M07 Internal & External Plastering

Finishing Construction Works
Level-I
Based on March 2022, Curriculum Version 1
Module Title: - Applying Internal & External

Plastering
Module code: EIS FCW1 M07 11 22
Nominal duration: 150Hour
Prepared by: Jigjiga Polytechnic College

November, 2022
Jigjiga, Ethiopia
Table Contents
Acknowledgment .............................................................................................. 4
Acronym ........................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to the Module ...................................................................................... 6
Unit one: Plan and prepare for work........................................................................... 7

1.1 Identifying Work instruction ............................................................................... 8
1.1.1 Plan & prepare for work plastering ......................................................... 8
1.1.2 Plan ......................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Following O H S plans and policies ................................................................. 9
1.2.1 OHS requirement ................................................................................... 9
1.2.2 classification of safety ............................................................................. 9
1.2.3 Personal safety........................................................................................ 9
1.2.3 safety working area ............................................................................... 10
In worst case .................................................................................................. 11
Dead............................................................................................................... 11
1.2.4 First aid; ................................................................................................ 11
1.3 Identifying Implementing Signage .................................................................. 12
1.3.1 General requirements............................................................................ 12
1.3.2 Barricading and safety signage shall be used: ...................................... 12
1.3.3 Barricading Requirements ..................................................................... 12
1.3.4 Identify signage or barricade requirement ............................................. 13
1.4 Selecting tools and equipment ...................................................................... 17
1.4.1 Plant, tools and equipment .................................................................... 17
1.4.2 Power tools include ............................................................................... 20
1.4.3 leveling devices ..................................................................................... 21
1.5 Calculate quantity of materials ....................................................................... 23
1.5.1 Calculating Quantities Of Materials plastering. ...................................... 23
1.5.2 Plastering Work Ratio Calculation ......................................................... 24
1.5.3 How to Calculate Quantity of Material For Plastering ............................ 26
1.5.4 Calculating the quantities of Cement & Sand required for plastering: ... 27
1.5.5 Steps involved in calculation of plastering quantities: ............................ 28
1.6 Prepare & safely handle materials for the work .............................................. 29
1.6.1 Materials handling and storage ............................................................. 29
1.6.2 Storing of Cement and Lime .................................................................. 29
1.6.3 Sand and Fine aggregates .................................................................... 30
1.6.4 Lime and Gypsum ................................................................................. 31
1.6.5 Water ................................................................................................... 31
1.7 Identifying environmental protection requirement ........................................... 31
7.1 Good practice: .......................................................................................... 31
1.7.2 Environmental workplace safety ............................................................ 32
Page 2 of 64 Jigjiga Polytechnic Finishing construction work Version -1

College November, 2022
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1.7.3 Chemical Hazards ................................................................................. 32
1.7.4 Environmental protection ....................................................................... 35
Self-Check -1 ................................................................................................. 35
Operation sheet-1 .......................................................................................... 36
Lap Test-1 ...................................................................................................... 37
List of Reference Materials ............................................................................. 37
Unit Two: Prepare and mix plastering material ....................................................... 39

2.1 Batching and mixing methods ....................................................................... 40
2.1.1 Method of batching :-............................................................................. 40
2.1.2 mixing .................................................................................................... 41
2.1.3. Identified Mixing ................................................................................... 41
2.2 Select and check quality of material for plastering .......................................... 43
2.2.1. Materials for plastering: ........................................................................ 43
2.2.2 Method of Plastering: ............................................................................ 44
2.3 Mixing plastering materials ............................................................................. 44
2.3.1 Mixing Ratio........................................................................................... 44
2.3.2 Mix Ratio ............................................................................................... 45
2.3.3 Preparation background ...................................................................... 45
2.3.4 How to Patch Up Plaster ....................................................................... 46
2.3.5 Tools .................................................................................................... 46
2.3.6 Materials ................................................................................................ 47
Self check-2 ................................................................................................... 47
Unit Three: Apply plastering ..................................................................................... 49

3.1 Applying methods .......................................................................................... 50
3.1.1 Sand Faced Cement Plaster ................................................................ 50
3.1.2 Fixing plasterboard to ceilings (over boarding) ...................................... 50
3.2 Preparing Internal and external angles joints .................................................. 51
3.1.1 External Wall Plastering: ...................................................................... 52
Self check-3 ................................................................................................... 53
Unit Four: Clean up .................................................................................................... 54

4.1 Clearing working area ..................................................................................... 55
4.1.1 Definition ............................................................................................... 55
4.1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................. 55
4.1.3 Relevant legislation, regulations and job specifications......................... 56
4.1.4 Tool and equipment safety ................................................................... 56
4.2 Maintaining ,store tools and equipment ......................................................... 57
4.2.1 Handling and storing materials .............................................................. 58
4.2.2 Lay out .................................................................................................. 59
Reference....................................................................................................... 63

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Acknowledgment
Ministry of Labor and Skills and Jigjiga polytechnic college wish to extend thanks and
appreciation to the many representatives of TVET instructors and respective industry experts
who donated their time and expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning
Materials (TTLM).

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Acronym
WHS =work health and safety
SWMP =site waste management plan

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Introduction to the Module
Applying Internal & External Plastering helps to Plan and prepare, Prepare and mix plastering
material, Apply plastering, Cleanup work area. roller and spray in finishing construction work.
This module covers skill knowledge and attitude required to Applying Internal & External
Plastering in different back ground
This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the irrigation and drainage
occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Applying Internal & External
Plastering
This module covers the units :

 Plan and prepare for work
 Prepare and mix plastering material
 Apply plastering
 Clean up work area.
Learning Objective of the Module
 Apply Plan and prepare work
 Preparing and mix plastering material
 Apply plastering
 Clean up work area.
Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
1. Read the information written in each unit
2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and
5. Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise

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Unit one: Plan and prepare for work
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Identifying Work instruction
 Following OHS plans and policies
 Identifying Implementing Signage
 Selecting tools and equipment
 Calculating material quantity
 Identifying Prepare materials
 Identifying environmental protection plan
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the unit Applying Internal
& External Plastering Specifically, upon completion of this above topic , you will be able to:
 Work instructions, including plans, specifications, quality requirements and
operational details are obtained, confirmed and applied
 O H S requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies
 Signage/barricade requirements are identified and implemented
 Tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with the requirements
of the job, checked for serviceability and any faults are rectified or reported prior to
commencement
 Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans and/or
specifications
 Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared,
safely handled and located ready for use
 Environmental protection requirements are identified for the project in accordance
with environmental plans and regulatory obligations and applied

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Introduction
 Plastering is a process of applying one or more coats of mortar to a concrete surface,
brick works, and stone masonry. It must be durable such that it resists the penetration of
moisture and should be able to resist weather conditions uniformly. It should also be
pleasing in appearance.
 These properties depend upon materials used, composition of mix, and degree of
mechanical bond between the plaster and the backing surface and workmanship. Lack of
bond with the backing, cracking, crazing of surface and discoloration are principal
defects in plastering. Sufficient care has to be taken to overcome these defects
 Plaster protects the wall against wind, rain, abrasion, and improves the thermal
performance and appearance. Plaster should be easy to apply without the use of
expensive and elaborate tools. All type of plasters, especially those on external surfaces,
need to offer erosion resistant, impermeability to moisture, impact resistance and well
bonded to the wall. A proper plastering will give a good look and require less
maintenance.
1.1 Identifying Work instruction

1.1.1 Plan & prepare for work plastering
Specifications for plaster work should cover the following aspects: selection of materials, mix
proportions, application, finish and surface tolerances.
In construction site identify plan location and specification according to work instructions
techniques. A work instruction is a document that provides specific instructions to carry out any
activity. It‟s a step by step guide to perform a single instruction. A work instruction contains
more detail than a procedure and is only created if detailed step by step instructions are needed.
Work instruction including plans, spec/frication and quality requirement etc
1.1.2 Plan

