins used in paints.
Take the time to dampen the area to be patched. Concrete absorbs water. You want to pre-load
the old concrete with water so it doesn't suck too much water out of the cement paint and the
repair compound.
Take the time to cover your work with plastic after you are finished. You can also spray the
patch with water after it has become stiff. Do this for 4 - 7 days and you will be amazed at how
strong your patch will be!
If the patch is out in the open, try to shade it from the hot sun as well. You can do this by
covering the patch with a piece of plywood.
Mixing
Concrete patching material can be purchased two ways: premixed in bags or raw materials that
you have to mix. The raw material route is almost always cheaper by a long shot. Plus, you'll
have the necessary pure Portland cement on hand.
I always mix hydrated lime in my repair mixes to boost the holding power of the mix.
No Added Water
Never trowel back in bleed water which will in many cases appear at the surface. Bleed water is
what makes the concrete look as if it is sweating.
Bleed water happens because water is the lightest of the four ingredients in concrete Leave this
water alone! It will evaporate quickly in most cases. Troweling it into the surface will weaken
the surface of the concrete. You're diluting the cement! This is the primary cause of concrete
scaling! This is the same reason you don't want to add too much water to your concrete mix
making it easy to install. Too much water weakens the concrete.
If you desire a smooth steel trowel finish, you must first finish the surface and achieve a sand
finish. This is done by gently swirling a wood float, block, or magnesium trowel over the
stiffening concrete. Once a few more crystals grow, the concrete can be finished with a steel
trowel. This trowel and skilled workmanship bring the cement paste to the surface. As this
hardens, you can get a surface as slick as glass. It's truly and art form. Don't expect perfect
results your first try.
Tools
Stanley-type knife
Bucket for mixing plaster
Pot or tray for mixing filler
Small filler ‗knife
Plastering float
Hawk
Hammer
Chisel
Materials
Plaster
Powder-based filler
Masking tape
Builders‘ ‗instant grab‘ -type adhesive
Plasterboard offcuts
Screws
PVA
Repairing cracks
1. Before you start on any of the jobs below, put down a dust sheet.
2. Dig out cracks in plaster with a Stanley-type knife. You ll need to cut in until you can no
longer see the original crack. By using the blade like this you end up with a V-shaped
groove which is ideal for taking the filler.
3. When you‘ve dug the cracks out, vacuum out any dust and debris so the groove is clean.
4. For vertical and overhead filling jobs (i.e. most of them), mix the filler powder with water
until it becomes a stiff paste.
5. Lightly dampen the area to be filled with a plant sprayer. This helps the filler stick.
6. Spread the filler into the groove making sure that it has gone right to the bottom. Leave
the filler a little proud over the groove but remove the excess either side before the filler
dries. Once dry, rub the area down with medium-grade sandpaper, then fine-grade before
decorating.
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Corner damage
7. Damage like this is pretty common. Just applying filler and hoping for the best rarely works
because gravity just slops the filler downwards. Repaired corners are also vulnerable to
people walking past.
8. Apply the filler to the corner and get the shape roughly correct. Then put some wide masking
tape over both sides of the corner and leave the filler to dry. The tape protects the filler and
keeps it in shape. A light sanding later on will deliver the perfect corner repair. Larger areas
of missing corner can be repaired using a plastering corner bead which is fixed to the wall
below the level of the existing plaster and then plastered (rather than filled) up to.
9. Chunks fall out of plaster walls for a number of reasons: household clumsiness is one
contributory factor, but fitting or adjusting a door frame (as here) can create a real mess. This
sort of damage is best repaired with a couple of coats of plaster rather than a hit it and quit
filler approach.
10. First remove any loose chunks of plaster use a hammer and chisel if necessary then vacuum
out the area to get rid of the dust and debris.
11. Brush in a PVA mix to give the plaster the best possible chance of bonding with the existing
wall.
12. Mix up plaster according to the manufacturer‘s instructions. It should be smooth, lump free
and not too runny. Next, apply a thin coat of plaster (2-3mm) onto the area to be repaired.
Don‘t try to fill the whole thing at once or the plaster will just dribble out of the repair.
13. When the plaster starts to dry, lightly scratch the surface with the end of the trowel in this
pattern.
