ALVEDIA Technology

The most reliable test worldwide

 Our technology is based on the migration of the red blood cells on a membrane.
 It is the most advanced Immuno-Chromatography technique in blood typing and
crossmatching used worldwide since 10 years by Universities, animal blood banks and
veterinary laboratories.
 Specific Monoclonal antibodies of each antigen (DEA 1 in dogs, A/B in cats, Ca in horses)
have been incorporated on the membrane. These antibodies will retain positive red blood
cells.

 OUR major strengths: The Alvedia technology is reliable even with critical blood samples.
 Auto-agglutination: the agglutinated RBC will be retained at the bottom of the
membrane whereas the none agglutinated RBC will carry on migrating along the
membrane
 Low PCV (Anemia) : thanks to the sensitivity of our specific monoclonal antibodies,
even with a low PCV a reliable blood type can be obtained.
 To detect all range of DEA1 intensities from very weak DEA1 antigen up to strong DEA1
antigen (more explanation below)
 Alvedia support and quality controls
 Alvedia is committed to provide scientific support and information to all our
customers. Therefore, we are working closely with our distributors and clients to
offer the best support in terms of procedure guides, result’s interpretations and
individualized clinical approach.
 Our team is also involved in resolving products issues that customers can encounter
when using our test. (Case of auto-agglutination, low PCV, IMHA, cold agglutinins,
weak lines, absence of migrations…).
 Our traceability system is based on a high level of requirements. From the beginning
to the end of the production, we are able to identify each reagent used and all
relevant information we must know to follow our products during the entire shelf
life of the product.
 Each Test will have a specific lot number for the strip and another one for the buffer
solution. In applying this policy, we are able to proceed to a lot recall at any time
and all over the world.
 Our scientific team is dedicated to providing a product that will be reliable during
the entire product’s shelf life.
 To anticipate potential result issues, our scientific team is testing ALL our batches
that are currently available on the market EVERY 3 MONTHS.If a problem occurs, we
will be able to recall only the lot concerned and replace it by a new product.
 Canine Blood Groups

 The different canine blood types are described as Dog Erythrocyte Antigen
(DEA). Eight DEA types have been identified through studies. It has been
described that the antigen DEA1 is the most immunogenic, which means it
will cause acute or delayed immunological transfusion reaction in case of a
mismatch DEA1 transfusion. Dal is another blood type known in dogs.
 Dog blood group systems are inherited independently which allows them to
coexist on the surface of the red cell allowing dogs to have more than one
blood type.
 Dogs rarely possess any naturally occurring alloantibodies . The main cause of
alloantibodies originates from a previous transfusion with incompatible blood.
 Canine Blood Groups
The DEA1 system is the most important system because of its strongest antigenicity

DEA 1+ DEA 1 weak + DEA 1-

▪ Presence of DEA 1 antigens ▪ Presence of FEW DEA 1 ▪ Absence of DEA 1 antigen on

on RBCs’ surface = DEA 1 + antigens on RBCs’ surface = RBCs’ surface = DEA -
DEA 1 weak +
▪ Prevalence: 60-75% ▪ Prevalence: 25-40%
▪ Prevalence: depending on
geographical areas
• Only Alvedia’s technology is
able to detect very weak
DEA1 + antigens

Antigen DEA1 Red Blood Cell

Canine Blood Group: specificity of the DEA1 antigen
Large range of expression level on the RBC surface was discovered by Alvedia in 2012
and then published in 2014 in order to inform the scientific community
Whatever the intensity of the line (weak to strong), the dog is classified as DEA 1+

J Vet Intern Med 2014;28:592–598

Whatever the intensity of the line
(weak to strong), the dog must be
classified as DEA 1+
Strong DEA1+
Moderate DEA1+
Weak DEA1+
Negative DEA1
Alvedia Blood Typing strips with different
intensities of the DEA1 antigen.
Thanks to a very specific monoclonal antibody,
the Alvedia canine blood typing test has a 100%
specificity
« DEA 1 Expression on Dog Erythrocytes Analyzed by
Immunochromatographic and Flow Cytometric Techniques
M.M. Acierno, K. Raj, and U. Giger »
The discoveries in the study presented here have several
important and immediate clinical implications. Because of the
close correlation between strip and flow data, we recommend
that typing results be recorded not only as DEA 1+ or DEA 1- as
currently outlined by the manufacturer’s guidelines, but include
the degree of DEA 1+ (weak to strong)… and there is no need to
type for DEA 1.2+ dogs, but one has to be diligent to detect the
weak DEA 1+ reactions by the chromatographic strip tech-
nique. The commercial reference laboratory in the United
States for extended typing no longer offers routine DEA 1.2
typing as of 2012, based upon them not identifying any DEA 1.2+
dogs over the past years and our study results that retyped their
DEA 1.2+ dogs as DEA 1+….
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Canine Blood Group: compatibility