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A drawing showing technical details of a building, machine, etc., with unwanted
details omitted, and often using symbols rather than detailed drawing to represent
doors, valves, etc.
The plans for many important buildings were once publicly available.
A set of intended actions, usually mutually related, through which one expects to
achieve a goal. He didn't really have a plan; he had a goal and a habit of control.
A two-dimensional drawing of a building as seen from above with obscuring or
irrelevant details such as roof removed, or of a floor of a building, revealing the
internal layout; as distinct from the elevation.
1.2 Following O H S plans and policies

1.2.1 OHS requirement
Safety is the first essential requirement and every personnel must learn the safety measures even
before he/she starts working on a machine or on equipments. Safety is an attitude, a form of
mind of worker. If the attitude of worker towards safety is good and he/she is safety conscious,
then he/she him/her self will develop the safe working habits. Before you can use equipment and
tools or attempt practical work in a workshop you must understand basic safety rules. These rules
will help keep you and others safe in the workshop.
 Safety is a precaution to avoid accident, right way of doing to avoid accident , follows
direction to prevent wastage of time, energy & money
 Care is a technique of properly handling tools, equipments & materials.
To protect ourselves from the accidents of hand tools & machines in the workshop it‟s better to
consider the following safety care and know safety sign.
1.2.2 classification of safety
1. Personal safety(PPE & HSE)
2. Safety hand tools & equipments
3. Safety working area
4. Safety rules & regulation of in the construction site.
5. First aid.(plaster, destinficant, bandage , ointment ).
1.2.3 Personal safety

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The primary important to protect the work man from accidents is to identify possible hazards and
take the necessary safety measures to eliminate the hazardous. Before you go to work on any job,
make sure your entire body is properly protected and provided other personal protective
equipment and Healthy safety equipment.
1. Helmet Protects the carrier from down falling items. It should be a must for everybody who
works or moves on a building site.
2. Ear protection Protects the carrier from damages of the ears.
3. Safety shoes Protects the workers feet from colds, chemical, and mud in the working area.
4. Safety glass protects eye against chips and dust parking around from the work piece
5. Mask(respiratory equipment): - Protects the worker from other endangering object and
dust during construction.
6. Glove:-Protects the workers from oils, chemicals, and dust And other dangerous material that
affect the skin.
fig .1.3 Personal Protective Equipments
1.2.3 safety working area
Working place or area is whole building/construction/ site including tools, equipment, machines,
storerooms, etc. Within the general working place there is a personal working area /space/, where
someone is building up a wall or other related activities. Working space is essentially required

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for all construction workers, to accommodate materials and equipments for the process;
therefore, it is a crucial and necessary to keep them all in proper manner.
A neat and tidy site safes time, eases the work and avoids accidents. If things like tools, battens,
boards, stones, cables, steel bars etc. are not used or kept improperly they are obstacles for the
construction process and can be the cause for accident.
What does an accident mean?
Personally:
Worries for the family
Consequences of the
Accident may:-
- Permanent pain
OR
- For short times
- Handicap
OR
- Permanently
injured
- Loss of salary so that

In worst case financial deficiency for
medical treatment &
Dead other expenses
/unemployment/
Figure 1.4. accedent result.
1.2.4 First aid;

A building site should have a first aid box which as minimum contents: -
Plasters; Bandages; Ointments; Disinfectant.

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Fig 1.2 First aid
1.3 Identifying Implementing Signage

1.3.1 General requirements
A variety of situations exist at Council worksites where barricading and/or safety signage are
required. Barricading and safety signage draw attention to hazardous objects and situations that
may affect health and safety, reducing the potential of injury to personnel and damage to
property. Examples include warning tape, mesh barrier, road barriers, traffic control signs,
emergency signage, mandatory PPE signs and precautionary signage.
1.3.2 Barricading and safety signage shall be used:

 When there are no other practical control measures available to control a hazard;
 As an interim measure until a more effective way of controlling the risk can be used or
the hazard is no longer present; and
 As a secondary control measure to supplement higher level control measures.
The type and number of barricading or safety signage erected must be assessed adequately and
positioned to be suitable for the intended purpose.
1.3.3 Barricading Requirements

Barricading is one of the risk control measures used to protect personnel from hazard such as:
 being struck by falling objects, material movements or plant;
 fall from height, including falling into open excavations or penetrations;
 fall from unprotected edges (e.g. removed flooring, walkways, stairs and handrails);

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 exposure to hazardous substances, process or activities;
 unauthorized entry into a confined space or other restricted work areas; and
 Any potentially hazardous work processes, such as hot works, demolition work,
scaffolding, radiation work and work involving asbestos.
Barricading may also be used as part of incident management and emergency response
procedures.
1.3.4 Identify signage or barricade requirement
Fig .3.1 Identify signage

 Selection of Barricade
The following factors are to be considered as part of a risk assessment when selecting the type of
barricade (soft or hard):
 risk associated with the hazard;
 required strength of the barrier (e.g. impact potential); and
 The amount of clearance provided from the hazard by the barricade.
Barricading shall be used to manage the risk of fall from height greater than two meters and
excavations greater than 1.5 meters deep.

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All barricading shall be designed, installed and used in accordance with the relevant Australian
Standards and the recommendations of the manufacturer. Where barricades are supported by star
pickets, the star pickets shall be protected by using a suitable cap fitted to the star pickets.
Fig .3.2 Types Barricading

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 Safety Signage Requirements
Safety signs are erected to warn workers or the public of specific hazards and to communicate
necessary precautionary measures and emergency actions. Safety signage, in accordance with
Ethiopian work Health and Safety Regulation required for:
 construction sites;
 confined spaces;
 asbestos;
 hazardous areas;
 hazardous chemicals;
 site specific Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements;
 fire protection equipment;
 emergency and first aid information;
 emergency eyewash shower; and
 Traffic management and pedestrian control.
 Signage Classification and Use
Safety signage‟s are classified and shall be used according to their function as follows:

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1.4 Selecting tools and equipment
1.4.1 Plant, tools and equipment
Handel tools:-Hand tool is used for the plastering work. Such as:-
1-Brush:-Used for cleaning the joints of the tiles and to clean the tools. Multi
Purpose tool
Fig 4.1 Brush
2. Hammer - is used to dress stones in the quarry, used to punch a hole into a tile.
Use the mason hammer as an anvil and make the hole big enough to enter in with pliers, than
extend

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Fig 4.3 Hammer
3. Measuring tapes and rules-are used to take measurement. Tape is used to measure
dimensions of building parts and distances in site. It is manufactured from steel, plastic or
fibre in lengths of 1m, 2m, 3m, 5m, 30m, etc. and 50m. In using tapes for measurements, the
two points should be aligned perfectly. In addition, when long horizontal measurements are
needed, care should be taken to avoid sag on the tape meters.
Fig 4.3. Measuring tapes and rules
4. Scaffolding and work platforms: - is temporary framework of timber or steel elements,

having platforms at different levels, to enable the masons or plasterer to work at different
heights of a building.
Fig 4.4.Scaffolding and work platforms
5. Strike board - professional uses are made of metal or wood board to strike off board. It
gives as true smooth concrete surface. It usually require two workers to do the job.

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Fig 4.5.Strike board
6 Trowel: - This is a tool, which every plastering needs. Used for Picking up mortar out of
the barrel, spreading mortar on the wall, bed joints and cutting off excess mortar. In
addition to the picture shown, a triangular and Rectangular trowel are also used by the.
Fig 4.6 Trowel
7. Bucket - is used to carry water, mortar, concrete from one place to another place transporting
in the construction site.
Fig 4.7 Bucket
8.Spade - it used to mixing concrete and spreading excavation soil.
Fig 4.8 Spade
9.Float - could be made for metal, wood, sponge, plastic it used to have smooth mortar or
concrete finish.