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14. Once the first coat is dry, mix up plaster as before and use a plastering coat to apply. Once
the shape is correct, leave the job alone for ten minutes then wet the float and smooth the
surface over
15. Holes like these are awkward to fix because there‘s often a void behind the board so any
filler you put in just disappears. This hole came about when a plumber couldn‘t decide where
to feed the pipes for a radiator. But fixing holes in plasterboard can be achieved easily…
16. Cut a piece of plasterboard that is the same width but around 25mm longer than the hole.
Squeeze on some ‗instant grab‘ around the edge of the board and then wind in a long screw
to the centre of the repair piece.
The manual paint scraper is the most basic tool for removing paint and rust. It's especially handy
for working in corners and tight spaces. A metal brush attached to a cordless drill is great for
removing paint from metal surfaces. Move the brush back and forth against the surface of the
metal. An electric grinder may be used at low speed for removing paint from wood or metal.
Choose a model with depth controls, which allow you to hit the surface lightly or more deeply.
Heat guns are a high-tech tool for removing paint from wood surfaces. Gloves are essential when
using a heat gun because the tool can heat up to 1,000 degrees. To use a heat gun, wave it back
and forth about 1" above the painted surface. Continue to keep the gun moving constantly to
prevent scorching the wood. When the paint starts to bubble, remove it with a scraper. Finish the
job by rubbing mineral spirits on the surface.
Sandpaper Basics
Power sanders are great for smoothing large surfaces, but for sanding tough areas, a sheet of
sandpaper is best. Here's a guide on how to choose the best sandpaper for any project. All types
of sandpaper come in a range of grades, or grits, from course to fine. But not all sandpaper is the
same some works better for specific jobs than others.
Drywall sandpaper is used to smooth joint compound between sheets of drywall. It's durable and
can withstand rinsing and reusing.
Between-coats sandpaper is used for sanding between coats of paint to ensure a smooth surface.
Surface-removal sandpaper is used specifically for latex paint and has a fine grit.
Aluminum-oxide sandpaper is used for sanding hardwood. When using any kind of sandpaper on
wood, sand in the direction of the wood's grain, never across the grain.
Garnet sandpaper is particularly good for smoothing sharp edges in wood. Silicone-carbine paper
is generally used to remove varnish from wood. Emery cloth is good for removing rust on metal
or dulling the sheen of a piece of metal.
Wash the walls if accumulated dirt is a problem. Any household detergent will work. Use
TSP (Tri Sodium Phosphate) for grease or a heavy build-up of cigarette smoke. If you use
powdered TSP, be sure to rinse it off with water. Use chlorine-based bleach on mildew.
Using a scraper or a spackle blade, remove all loose paint and sand down the rough ridges
where the paint has broken off. Dig out any cracks a fraction of an inch on both sides so as to
form a 'V' shape. This increases contact area for your patching material to adhere to.
Apply spackle to cracks, holes and heavy paint ridges. Two thin patch coats are always better
than one thick coat. Spackle that's too thick tends to shrink and crack as it dries. In deep
holes and cracks, I like to use "Fix-All" for the first patch coat. "Fix-All" is difficult to sand
so keep it in the crack or hole, slightly recessed below the surface of the wall, then follow it
up with a thin coat of spackle.
If the existing wall has something other than a smooth texture, your patch should match that
texture as closely as possible. You can create a stippled effect by dabbing the surface with a
sponge or stiff bristle brush while the patching material is still tacky. You can also roll a coat
of stipple paint or thinned out joint compound on top of a dry patch.
Use latex caulk to seal joints around door jambs, window casings and baseboards. Wide and
deep cracks may require more than one application. Use a damp rag to wipe off any excess
caulk.
Sand all glossy surfaces or treat them with liquid sandpaper. This provides a roughened
surface or "tooth" for good adhesion of a subsequent coat.
Primer Application
Mildew has a blotchy and powdery appearance. It is a living organism that's common in
damp areas which get little sunlight. Any surface that has mildew must be completely
sterilized before painting. Wash the mildewed surface with a mixture of one quart of
household bleach in a gallon of water.
Chalking is loosely-bound powder that forms on the surface of paint. Chalking happens when
paint binder is destroyed by sun and moisture. Scrape, sand and wash off all chalking before
primer application.
On stucco, thoroughly scrape off loose paint. Repair all cracks and holes. Fill gaps around
windows, door casings, or where two materials meet such as at the foundation line or where
wood meets masonry. Use caulk or elastomer-based patch to fill these cracks. (Elastomer is a
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polymer with the property of high elasticity. The term derives from elastic polymer.)
Cracks of 1/16" wide or larger should be chiseled out a fraction of an inch on both sides so as
to form a 'V'. This increases the contact area for the patching material that you will be using.