Alvedia Blood Typing test will allow you to

perform Quick and reliable blood typing test
before any transfusion:

A dog which is DEA1 positive blood group must

give blood ONLY to a DEA1 positive dog

A dog which is DEA1 negative blood group can

give blood to a DEA1 positive dog OR a DEA 1
negative dog

 DEA 1 negative is the « universal donor » for dogs

 DEA 1 positive is the « universal recipient »
Mismatched transfusion and clinical impact
Example of a DOG that was DEA 1 negative blood group and has received blood from a dog that was DEA 1
positive blood group .
The recipient (Angel) will developed allo-antibodies against the antigen DEA1 very quickly: 5 days later.

The recipient has developed anti-DEA 1 allo-antibodies

If a second transfusion is performed with DEA1+ blood 7

→ severe hemolytic reaction

Major Strengths of the Canine blood typing tests

 2 minutes procedure  100% Specificity

 All material included  Detects the weak DEA1
 Archivable  Reliable in case of low PVC
 Easy handling  Reliable in case of auto-agglutination
 Reliable results
 Easy interpretation
Presentation of Canine EASY Quick Test

 INDIVIDUAL PACKAGING
 ALL MATERIAL INCLUDED
 STORAGE: ROOM TEMPERATURE
1 membrane blood typing
1 buffer solution
1 blood collector strip (= 10 µl)
1 schematic procedure guide
1 result form
1 clean test tube
 Alvedia Easy Canine Quick Test
Blood Typing Procedure

Step 1: Add 3 drops of buffer Step 2: Dip the blood collector Step 3: insert the extremity of the
solution into the clean test tube strip into the blood tube or rub it blood collector strip (full of blood)
directly on the drop of blood. The into the test tube and mix it gently
extremity must be fully red. for 7-10 secs with the buffer solution
 Alvedia Easy Canine Quick Test
Blood Typing Procedure

Step 4: Insert the blood typing Step 5: write on the result Step 6: wait 2-3 minutes for a complete
membrane into the suspension in form the name of the migration of blood (until the top of the
the test tube patient, identification membrane). The control line must clearly
number and lot number appear
 Alvedia Easy Canine Quick Test
Blood Typing Procedure

Step 7: to interpret the result, Step 8: Tick the blood type

stick the membrane on the result according to the result and record
form respecting the orientation the result form
 Alvedia Easy Canine Quick Test
Blood Typing results
DEA1 C
DEA1 STRONG POSITIVE DOG
DEA1 C

DEA1 MODERATE POSITIVE DOG DEA1 + DOG*

DEA1 C

DEA1 WEAK POSITIVE DOG

DEA1 C
DEA1 NEGATIVE DOG

*
A dog which is DEA1 positive (weak or moderate or
strong) blood group can give blood to a DEA1
positive dog (weak or moderate or strong) . The
intensity of the DEA1 does not matter in terms of
compatibility.
Example:
A dog which is DEA1 WEAK positive blood group
can give blood to a DEA1 STRONG positive dog
Be careful:
A dog which is DEA1 WEAK positive CAN NOT give
blood a DEA 1 negative dog
 Feline Blood Groups
 Three feline blood groups have been described.
 They are A, B and AB. Blood type A is the most frequent blood group, type B is
much less frequent and type AB is extremely rare.
 Unlike dogs, cats possess naturally occurring antibodies. These antibodies can
be responsible for transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis.

Blood Type A Blood Type B Blood Type AB

Red blood cell A B AB
type
Antibodies in Anti-B Anti-A No natural occuring
plasma (approximately 35%) (approximately 70%) alloantibodies
Antigens in red A antigen B antigen A and B antigens
blood cells

 When selecting feline blood donors for a blood donor program or for a
transfusion, blood type is extremely important.
 Red Blood Cell
Feline Blood Groups
Antigen A Antigen B Antigen A Antigen B

A B AB

- A Blood Type - B Blood Type - AB Blood Type

- Presence of Anti-B alloantibodies - Presence of Anti-A alloantibodies - NO alloantibodies
- Prevalence*: 83% - Prevalence*: 12% - Prevalence*: 5%