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Fig 4.9 Float
10.Batching box - used for volume batch of concrete materials such as aggregate and sad. the
international standard size of the box 50x40x20cm, 50x40x18cm, 50x40x16cm.
Fig 4.10 Batching box
1.4.2 Power tools include

Definition • A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism
other than the solely manual labour used with hand tools. The most common types of power
tools use electric motors. Power tools are classified as either stationary or portable, where
portable means hand-held. Stationary power tools for metalworking are usually called machine
tools.
1. Grinder - it is very use full for cutting like concrete steel or tiles.
Fig 4.11 Grinder

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2. Mixer - it used to mix the concrete mixers are available inform deferent capacities mixer
can produce 250 liter and up to 6000 liter it mixers are driven with diesel, benzene and
electrical power.
Fig 4.12 Mixer
3. Wheel barrow - it used to dispose disposal materials from transport or serve materials
and tools in the construction.
Fig 4.13 Wheel barrow
1.4.3 leveling devices

1.Sprit Level - is used to with straight edge for getting horizontal and vertical surface
levelness. The leveling tube is filled alcohol and bubble of air.

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Fig 4.14 Sprit Level
2.A straight edge: - is a cutting guide tool for copying a straight line from one location to
another or checking the straightness of a line already drawn. A straight edge with equally spaced
markings on it is called a ruler.
Fig 4.15 straight edge
3.Water level and laser: - Consisted of a length of hose fitted with a glass tube at each end.
Water was added until it rose in both vertically held tubes; when the surfaces of the water in each
tube were at the same height.
Fig 4.16:- Water level and laser
4.String - is use to make layout in excavation and maintain alignments.
Fig 4.17:- String
5.Plumb-Bob- is used to check only that surface vertical level.

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Fig 4.18:-Plumb-Bob
6.Tray Squire - is used to check to get right angle.
Fig 4.19 Tray Squire
1.5 Calculate quantity of materials

1.5.1 Calculating Quantities Of Materials plastering.
In calculating quantities of materials for plastering, the followings must be taken into
consideration.
 Wastage during operations
 Shrinkage or reduction in volume while setting.
For this reason, the calculated volumes of ingredients shall be multiplied by appropriate factors.

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Fig 5.1 cement, sand ,floating
How to calculate cement, sand quantity for Plastering?
 Before beginning to work on the plastering calculation, note down these general things
 Cement Mortar Ratio for wall plastering 1:6
 Cement Mortar Ratio for ceiling plastering 1:4
 Plastering thickness should not be more than 12-15 mm. If there is a need for an additional
coat don‟t do that at one go.
 Ensure you are using good quality of cement & Sand (In silt content test, we have discussed
how bad sand quality affects the work)
1.5.2 Plastering Work Ratio Calculation
 Cement Mortar Required:
Plastering thickness 12 mm = 12/1000 = 0.012m
Volume of cement mortar required = ( Plastering Area x thickness )
= 100 m2 x 0.012m = 1.2 m3
(This is wet volume that means we need this much volume of cement mortar after mixing water,
So for dry volume, we have to add 30-35% as bulk age of sand, we are using 35% and wastage as
20%)
Consider 35% Sand Bulkage = 1.2 m3 x (1+0.2+0.35) (Many of us would use 1.54 as constant)
= 1.86 m3

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Cement : Sand (Ratio) = 1 : 6 ( Total = 1+6 = 7 Parts )
Cement required (1 Part) = 1.86 x 1/7
= 0.265 m3 /0.0347
= 7.66 bags (Approx – 8 Bags)
Sand required (5 Part) = 1.86 x 6/7
= 1.59 m3
We normally use Sq.m while calculating plastering cement mortar
Step 1:- Assumptions
Area of Plaster = 100 m²
Thickness of plaster = 12 mm =0.012 m
Mix Ratio → 1:4
Step 2:- Volume of Plaster
∵Volume of plaster = Area of plaster x Thickness of plaster
Volume of plaster = 100 x 0.012=1.2m³
Add 20% extra Quantity for Filling of joints, Depressions & Wastage
∴Volume of plaster = 1.2 + [ (20x1.2) /100 ] =1.2 + 0.24 =1.44m³
Dry volume of plaster = Wet volume x 1.35
Dry Volume = 1.44 x 1.35m = 1.944 m³
Step3:- Quantity of Cement
Quantity of Cement = (Dry Volume of plaster x Cement ratio) / (Sum of the ratio)
Quantity of cement = (1.944 x 1) /(1+4)= 0.3888 m³
∵Density of Cement = 1440kg/m³
Weight of Cement = 1440 x 0.3888 = 559.872 Kg
∵ 1 bag of cement contains 50 kg of cement
Number of bags = 559.872 Kg/50 = 11.2 No‟s
Step 4:- Quantity of Sand
∵ Cement : Sand :: 1:4
Quantity of Sand = Quantity of Cement x 4
∴ Quantity of Sand = 0.3888 m³ x 4 = 1.5552 m³
∵ 1m³=35.3147 Cubic Feet (CFT)
Quantity of sand = 1.5552 x 35.3147 = 54.921 CFT

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∵ 1 brass = 100 CFT
Sand = 54.921 /100 =0.54921 Brass
∵ Density of sand = 1920 kg/m³
Weight of sand = 1.5552 x 1920 = 2985.98 kg
∵ 1 tonne = 1000 kg
Weight of sand in Tonne = 2985.98 /1000 =2.985 Tonne
Step 5:- Quantity of water
Quantity of water equals to 20% Total Dry material (cement & sand)
Quantity of water = 0.20 x (Weight of cement + Weight of sand )
∴ Quantity of water = 0.20 x (559.872+ 2985.98) = 709.2 kg = 709.2 Litre
Table 1 material requirement
Thickness Proportion Water required
6mm 1.4 354.6litres
12mm 1.4 709.2litres
15mm 1.4 886.5litres
1.5.3 How to Calculate Quantity of Material For Plastering

The term plastering is used to describe the thin mortar covering that is applied on the surface of
the wall and ceiling. The plastering removes the unevenness of the surface and sometimes used
to develop decorative effects. Today in this article we will learn how to calculate the quantity of
material for plaster.
Calculation of quantity of material for 12 mm thick plaster of ratio 1: 6 (1 Cement:6 Sand) in the
wall for 100 mm2
The volume of mortar = Area × Thickness
= 100 × 0.012 = 1.2
Adding 30% to fill up joints, uneven surface etc
Wet Volume of Mortar = 1.2 + 0.36 = 1.56 Cum
Increasing 25% for dry volume
Total Dry Volume = 1.56 + 0.39 = 1.95 = 2 Cum (say)
Quantity of Cement = 2/(1+6) × 1 (1 Ratio of cement) = 0.30 Cum