If you use a non-textured stucco patching material, texturize the patched area to make it
approximate the existing stucco. You can use a coarse fiber brush, like a scrub brush, for this
purpose. Rub the brush over the partially set patch in a circular motion until the repair looks
like the rest of the wall. If you are using elastomer-based patch, take an old brush, dip it in
water and feather out the edges of the patch.
Remove any efflorescence (calcium deposits) with a stiff-bristled brush. Then neutralize the
salt with a 5% solution of muriatic acid. Rinse thoroughly with clear water.
Use good exterior primer or surface conditioner for previously painted stucco. Because of the
chemical reaction that occurs in the newly applied stucco, the new stucco must be allowed to
properly cure and then primed with alkali resistant primer.
On wood surfaces, thoroughly scrape off all of the loose and cracking paint. Sand it to
remove any remaining loose paint and create a smoother surface. Consider stripping if more
then 25% of the coating is cracked or peeling. In stripping, chemicals or heat is used to
completely remove all of the existing coatings down to the substrate. When multiple coatings
are present, stripping may be the best way to prepare the surface. However, because of the
laborious nature of the stripping process, costs vs. benefits will need to be evaluated. Inject
caulking compound into any cracks around windows, doors and all open vertical seams. Use
good quality exterior wood primer.
Note: Do not caulk the horizontal seams between siding planks. Because siding planks
overlap each other, this opening almost never is a source of a leak. On the contrary, caulking
of these joints can cause moisture to be trapped in the substrate.
Note: Never use an inflexible patching material, such as spackling, in a shallow depression of
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an exterior surface. This is because exterior surfaces (and wood, in particular) undergo a
greater degree of contraction and expansion due to humidity and heat fluctuation in a
substrate. If your patching material does not move at the same rate, it will tend to crack and
cause premature paint failure. If you must use patching to smooth out shallow imperfections
(like paint ridges), use elastomer based products that will move with the substrate as it
expands and contracts.
When you're painting iron or steel, the most important thing is good contact between the
surface and the coating. These metals rust when air and moisture get under the protective
coating. Rust is like cancer. Once it is in the metal, it is virtually impossible to get rid of.
That's why surface preparation is so important. Use a good rust inhibitive primer.
Rusting metal must be sanded to remove loose rust scale, then cleaned and primed with rust
inhibitive primer. Punch in rusting nails to set them slightly below the surface. Spot prime
the nail heads with rust inhibitive primer and fill the nail holes with epoxy filler.
Galvanized metal comes from the factory with a residue of the manufacturing process that
prevents good paint adhesion. It is best to let galvanized metal surfaces wheather for about
six months. Weathering tends to neutralize the surface, making it more ready to accept paint.
If you have to paint galvanized metal right away, etch the surface with a mild acid such as
vinegar. Rinse the surface thoroughly and then apply a coat of galvanized metal primer.
As mentioned before, good surface preparation is essential for a lasting paint job. The most
expensive paint, the best painting technique and the finest brush will not compensate for even a
single needed but skipped preparation step. Skimp on surface preparation and you will literally
cut years off the useful life of your paint job.
Pressure washing services:
Pre-build and Post-build
Cleaning the exterior walls, floors and roofs
Pressure cleaning building interiors (cement, asphalt, etc.)
Cleaning of windows and frames.
Pressure washing dirt and dust form surfaces and floors.
The many advantages of building washing
Regular building washing or house washing will ensure longevity of the paintwork.
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Any dirt and dust build-up and also stains and mould is effectively cleaned and washed
away instantly.
If you are planning on selling your property, a building wash will help increase the value
of your property significantly.
The curb appeal of your home is greatly improved
The Building Washing Process
Stage 1
Before any building washing or house washing service, the first step is preparation. Your
friendly building washing specialist will prepare and take precautions before the actual house
washing is carried out.
We will take the time to walk around your house to check outdoor items are a safe distance
from potential spray and will help you move any delicate items.
As part of the preparation, we make sure no windows and doors are open.
We make sure your car is not parked in the driveway, or we will ask you to park it in the
garage or away from the house.
We make sure the electrical box and other electrical equipment are covered.
We will cover and protect things on the deck, balcony, or patio that is not waterproof.
Any gaps in the windows or doors will be sealed, so that water will not seep in.
Stage 2
After preparing the house, a safe, non-toxic cleaning product is sprayed on all the external
surfaces like walls, railings, poles, roofing, gutters, eaves etc. This will help release the dirt
build-up, mould and stains. After the cleaning solution is sprayed, then the surfaces are scrubbed
using a soft bristle brush or broom and this helps remove any embedded stains and dirt.