Prevalence: the prevalence of blood types varies with breeds and countries

 Type A cats have weak anti-B alloantibodies

 Many (but not all) Type A cats are born with anti-B alloantibodies
 Transfusion of Type B blood in a Type A cat → shortened RBCs survival
 Type B cats have very strong anti-A antibodies
 Transfusion of Type A blood in a Type B cat → rapid hemolytic destruction of donor RBCs → death of the recipient
 Type AB cats have no alloantibodies against either type A or B
 They should receive either AB or A blood (only RBC’s to take out the Anti-B alloantibodies in the plasma)
A/B compatibility before transfusion
 Type A can only receive A type blood products
 Type AB cats can receive AB or A type blood products (A: only Red blood cells)
 Type B cats can only receive B type blood products
Major Strengths of the Feline blood typing tests

 2 minutes procedure  100% Specificity

 All material included  Detects all AB cats
 Archivable  Reliable in case of low PVC
 Easy handling  Reliable in case of auto-agglutination
 Reliable results
 Easy interpretation

Reliable in case of low pcv (anemia)

Thanks to our specific membrane
Thanks to the sensitivity of our specific
technology, the agglutinated red blood
monoclonal antibodies, even with a very low PCV
cells (RBCs) will be retained at the
(hematocrit) will allow you to obtain a reliable
bottom of the membrane whereas non
Feline blood typing result.
agglutinated RBCs will continue
to migrate to the top of the membrane.
Presentation of Feline EASY Quick Test

 INDIVIDUAL PACKAGING
 ALL MATERIAL INCLUDED
 STORAGE: ROOM TEMPERATURE
1 membrane blood typing
1 buffer solution
1 blood collector strip (= 10 µl)
1 schematic procedure guide
1 result form
1 clean test tube
 Alvedia Easy Feline Easy Quick Test
Blood Typing Procedure

Step 1: Add 3 drops of buffer Step 2: Dip the blood collector Step 3: insert the extremity of the
solution into the clean test tube strip into the blood tube or rub it blood collector strip (full of blood)
directly on the drop of blood. The into the test tube and mix it gently
extremity must be fully red. for 7-10 secs with the buffer solution
 Alvedia Easy Feline Easy Quick Test
Blood Typing Procedure

Step 4: Insert the blood typing Step 5: write on the result form the Step 6: wait 2-3 minutes for a complete
membrane into the suspension in name of the patient, identification migration of blood (until the top of the
the test tube number and lot number membrane). The control line must
clearly appear
 Alvedia Easy Feline Easy Quick Test
Blood Typing Procedure

Step 7: to interpret the result, stick the Step 8: Tick the blood type
membrane on the result form respecting according to the result and record
the orientation the result form
 Alvedia Easy Feline Easy Quick Test
Blood Typing results
B A C
THE CAT IS « B » BLOOD GROUP
B A C
THE CAT IS « A » BLOOD GROUP
B A C

THE CAT IS « AB » BLOOD GROUP

Advantages of Alvedia’s technology
(versus Agglutination)
ALVEDIA
- Immuno-chromatography
TECHNOLOGY - User-friendly procedure (no training)
- Easy interpretation
- Reliable in case of auto-agglutination
- Reliable in case of low PCV
- Archivable result
CANINE - Detects weak DEA1 antigens
- High specificity compared to Flow
cytometry
FELINE - Reliable to detect AB blood groups
- High specificity compared with genotyping - Low specificity on AB and B blood groups
COMPETITORS
- Agglutination reaction
- End users needs to be trained
- Hard to interpret the result
- NOT reliable for auto-agglutination
- NOT reliable for low PCV
- NOT archivable (blood on the card)
- Does NOT detects weak DEA1 antigens
- Low specificity compared to Flow
cytometry
- Does not correcly detect AB blood groups
 CROSSMATCHING
Crossmatching determines the serological compatibility between the patient and
donor bloods, based on an agglutination reaction, allowing detection of
alloantibodies (naturally occurring antibodies or previous sensitization).

Basic principle of XM Test

 Major XM test = Recipient serum against donor RBCs

▪ Detection of allo-antibodies in the recipient’s plasma
that may lyse the donor’s RBCs

 Minor XM test = Donor serum against recipient RBCs

▪ Detection of allo-antibodies in the donor’s plasma that
may lyse the recipient’s RBCs

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CONFIDENTIAL
FELINE CROSS-MATCHING Warning!
The cross-match does not determine
the blood type
Domestic cats have one major blood group system, the AB system with
types A, B and AB.
Type A cats have no or weak anti-B alloantibodies, type B cats have
strong anti-A alloantibodies, and type AB cats have no naturally occurring
alloantibodies.
Mik antigen has been proposed as an additional feline blood group system
with potentially naturally occurring alloantibodies in some Mik-negative
cats.
It is essential to perform crossmatching in addition to AB typing before a
first transfusion due to the potential presence of naturally occurring
alloantibodies outside of the AB system, such as anti-Mik.