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In Kg = 0.30 × 1440 (Density of cement = 1440 kg/m3)
= 432 Kg In Bags = 8.64 bags
Quantity of Sand = 2/(1+6) × 6 (6 Ratio of sand) = 1.80 Cum
In Cubic Feet = 63.558 cft (1 Cum = 35.31 cft)
Water Required = Cement quantity in Kg × 0.5 (water cement ratio = 0.5)
432 × 0.5 = 216 Litres
Alternative Method
Quantity of Sand = Cement bags × Sand ratio ×1.226 (Volume of one bag cement = 1.226 cft) =
8.64 × 6 × 1.226 = 63.55 cft
Similarly, The quantity of materials for other proportions may be calculated.
As you mentioned thickness of plastering is 12mm = 0.012m [convert in m]
Area of plastering = 100 x 0.012 =1.2m3
Now coming to the cement: sand ratio = 1:4
which means 1 part of cement and 4 parts of sand
Total parts = 1+4 = 5
Amount of cement in plastering = 1.2 x 1/5 = 0.24m3
Amount of sand in plastering = 1.2 x 4/5 = 0.96m3
1 bag of cement has = 0.0347m3
0.24m3 = 6.91 bags
Amount of sand = 0.96m3
Cement And Sand Requirement
Given ratio of the Cement and sand is 1:4
Then, we know that for 50kg weight of the bag cement, the volume of cement is. 0347 cum.
Then Dry weight for cement is 50kg.
Now we will find the Dry weight of sand, as we know that dry bulk density of sand is
1600kgs/cum.
So, now we can find Dry weight =.0347x1600x4 =222.08 kgs
So, water required = Weight of total Dry material x 20%
Then we can find total dry weight = 50+222.08 =272.08kgs
Then Quantity of water required is .20x272.08=54.416lit
1.5.4 Calculating the quantities of Cement & Sand required for plastering:
General points to be remembered in Plastering work calculation

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 The ratios mentioned in plastering are volumetric ratios of Cement : Sand
For suppose 1:3 ratio refers to 1 part of cement and 3 parts of sand in a mortar.
 The plastering is usually done in two layers (two coats): The first coat of plastering is laid
with the thickness of minimum 12mm (ranges between 12-15mm) and this coat is called
as a Rough coat or Primary coat.
 The second coat should be laid with the thickness of 8mm
and this is called as a finish coat or Secondary coat of plastering.
 The overall thickness of plastering should be minimum 20mm if two coats are applied.
(First coat + second = 12mm+8mm =20mm)
Different ratios of Cement mortar used for plastering are tabulated below: Mix ratio
areas of usage
1:6 This ratio is usually used for Internal plastering of bricks

&1:5
1:4 Used for Ceiling and external walls
1:3 As its a rich mortar mix and it is used where external walls are prone to severe
climatic conditions.
It is also used for repair works.
As we know, the cement has a dry density volume of 1440Kg/m3

Each bag of cement has = 50 kgs
Which means each bag volume is 50/1440 = 0.0348 m3 of cement
The dry density of sand = 1600Kgs/m3
1.5.5 Steps involved in calculation of plastering quantities:

1. Find the total area of wall to be plastered in Sqm
2. Consider the ratio and thickness of plastering
3. Calculate the Total Volume of plastering
4. Find out the Volume of Cement and Sand individually for both coats
5. Calculate the total volume of cement & Sand

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Now coming to the calculation part,
For calculation Assume the wall length and width as 10m x 10m
1.6 Prepare & safely handle materials for the work
1.6.1 Materials handling and storage
Proper way of storing material should be considered in schoolwork shops and training area and
this has to be adopted in the real work of construction sites. It is use full to keep materials in a
proper manner, to preserve materials long lasting, to secure chemical character of the material,
for easy access and handling etc. In general proper way of storing material saves time and
money. Accordingly methods of storing for some materials and hand tools are described and
illustrated below.
Storing materials depend up on the type, size, and product character, etc.
1.6.2 Storing of Cement and Lime
In general cement and lime should be stored in a way that it does not come in contact with
moisture. As soon as it gets moisture, setting starts, which render it, unfit for future use. In order
to avoid this cement and lime should:
 Be stored in storage sheds with raised damp proof floors.

 Be stored about 60cms away from external walls.
 Be stacked up to reasonable height for ease of handling and for avoiding cooling (not
more than 10 bags be stocked over one another)
 Not be stored in rainy season and long periods of storing should be avoided.
 Be stored in silosorbins, if stored in bulk form.
 Be used on first in first out basis.

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Fig 6.1 cement storage
1.6.3 Sand and Fine aggregates

Sand and Fine aggregates shall be stored at site on a hard, dry and level ground. If such a surface
is not available, a platform of planks or old corrugated iron sheets, or a floor of bricks, or a thin
layer of lean concrete shall be used. Contact with clay, dust, vegetable and other foreign matters
shall be avoided.
Sand and Fine aggregates shall either be stored separately or heaps be separated by dividing
walls. Fine aggregate shall be stored in a place and manner where loss due to the effect of wind
is minimum, viz. in the leeward side behind a wall, or by covering with a polyethylene sheet.
Fig 6.2 Sand and Fine aggregates storage

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1.6.4 Lime and Gypsum
Quicklime shall be slaked as soon as possible. If unavoidable, it may be stored in compact heaps
having only the minimum of exposed area. The heaps shall be stored on a suitable platform
under a roof protected from rain and wind. A minimum space of 300 mm shall be provided all-
round the heaps to avoid bulging of walls.
Fig 6.3 Lime and Gypsum
1.6.5 Water
Water to be used in construction shall be stored in tanks, bottom and the sides of which shall be
constructed with brick or concrete. Contact with any organic impurities shall be prevented.
The tank shall be so located as to facilitate easy storage and filling in, and supply both for
construction work and for firefighting. Passage of water to the water tank shall not be blocked at
any time.
1.7 Identifying environmental protection requirement

7.1 Good practice: -
 Segregate the different types of waste that arise from your works.
 This will make it easier to supply, an accurate description of the waste for waste
transfer purposes.
 Minimizing the quantity of waste that you produce will save your money on raw
materials & disposal costs.
 Label all waste storage/ make it clear to everyone which waste type should be
disposed of in each location.
 Don‟t leave materials on site when your work is complete.

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By leaving materials behind, then you maybe discarding waste & as the producer
of that waste you will be responsible for it.
1.7.2 Environmental workplace safety
Environment is most of workplace free from obstacle or tidy and neat or clean up for work.
The importance of a clean workplace
The workplace environment influences employees‟ productivity, performance and well-
being. No matter the industry, maintaining a clean workplace may help keep staff members safe,
healthy and efficient. However, busy production schedules and increasing workloads may cause
standards to dip.
 Chemical hazards and environmental safety / protection
1.7.3 Chemical Hazards
We will now discuss some examples of workplace Chemical Hazards involving:
solids liquids gases.
A. Solids
Solid hazards can be dust, fumes or solid components in a material.
(a) Dusts -are visible solid particles produced by sawing, grinding, crushing, etc.
Some dusts are harmful, such as Synthetic Mineral Fibers, Asbestos and many woods

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Fig. 7.1 Some dusts are harmful
Breathing in harmful dusts can cause respiratory (breathing) irritation or difficulties.
The chronic effects of this could be cancer. Work practices must be changed to
Reduce toxic dust. You must wear appropriate protection of dust (e.g. breathing mask or
Respirator).
Fig 7.2 Use correct respirator for dust
(b) Fumes- are tiny particles in the air, which are often difficult to see.
Fumes are produced by heating metals, when welding or soldering.
Breathing in these fumes can also cause respiratory (breathing) difficulties and
Possibly cancer.
If you have to work in areas where these fumes are present, you should wear
Appropriate PPE (e.g. respirators).
Fig.7.3
(c) Solids.
Some construction materials, such as wet concrete, contain toxic solid Components.