Stage 3
Water is used to rinse the surfaces. All the grime stains and dirt are removed effectively. And the
house washing process is completed.
Services offer a bi-annual washing schedule to help you manage the ongoing maintenance of
your property, ensuring it stays clean all year round. Combining external and internal window
cleaning to a Building Wash will not only ensure your entire property will be immaculate but
you will receive a discount when you bundle the two services together. Simply ask us about this
when booking your job.
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Scraper surface
Related Articles
Textured walls can bring character to your room and help hide imperfections in the wall surface,
but they can also make your room look dated or have an industrial feel, depending on the texture
design. Removing the texture is a messy, although uncomplicated, process. Once the texture is
gone, you have the option to add a different, more pleasing texture to the walls or to keep it as a
smooth surface ready to be painted.
Painting and wallpapering often require a crucial first step: scraping off what's already there.
Dozens of scrapers are available, and your choice should be determined by the task.
Straight scrapers are good for removing softened paint or soaked wallpaper. Specialty scrapers
come with curved edges for working on corners and curves. Some straight scrapers come with
plastic handles that increase comfort and make it possible to use more pressure.
Putty knives come in handy before painting to ensure that the surface is smooth. Apply putty to
the tip of the knife to fill in cracks or divots in the work surface. Allow the putty to dry before
you paint, stain or apply wallpaper to a surface.
The manual paint scraper is the most basic tool for removing paint and rust. It's especially handy
for working in corners and tight spaces. A metal brush attached to a cordless drill is great for
removing paint from metal surfaces. Move the brush back and forth against the surface of the
metal. An electric grinder may be used at low speed for removing paint from wood or metal.
Choose a model with depth controls, which allow you to hit the surface lightly or more deeply.
Sandpaper Basics
Power sanders are great for smoothing large surfaces, but for sanding tough areas, a sheet of
sandpaper is best. Here's a guide on how to choose the best sandpaper for any project.
Product Features
Directions
If the surface you are dealing with has a chronic bubbling problem or you are repairing
bubbling in fresh paint, using setting-type joint compound, or mud, for this repair will
minimize the chance of the blisters recurring. Ready-mixed compound tends to add too much
moisture to the surface and can induce bubbling in the finish.
Mix some mud and apply a skim coat over the damaged area. Use a joint knife held at an angle
to "butter" the surface with back and forth strokes.
Immediately skim the excess mud from the surface to leave a thin covering over the damage.
Hold the knife at about a 30° angle and press down hard, but not hard enough to dig into the
surface. Skim from one side to the other without stopping. Scrape the collected mud from the
knife onto the rim of a mud pan and continue skimming the remaining mud in parallel strokes,
cleaning the knife after each stroke.
Ignore any ridges left between the rows by the edges of the knife blade, these will be removed
later. Around the perimeter of the patch, skim the mud as thin as possible to help blend it into
the surrounding wall. Let the mud set for about 30 minutes.
Apply a Second Coat of Joint Compound
When the mud is dry, scrape off any ridges using the joint knife to cut them off with upward
strokes of the blade. Also, lightly sand the whole patch if necessary to smooth out any other
bumps or protrusions before applying another coat. At the edges of the patch, sand to feather
the mud with the surrounding surface.
Wipe the sanding dust off with a damp rag and apply a second coat of mud, skimming
perpendicular to the first coat. If you skimmed the first coat vertically, apply the next with
horizontal strokes. This will help to level out the surface.
Let the second mud coat dry, and if necessary, apply another to build up the patch until it hides
the damage and smoothed out the wall. As before, skim the mud stroking perpendicular to the
previous coat.
Sand and Touch up the Repair
I choice the correct answer from the given alternatives on space provided
The techniques for Applying Pointing putty jointer tool to fill indent and form joints.
Before applying the Ultra Surface Trowel Knockdown Finish the surface should be semi-
smooth to achieve the best results. If needed, patch any holes, gouges or deteriorated areas of
the surface with an Ultra Surface Polymer Concrete Patching Mix. The polymer concrete
patching mix can also be used to fill in low spots, level an uneven surface or re-pitch areas
with improper drainage. See the Ultra Surface Products Manual under Patching and Leveling
in Section
4.3.2 Surface preparation
This section deals with the preparation of the surface to which the plaster is applied, i.e. the
substrate. Aspects discussed are substrate properties; techniques of surface preparation; and
methods of preparing different types of surface.