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 Importance of cross-matching in the litterature
When to XM for the feline species:
 Before the first transfusion with the determination of the blood type in parallel
 If the patient has ever received any blood transfusion before.
 If it has been 5 days since initial transfusion (in case of 2nd transfusion).

J Vet Intern Med 2018

« In clinic, feline Ab typing and sensitive XM test kits are available and
recommended before each transfusion »

J Vet Intern Med 2018

« The prevalence of naturally occuring non-AB incompatibilities is
sufficiently high to justify the recommandation to perform a crossmatch
before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats »

Topics in Companion An Med 2019

« Using type and crossmatch compatible blood for feline transfusion is
better than using just type compatible blood» 26

CONFIDENTIAL
CANINE CROSSMATCHING Warning!
The crossmatch does not determine
the blood type

Dogs have many blood types on the surface of their red blood cells and with the
absence of test kits for all of these blood groups (except for DEA 1), it is mandatory to
perform a reliable crossmatch (XM) test before any transfusion.
Originally, the DEA system described blood types 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Alloantibodies
existing against DEA 3, 5, and 7 have been documented, but unlike DEA 1
alloantibodies, they have not been found to cause immediate transfusion reactions.
Additional antigens continue to be discovered which do not conform to the DEA
system. The Dal antigen was discovered in 2007 after a Dalmatian has received
repeated transfusions.
Two additional antigens, Kai 1 and Kai 2, were identified in 2017. While no naturally
occurring alloantibodies to the Kai system have been discovered, alloantibodies
against Kai were detected in previously transfused dogs.
There are likely many antigens still unidentified and it makes impossible to “perfectly
match” a canine transfusion to prevent reactions. Several studies emphasize that
blood type matching alone does not guarantee transfusion safety.
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 Importance of crossmatching in the litterature
When to XM for the canine species:
 If the patient has ever received any blood transfusion before.
 If the patient is pregnant or has been pregnant.
 If it has been 5 days since initial transfusion (in case of 2nd transfusion).

J Vet Intern Med 2017

« Cross-matching is warranted in any dog that has been previously
transfused independent of initial DEA 1 typing and cross-matching results
before the first transfusion event »

J Vet Intern Med 2019

« The high rate of alloimmunization after transfusion … warrants major
crossmatch testing in any dog that previously received RBC products >4
days before the next transfusion »

J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017

« The authors suggest veterinarians consider crossmatching all dogs prior
to transfusion when possible »

Vet Clin Pathol 2010

« Dogs are typically cross-matched if they receive blood more than 1 week 28
after the first transfusion to select an in vitro compatible unit »

CONFIDENTIAL
Crossmatching with ALVEDIA STRIP

Great advantage:

Our Alvedia XM test

works in case of
auto-agglutination

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CONFIDENTIAL
ALVEDIA Canine XM Quick Test Kit

Samples needed: 10 µl of packed Red Blood Cells (pRBCs)

500 µl of plasma 30

CONFIDENTIAL
 ALVEDIA Canine XM Quick Test Results
The XM is  A negative reaction (-) in front of « XM »
negative indicates the absence of circulating
alloantibodies.
 The donor blood is compatible with the
recipient
SAFE TRANSFUSION

The XM is  A positive reaction (+ to +++) in front of

positive « XM » indicates the presence of circulating
alloantibodies.
 The donor blood is incompatible with the
recipient
DO NOT TRANSFUSE
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CONFIDENTIAL
ALVEDIA Canine XM Test Versions

 The Canine Quick Test XM

Product Code : QT-XM-C
One individual test to perform 1 XM test

 The Canine LabTest XM

Product Code : LT-XM-C
One box of 5 tests to perform 5 XM tests

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CONFIDENTIAL
Crossmatch product references

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LT-XM-F EM-XM-F
CONFIDENTIAL
Contact us

ADDRESS 11-13 Rue des Aulnes

69760 LIMONEST
FRANCE

E-MAIL contact@alvedia.com

PHONE +33 (0)4 78 38 02 39

WEBSITE www.alvedia.com

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CONFIDENTIAL