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These can cause burns to skin, dermatitis or skin cancer with continual contact.
You must wear appropriate PPE, for example, gloves if handling wet concrete or
Some concreting equipment.
FIG7.4 Solids.
 Liquids
Toxic liquid hazards in the form of some adhesives (glues), paints and solvents (such as glue
for PVC pipes) can be absorbed into the body through the skin. These hazards can also cause
burns to skin, dermatitis and skin cancer. They can also burn or do permanent damage to eyes if
splashed into them.
you must reduce contact of these hazards with the skin or eyes by wearing the appropriate
PPE, for example, gloves, goggles etc.
fig.7.5 Liquids
 Gases

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Toxic gases and vapors are hazardous to your health.
Exhaust gases, such as those made by machine engines (e.g. carbon monoxide) are toxic.
You should not have to work where machinery gases cannot escape immediately into the open
air.
Vapors, from substances such as some adhesives, paints and solvents can also be toxic.
Breathing in toxic gases and vapors can cause respiratory problems, lung diseases, and liver
damage, cancer and even death.
As a last resort, if you have to work for short periods with toxic gases/vapors, you must
wear the appropriate PPE for the type of gas or vapor.
1.7.4 Environmental protection

 Health and Safety
 For information regarding the safe use of USG Boral products and accessories please
refer to instructions on the product packaging or contact your local USG Boral Sales
Office or for a current copy of the Material Safety Data Sheet
 It is the works of project protect d/f hazards to environmental protection. There are d/f
mechanisms environmental protections
 health welfare
 protect noise the environment
 Protect d/t hazards are: physical hazard, mechanical hazard& chemical hazards etc.
Self-Check -1 Written Test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

1-------------- is one of the risk control measures used to protect personnel from hazard.
A, Barricading B, Safety sign C, Regulatory sign D, Engineering safety
2--------- are erected to warn workers or the public of specific hazards and to communicate
necessary precautionary measures and emergency actions
A, Barricading C. Regulatory sign
B, Safety signs D. Regulatory sign
3-------- is to protect our self, co-worker, tools, equipment‟s & materials from danger or risk.

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A, Safety C. Injury
B, Accident D. Engineering safety
4--------- is defined as an unplanned, non-controlled, and an undesirable event or a sudden
mishap which interrupts an activity or a function.
A, Safety C. Injury
5, The bodily hurt sustained as the result of the accident, such as a laceration, abrasions, bruise,
puncture, wound, foreign body and fracture
A, Safety C. Injury
6, Signage and barricade signs includes:
A. Warning Tape C. Emergency Signage
B. Traffic Control Signs D, All are correct
7, Barricading is one of the risk control measures used to protect personnel from:
A. Falling objects C. Fall from height
B. Material movements D. All
8, Which of the following is prohibition sign?
A. No smoking C. Do not operate
B. No Entry D. All
Operation sheet-1
Purpose To practice the knowledge‟s & skills in applying work instruction

how to read working drawing /plans/ & calculating the quantity of
materials
Condition or -Read the specific drawing plan & details the specifications
situation for the -You will provided with the working drawing
operation -You will work in paper
-You will finish you work in 1hrs only

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Equipment, tools & -Working drawing .pen /pencil/
materials -Paper
-Calculator
Procedures Step1-See working drawing correctly
Step2-Calculat the area of internal part
Step3-Calculate the area of external part
Step4-Deduct /deduction/ uncoated area
Step5-Calculate the amount of materials needed
Precaution Avoid carelessness during calculating materials quantity.
Quality criteria -To get the correct /truth/area of the surface

-Minimizing the wastage of materials
-To get the correct amount of materials
Lap Test-1
LAP Test Practical Demonstration
Name:- _____________________________ Date:- ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 4 hours.
Task 1: Calculate material quantity requirement of plastering ask your teacher to provide you
dimensions.
1,Quantity of Cement
2,Volume of Plaster
3,Quantity of water
List of Reference Materials
 Barricading and Signage Document Number – OHS-PROC-134

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 [2] J. Broomfield, Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, Investigation and
Repair, Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, USA,2nd edition, 2007.
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Tenth edition Roy Chudley And Roger
Greeno
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Seventh edition R. Chudley MCIOB and
R. Greeno BA (Hons) FCIOB FIPHE FRSA
 Construction Materials Third edition Edited by J.M. Illston and P.L.J. Domone
 Building construction (part 1 by Getachew Yimer)
 Building construction ( by Dr B.C.Punmia)
 Building construction(by Sushil Kumar)
 Text book of Building construction(by Abebe Dinku)

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Unit Two: Prepare and mix plastering material
This unit to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage
and topics:
 Batching and mixing methods
 Select quality materials
 Mixing plastering materials
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the Above topic contact.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Batching and Mixing Methods are identified
 The quality of plastering materials are Selected and checked
 Plastering materials are mixed to designed proportion and consistency in accordance
with manufacturers‟ recommendations and job specifications

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2.1 Batching and mixing methods
Batching It i s the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients either by volume or by mass
and introducing them into the mixture. Traditionally batching is done by volume but most
specifications require that batching be done by mass rather than volume.
Batching is the process of measurement of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water
for each operation of concrete making.
2.1.1 Method of batching :-

Batching is done in two ways
1) By volume (volume batching)
2) By weight (weight batching)
1. Volume batching
 ) Batching of cement. Cement is always measured by weight. Mostly it is used in terms

of bags. One bag of cement weights 50 Kg as a volume of 35 letters. (0.035m3) Cement
should not be batch by volume because its weight per unit volume varies according to the
way the container is filled. The ratio of materials of concrete decides the capacity of the
box. Convenient sizes of gauge boxes to suite different such as 50cm*40cm*20cm and
50cm*40cm*18cm.
Fig 2.1Gauge box
2, Weight batching: -
In weight batching the ingredient of concrete are measured by weight. Generally, weight
batching is in practice for constructions where high quality concrete is required. Weight batching

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is much more accurate than volume batching. Different types of weight batching is available the
particular type to be used depends up on the nature of the job. Large weight batching plants have
automatic weighting equipment. These are supervised by a qualified and experienced engineer.
For comparatively smaller works weight batch can be done by:-
1. Simple spring balances
2. Plate form weighing machines
3. Automatic weighing machines
2.1.2 mixing
The mixing operation consists of rotation or stirring, the objective being to coat the surface the
all aggregate particles with cement paste, and to blind all the ingredients of the concrete into a
uniform mass; this uniformity must not be disturbed by the process of discharging from the
mixer Mixing concrete must be mixed so the cement, water, aggregates and admixtures blend
into an even mix. Concrete is normally mixed by machine.
The mixing may done by manually or by mechanical means like,
 Batch mixer,
 Tilting drum mixer,
 Non tilting drum mixer,
 Pan type mixer,
 Dual drum mixer or
 Continuous mixers.
There are no general rules on the order of feeding the ingredients into the mixer as this depend
on the properties of the mixer and mix. Usually a small quantity of water is fed first, followed by
all the solids materials
2.1.3. Identified Mixing
Mortar for plastering is usually mixed at the site, and mixing may be
- Manually and
- Mechanically
1, Manual mixing

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The amount of cement is very much depending on the sand. A test when news sand is delivered
is necessary.
Fig 2.2, Manual mixing

The mixing ratio can due to the above-mentioned reasons differ from 1:4 to 1:5. If the sand is
very fine and loamy the ratio is very poor 1:6. If the sand is very rough and has not much fines
than the ratio is relatively rich 1:4.
The plastering mortar has no structural bearing, meaning its only purpose is to hold its self on the
wall. So the ratio, although is seams to be to poor, provides by fare enough strength for tile
plastering work.
A very rich mortar like 1:1 or 1:2 is very harmful to the connection of mortar and wall, because
the shrinkage rate of this kind of mortars in so high, that the tile will shear off after some time
from the mortar.
The mortar is prepared dry, first. The right amount of material is measured and hipped up
Shoveled from one site to the other. Wetted with the right amount of water
Shoveled through again until the water is distributed equally. Transported to the plastering place.
But it must been known, that this kind of mixing provides the poorest result concerning the
mixing quality.
Better is to use a proper mixing machine.
2, Machine Mix