Surface properties required for successful plastering The surface to be plastered should be
accurately positioned overall and zones should not deviate excessively from a plane (or
curved) surface. Ideally, the substrate should be rough; absorbent to a limited extent; strong;
and clean, i.e. free of any film, such as dust, oil or paint that could impair bond between
plaster and substrate. Plaster thickness should be as recommended) and as uniform as
possible. The more accurate the substrate the easier it is to meet these requirements.
Roughness improves adhesion by providing a positive ―key‖ for plaster to grip. Absorption
removes the water film, between substrate and plaster, which would tend to weaken
adhesion. Excessive absorption will however dry out the plaster. The strength of the substrate
material should be greater than, or equal to, that of the hardened plaster.
4.3.3 Techniques of preparing surfaces
Accuracy
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In new work, surface preparation starts with accurate setting out and construction of walls
and soffits. The aim should be to provide a surface that can be plastered to the required lines
and levels by applying a coat (or coats) of uniform thickness. Excessively thick plaster, or
plaster of uneven thickness should not be relied on to hide inaccurate work. Where zones of
the substrate surface deviate from the required plane (or curved) surface by more than about
10 mm, the first option is to remove high areas by hacking or cutting. If this is not
practicable, apply undercoats to low areas in such a way that the final coat is of uniform
thickness (see section 6.3).In cases where overall thickness exceeds the recommendations
given in section 6.3, it is advisable (and safer) to mechanically anchor the plaster to the
substrate, e.g. with stainless steel studs. This is also recommended when plastering dense
non-absorbent substrates. Strength For new masonry units strong enough to survive handling
and transport prior to being built in should be strong enough to hold plaster. Similarly, in situ
concrete should have ample strength.
Important Note
Gypsum-based plaster should never be mixed with a plaster made with Portland cement. This
is because gypsum is a sulphate compound which attacks Portland cement paste especially in
damp conditions. This attack causes swelling, softening and disintegration of the plaster.
The first coat called the scratch coat is trawled on rather roughly and cannot be made
completely flat because the un coated lath is not very rigid under the process of the trowel.
This first coat scratched while still wet using a broom or special rake to create a rough
surface to which the second coat can be bond mechanically.
When the scratch coat has hardened, it works together with the lath to create a rigid base for
the second application of plaster which is called brown coat.
The finish coat is very thin about 1.5 mm in thickness . it may be troweled smooth or worked
in to any desired texture.
Successful
Once the plaster starts to stiffen, it should be struck off to a plane (or curved) surface using a
light striker board. Material removed in this way should be discarded. If plaster is to be
applied in more than one coat, the undercoat(s) should be scored with roughly parallel lines
about 20 mm apart and 5 mm deep. The purpose of scoring is twofold: to provide a key for
the next coat and to distribute cracking so that it is less noticeable. For the final coat, use a
wood float to remove ridges made by the striker board. At the same time fill in any
depressions and float flush with the surrounding plaster. If a very smooth texture is required,
a steel trowel may be used on the surface. Such surface is however not generally
recommended because it tends to craze and show up imperfections. Various decorative
finishes are also possible. Techniques include brushing, flicking plaster onto the surface and
lightly floating, etc.
In the special case of soft clay brickwork, plaster should be applied as follows:
Using mix with the maximum amount of lime, fill major depressions in the wall and scratch
well. If mesh reinforcement or metal lathing is to be used, nail it to the wall using galvanized
nails driven through the spatter dash coat and use spacers to keep it away from the wall.
Apply the first coat of plaster, again using mix with the maximum amount of lime. This first
coat is used to achieve a plane surface. (In some cases it is necessary to use two coats to
achieve this.) It must be well scratched, cured for at least two days and allowed to dry. The
scratching, followed by the drying period, distributes shrinkage cracks. Apply the final coat
of plaster, using the same mix or preferably a slightly leaner mix. Striking off and finishing
are done as described previously.
Accuracy
Page 91 of 96 Jigjiga Polytechnic Preparing Surfaces for finishing Works Version -1
Colege November 2022
Author/Copyright
The permissible deviations of plaster work are 3 and 6 mm under a 2 m straightedge for grades I
and II finishes respectively (SANS 10155 : 1980 Accuracy in buildings).
Experience has shown that a grade I finish on masonry walls is not achievable with one-coat
plaster work unless the masonry units have only small dimensional differences and
The accuracy of the wall is excellent.