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It is used when large quantity of mortar is required continuously at fast rate. In this method,
mixing of the ingredients of mortar is done in a machine, which is known as Mixer. Binding
materials, cement and lime, in specified proportion are put into the
drum of the mixer and then required of water is added immediately before revolving the drum.
After this, the drum is revolved for sufficient a period to form uniform mixture of required
consistency.
Modern preparing of mortar by the use of mixer
Fig 2.3 Machine Mix
2.2 Select and check quality of material for plastering

2.2.1. Materials for plastering:
Lime mortar is usually applied in 3 coats while cement mortar is applied in two or three coats
for the stone and brick masonry. For concrete surfaces cement mortar may be applied in two or
three coats. For concrete building blocks many times only one coat of cement mortar is applied.
The first coat provides means of getting level surface.
The final coat provides smooth surface. If three coats are used second coat is known as floating
coat.
The average thickness of first coat is 10 to 15 mm. Middle coat thickness is 6–8 mm. The final
coat is just 2 to 3 mm

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thick. If single coat is used its thickness is kept between 6 to 12 mm. Such coats are used on
concrete surfaces not exposed to rain.
The mortar used for plastering work can be classified into three categories:
• Lime mortar: it consists of equal volume of lime and sand these two materials are carefully
ground in mortar mill. Flat lime is recommended for plastering work.
• Cement mortar: the cement mortar consists of one part of cement to four part of clean, coarse
and angular river sand. The materials are thoroughly mixed in dry condition before water is
added to them. The mixing of materials is done on a watertight platform.
• Water proof mortar: This mortar is water proof and it is prepared by mixing one part of
cement and two parts of sand and pulverized alum at the rate of 120 N per m3 sand.
2.2.2 Method of Plastering:
The plastering could be done on the surfaces either in one, two and three coats. The plastering
for two coats are as follows:
• The mortar joints are racked out to a depth of 20 mm and surface is cleaned and well watered.
If it is found that the surface to be plastered is very rough and uneven, a primary coat is applied
to fill up the hollows before the first coat of plaster is put on the surface.
• The first coat of plaster is now applied on the surface. The usual thickness of first coat for
brick masonry is 9 mm to 10 mm. In order to maintain uniform thickness, the screeds are formed
on the wall surface by fixing dots.
• The cement mortar is placed between successive screeds and surface is properly finished. The
second coat is applied after six hours and thickness of second coat is 3 mm to 2 mm. The
completed work is allowed to rest for 24 hours and then, the surface is kept well watered for rest
of week. For plastering in three coats are similar to two coats.
The thickness of first coat (rendering coat) 9 to 10 mm, second coat (rendering coat) 9 to 10 mm,
and third coat (setting coat) thickness around 3 mm.
2.3 Mixing plastering materials

2.3.1 Mixing Ratio
a) Nominal mix. In mix design the concrete prepositions are designed to have an average
strength corresponding to the value specified using scientific design methods. This concrete

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should have adequate workability for conditions prevailing on the work in question, and can be
properly compacted with the means available.
In nominal mix method, it is not practicable to use controlled concrete. Nominal mix method
may be used for grades of concrete up to C-20. In proportioning nominal mix, the quantity of
cement can be determined by weight. The quantity of fine and coarse aggregate may be
determined by volume, though there should also preferably be determined by weight. If the fine
aggregate is moist and volume batching is adopted, allowance should be made for bulking. The
most commonly med batching boxes size in an country are 50 cm x 40 cm x 20 cm and 50 cm x
40 cm x 18 cm.
Even though 6 grades of concrete are mentioned below, only 5 of them are suitable for nominal
mix, since on this concrete no strict control through supervision is done. These five grades of
concrete are C-5, C-7, C-10, C-15, and C-20. The table below gives mix ratio for nominal mix
concretes.
Type of Concrete Mix Ratio *
Concrete C – 7 Mechanical
1 1:4:8
mix/Class E
2 1:3:6
mix/Class C
3 1:2:4
mix/Class A
Concrete C – 30 Mechanical mix/
4 1:2:3
Class AA
5 Concrete C – 7 Hand mix/Class D 1 : 31/2 : 8
6 Concrete C – 15 Hand mix/Class B 1 : 21/2 : 6
2.3.2 Mix Ratio

The first number (1) refers to cement – one part or one bag. The second number (2) refers to the
small aggregate or sand – consequently two parts .The third and last number of the ratio (4)
refers to the stone or large aggregate consequently four parts stone/large aggregate.
2.3.3 Preparation background

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All masonry joints should be raked 10 mm in case of brick masonry and 15 mm in case of stone
masonry for providing key to the plaster before onset of plastering operation. All mortar drops,
dusts and freshly laid concrete or laitance should be removed with the help of a stiff brush.
(rendering is applied after any existing unevenness is removed. or a three coat finishes the local
protection should not be more than 10mm and local depression should not exceed 10 mm. or two
coat plaster these limitations are reduced to /and respectively. The surface should be kept
damp for suction and it should be cleaned.
.The surface should not be kept soaked and neither it should be kept less wet so as to
cause strong suction which withdraws the water from mortar and makes it weak and porous.
curing the application of plaster on old surface, all dirt, oil, paint etc. should be
removed along with complete removal of all loose and crumbling plaster to its full
thickness. The back ground of the plaster should be exposed clearly before new plaster is
applied. The surface should be kept damp to maintain optimum suction
2.3.4 How to Patch Up Plaster
Plaster gives a smooth finish to walls and ceilings and is hard-wearing. Houses built up until the
end of World War II are likely to feature lath and plaster non-load-bearing/dividing interior walls
and ceilings. The laths are narrow strips of wood nailed to battens that provide a key for the
plaster to attach to. Load-bearing walls had plaster applied directly to the brick or stone in a
series of coats.
Plasterboard became popular in the post-War period. It is sometimes skimmed with a couple of
coats of plaster to give a uniform finish, or simply fixed in place and the joints taped and filled
(known as dry-lining).
In general, damage to traditionally plastered walls comes in the form of cracks, missing chunks
or damaged corners, while plasterboard damage is normally limited to holes. Skimmed
plasterboard can also develop hairline cracks.
One of the most common causes of damage is caused by stripping, In this case you re better off
calling in a proto skim over the whole wall. Expect to pay around 12/m², more if you start adding
other small plaster repairs you have about your house. For these you re much better off going.
2.3.5 Tools
 Stanley-type knife
 Bucket for mixing plaster

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 Pot or tray for mixing filler
 Small filler „knife
 Plastering float
 Hawk
 Hammer
 Chisel
2.3.6 Materials
 Plaster
 Powder-based filler
 Masking tape
 Builders‟ „instant grab‟ -type adhesive
 Plasterboard off cuts
 Screws
 PVA
Self check-2
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
1, -------is shall be carried out in such a way that the constituent materials are uniformly
distributed and the mixture has uniform workability.
A, Aggregates B, Batching and Mixing C, manufacturing specification
2, --------- is contains all the information that is needed to make the product
3, --------is shall be handled and stored so as to minimize segregation and contamination with
undesirable constituents.
4------- is essential when mixing cement or lime mortars that the water is clean.
A, Lath C. Plasticizers B, Accelerators D. Water
5 --------is used to improve the workability of a mortar mix.
6 -------- used to speed up the hydration of cement, producing higher strength at the early stages.

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7, ---------- is adopted to provide foundation for plastering work.
A, Lath B, Plasticizers C. Accelerators D. Water

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Unit Three: Apply plastering
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Applying coating methods
 Preparing Internal and external angles joints
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the Above topic.
 One-, two- and three-coat plasterwork are applied to walls and ceilings (vertical,
horizontal, inclined and curved) are finished to solid backgrounds and board
backgrounds
 Internal and external angles, reveals and expansion joints are prepared to contractor‟s
working instructions.

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3.1 Applying methods
Applying the plaster When sequencing building activities, it is highly recommended that the roof
is clad before plastering starts. Never work in direct sun. Plastering should be protected from the
sun and drying winds.
If it is necessary to plaster walls exposed to the sun, especially in hot or windy conditions, then
special precautions may be needed to protect the plaster on the wall from sun and wind to reduce
the risk of cracks in the plaster.
The plaster should be used up within two hours of being mixed and never be retendered by
mixing in additional water.
3.1.1 Sand Faced Cement Plaster
 Finishing coat:
The final layer in which the plaster is laid to cover the total area is called finishing coat.
In plastering, two or three coats are usually applied. The outermost top coat of the plaster is
known as finishing coat.
Top Coat: The second coat should be 6mm thick. Before application of the second coat, the base
coat should be evenly damped. This coat should be applied from top to bottom in one operation
and without joints; finish should be straight, true and even.
The mortar proportion of this coat should be as specified under the respective item of work. Sand
to be used for the second coat and for finishing work should be as specified in the item
description. The second coat should be finished with sponge. Grooves should be made as per the
drawings.
The plaster Board finish is mixed with a whisk to a smooth creamy consistency
Before starting applying the finish make sure that the plasterboard is free from dust, if the
surface is dusty lightly sweep the surface with a soft brush, do not dampen down the plasterboard
as this will perish the board The finish is applied to the plasterboard in a two coat system, with
the second coat being applied after about 45mins after the first coat.
The plasterboard joints are covered with finish first
Finishing plasterboard When fixing the fiber tape make sure that half of the tape is fixed to the
top of the wall surface in the ceiling wall angle this will prevent cracking accruing along the
ceiling angle, also on all internal angles
3.1.2 Fixing plasterboard to ceilings (over boarding)

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Over boarding a ceiling requires fixing another layer of plaster boards on the existing ceiling ,
with all the nails or screw fixed securely into the ceiling joist Locating the ceiling joist without
removing any of the existing ceiling can be achieved by using the three nail method. This
involves going around the perimeter of the ceiling using three nails and knocking them into the
ceiling until only the middle nail is has got a fix into the joist, then leave that nail in the ceiling
until all the joist have been located A chalk line can now be struck from the nails that are running
parallel across the ceiling showing where the joist are located
Fixing plasterboard to ceilings (over boarding) Once all the chalk lines are on the ceiling , you
plaster board the ceiling in the same way as a ceiling that has not been over boarded making sure
that you are using larger fixings Chalk lines
wall and the wall that is perpendicular to it. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes as
needed. Angled jointing knives help reach hard to reach angles.
figure 3.1 joint knife

3.2 Preparing Internal and external angles joints
Generally, internal walls of buildings are covered with plastered layer and external walls with
pointing. It is better plaster the external walls rather than pointing.
Initially, the Surface where plastering is to be done will be cleaned. Level pegs on walls will be
fixed with reference to the off lines to brick walls set out in floors. (Using centre plumb bob and
nylon thread). All the brick walls will be watered before pasting mortar on walls.
First coat mortar filling (1:4 Cement and Sand) up to 15 mm will be applied on surfaces where
required mortar thickness exceed 25mm. Walls
Joints between walls and beams will be formed up to a maximum of 20mm and will be sealed
using 30 minutes fire rated flexible filler. (Material descriptions will be submitted for the
approval of the Engineer)
Vertical joint of structural columns / walls & brick walls will be treated by fixing 200mm width
chicken mesh with wire nails / concrete nails by centering the mesh to the vertical wall joint. All
the embedded service lines and provisions (Conduits, Boxes and etc. ) will be completed on
brick walls.

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• Internal Plastering on surfaces of Brick and Concrete: Initially, the Surface where plastering is
to be done will be cleaned. Level pegs on walls will be fixed with reference to the off lines to
brick walls set out in floors. (Using centre plumb bob and nylon thread). All the brick walls will
be watered before pasting mortar on walls. First coat mortar filling (1:4 Cement and Sand) up to
15 mm will be applied on surfaces where required mortar thickness exceed 25mm. Walls and
columns will be plastered 1:4 Cement and Sand to achieve semi rough finished surface. Vertical
joint of structural columns / walls & brick walls will be treated by fixing 200mm width chicken
mesh with wire nails / concrete nails by centering the mesh to the vertical wall joint. All the
embedded service lines and provisions (Conduits, Boxes and etc. )
Fig 3.2: Plastering Work
3.1.1 External Wall Plastering:

Alignment and fixing level pegs on external wall surfaces will be done using the surveying
instrument / centre plumb bobs. Projections on the wall surfaces will be chipped off and cleaned
after completing the level pegs on walls. First coat mortar filling (1:4 Cement and Sand) up to 15
mm will be applied on surfaces where required mortar thickness exceed 25mm.Cement paste on
concrete surfaces will be applied to improve the bonding of plaster to the concrete surfaces.
Maximum width of 20mm horizontal grooves between walls and beams will be formed by
cutting using grinders with diamond wheels after plastering the wall surface.
This groove will be filled with approved weather sealant. External wall plaster will be finished
with rough surface. 1:10 slope at the external side of the window sill will be formed while
plastering the window reveals.
When all the joints have been covered with the fiber tape, and all the thin coat bead have been
fixed, it is time to mix the plaster When mixed the Board finish is emptied out of the mixing tub
onto the spot board and the mixing tub and whisk cleaned ready for the next mix Clean cold
water is filled into the mixing tubs , for a full tub of plaster you will require half a tub of water

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. Fig 3.2: External Wall Plastering
Self check-3
1, -----------used to cut plaster tape to size(4 points)
A Mud pan B Utility knife C. sand paper D. joint knife
2, The identification and history of old interior building surface materials includes.(5 points)
A Plaster board B. expanded metal lath C Split wood lath D. All
3, An sufficient number of fastener used to secure the whole suspended (5 points)
A, Ceiling structure B. Concrete beams C ceiling D All

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Unit Four: Clean up
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Clearing working area
 Maintaining ,store tools and equipment
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the above topic.
 Work area is cleared and materials disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with
legislation/regulations/codes of practice and job specification
 Tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with
manufacturers‟ recommendations and standard work practices

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4.1 Clearing working area
4.1.1 Definition
Disposing Removing and destroying or storing damaged, used or other unwanted domestic,
agricultural or industrial products and substances
Recycling means turning an item into raw materials which can be used again, usually for a
completely new product. This is an energy consuming procedure.
Reusing refers to using an object as it is without treatment. This reduces pollution and waste,
thus making it a more sustainable process.
4.1.2 Purpose
When looking into environmental sustainability, cutting consumption or reducing
rubbish during a house clearance, it‟s more than likely that you‟ll come across the following 3Rs:
reduce, reuse and recycle. Learn how Disposing,
reusing(R), and recycling(R) can help you, your community, and the environment by saving
money, energy, and natural resources.
Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown
away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your community and
the environment.
Recycling reduces waste disposal by transforming useful materials such as plastic, glass and
paper into new products
The reusing process is not just about re-purposing materials, but the object as it is. This includes
buying and selling used goods and repairing items rather than discarding them. Reusing is better
than recycling because it saves the energy that comes with having to dismantle and re-
manufacture products. It also significantly reduces waste and pollution because it reduces the
need for raw materials, saving both forests and water supplies.
Waste that cannot be reused or recycled in some form eventually finds its way to disposal.
This disposal includes landfills, but an increasing number of municipalities have elected to
divert waste into resource recovery.

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These recovery methods use the waste to generate electricity or produce raw materials for
industry
4.1.3 Relevant legislation, regulations and job specifications
The Producer(she/he) shall, during the production period maintain and clean up both permanent
and temporary facilities. He/she shall provide temporary site drainage to leave the facilities free
of standing water, accumulation of scrap, debris, waste material, and maintain good standards of
hygiene.
Inspection shall be carried out daily to ensure that sufficient workmen/women, tools and
facilities are provided to maintain the standard of hygiene.
Final cleaning of the site and removal of all temporary facilities shall be carried out to approval
at completion of works.
4.1.4 Tool and equipment safety
Maintain tools with care. Keep cutting tools sharp and clean. Properly maintained tools with a
sharp cutting edge are less likely to bind and are easier to control. Do not use a damaged tool.
Tag damaged tools “Do not use” until repaired.
Check for misalignment or binding of moving parts, breakage of parts, and any other condition
that may affect the tool‟s operation. If damaged, have the tool serviced before using. Many
accidents are caused by poorly maintained tools.
Use only accessories that are recommended by the manufacturer for your model. Accessories
that may be suitable for one tool may become hazardous when used on another tool.

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Accidents may take place due to human causes, environmental causes and mechanical causes.
These causes are discussed as under.
 Human Causes
1. Accidents may occur while working on unsafe or dangerous equipments or machineries
possessing rotating, reciprocating and moving parts.
2. Accidents occur while operating machines without knowledge, without safety precautions,
without authority, without safety devices.
3. Accidents generally occur while operating or working at unsafe speed.
4. Accidents may occur while working for long duration of work, shift duty etc.
5. Accidents commonly occur during use of improper tools.
6. Accidents may occur while working with mental worries, ignorance, carelessness,
nervousness, dreaming etc.
7. Accidents occur because of not using personal protective devices.
 Environmental Causes
1. Accidents may occur during working at improper temperature and humidity causes fatigue to
the workers so chances of accidents increases with workers having fatigue.
2. The presence of dust fumes and smoke in the working area may causes accidents.
3. Poor housekeeping, congestion, blocked exits; bad plant layout etc. may cause accidents.
4. Accidents occur due to inadequate illumination.
 Mechanical Causes
1. Continued use of old, poor maintained or unsafe equipment may result in accidents.
2. Accidents commonly occur due to use of unguarded or improper guarded machines or
equipments.
3. Unsafe processes, unsafe design and unsafe construction of building structure may lead to
accidents in the plant.
4. Accidents occur due to improper material handling system and improper plant layout
5. Accidents may occur due to not using of safety devices such as helmets, goggles, gloves,
masks etc.
4.2 Maintaining ,store tools and equipment

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4.2.1 Handling and storing materials
If all facilities for production i.e.
 Aggregate storage places
 Mixing plant
 Material storages
 HCB storage places are as close as possible to
the production area, they are easy to handle.
Fig.4.1 Handling and storing materials
A well equipped and organized working place eases the work process!!

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4.2.2 Lay out
a. Concrete (Aggregates, i.e. Sand, Gravel, Red Ash ,)
b. Water:
should be clean, stored separately close to the mixing plant,
fig 4.2.sample lay out
C ,Cement.
Cement should be stored in a dry place, moisture free.
Fig.4.3 cement stacking

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c. Machinery & Equipment:
Must be in perfect condition and sufficient in numbers to suit the daily production needs. Regular
cleaning, maintenance of all machinery & equipment is essential to keep the agreed quality
standards. An adequate stock of spare parts for all machinery has to be
kept, in order to safe guard production.
Fig 4.4.cleaned and maintained machine
4.2.3 Selecting Tools and Equipment

 Hot air welders
Hot gas welding, also known as hot air welding, is a plastic welding technique using heat. A
specially designed heat gun, called a hot air welder, produces a jet of hot air that softens both the
parts to be joined and a plastic filler rod, all of which must be of the same or a very similar
plastic.
Fig4.5 hot air welder

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 Knife
Are used to apply heat to the waterproofing ply and unroll the Flam line into it. Press the Flam
line into the hot waterproofing with a blunt putty knife.
Fig 4.6 knife
 Wood floats
Wood float; are used for scoring the plastered surface in the last coat.
Depending on the nature of your painting project, you may consider investing in some of the
items below.
1. Step ladders and extension ladders – to help you reach elevated areas.
2. Paint scraper – to remove loose or peeling paint from wood, plaster, and ther surfaces.
3. Triangular load scraper – to remove paint in small or tight areas.

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4. Steel wool – to remove corrosion from metal surfaces.
5. Bristle brush – to clear loose material from masonry
6. Wire brush – to remove efflorescence and loose material from masonry, or to remove
loose, flaking paint
Self-Check -4
Instruction 1 Choose and write the letter of the best answer on the given answer sheet?
1_______ used for picking up mortar out of the barrel, spreading mortar on the tile.
A. Straight edge B hose level C trowel D plum bob
2______ is used to control the horizontal and vertical alignment of wall.(2 point)
A. Float B Trowel C Scissors D Spirit level
I, Matching: match the relevant information from column “B” to column “A”, write
your answer the answer sheet provider.(4 points )

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A
1. Recycling
2. Reusing
3. Reducing
4. Disposing
B
A. Minimizing by products
B. Converting waste into new
C. Removing and destroying unwanted products
D. Using an object without treatment
Name: _________________________ Date: ______________
Note: Satisfactory rating – 3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 and points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
1. ------------------
2. ----------------- Rating: ____________
3. __________
4. ___________
Reference
1. Mahnke, F.(1996). Color, environment and human response. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. ^ Ballantine, Patti (2005). If it's Purple, Someone's Gonne Die Elsevier, Focal Press.
3. O'Connor, Z. (2010). "Color psychology and color therapy: Caveat emptor". Color Research
and Application
4. "Pigments through the Ages - Renaissance and Baroque (1400-1600)”. Www.
webexhibits.org.
5. Albers, Josef (2006). Interaction of Color. Revised and Expanded Edition. Yale University
6. EIS BBCW 1 M020 LO1-LG-93 Version -1 October 2019
7. UNIDO, UNIDO Green Industry – Policies for supporting green industry (201

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Finishing Construction Works

Module Title: - Applying Internal & External

Prepared by: Jigjiga Polytechnic College

Unit one: Plan and prepare for work........................................................................... 7

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Unit Two: Prepare and mix plastering material ....................................................... 39

Unit Three: Apply plastering ..................................................................................... 49

Unit Four: Clean up .................................................................................................... 54

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This module covers the units :

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1.1 Identifying Work instruction

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1.2 Following O H S plans and policies

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fig .1.3 Personal Protective Equipments

1.2.3 safety working area

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- Loss of salary so that

Figure 1.4. accedent result.

1.2.4 First aid;

Plasters; Bandages; Ointments; Disinfectant.

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1.3 Identifying Implementing Signage

1.3.2 Barricading and safety signage shall be used:

1.3.3 Barricading Requirements

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Fig .3.1 Identify signage

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Fig .3.2 Types Barricading

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Fig 4.1 Brush

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Fig 4.3. Measuring tapes and rules

4. Scaffolding and work platforms: - is temporary framework of timber or steel elements,

Fig 4.4.Scaffolding and work platforms

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Fig 4.6 Trowel

Fig 4.7 Bucket

8.Spade - it used to mixing concrete and spreading excavation soil.

Fig 4.8 Spade

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Fig 4.10 Batching box

1.4.2 Power tools include

Fig 4.11 Grinder

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Fig 4.12 Mixer

Fig 4.13 Wheel barrow

1.4.3 leveling devices

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Fig 4.15 straight edge

Fig 4.16:- Water level and laser

4.String - is use to make layout in excavation and maintain alignments.

Fig 4.17:- String

5.Plumb-Bob- is used to check only that surface vertical level.

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6.Tray Squire - is used to check to get right angle.

Fig 4.19 Tray Squire

1.5 Calculate quantity of materials

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M07 Internal & External Plastering

M07 Internal & External Plastering

Name:- _____________ Date:-