SOLUTIONS OF

SEATWORK 3
1. A 3-phase transmission line has a per-phase series impedance of
(0.05+j0.45)ohm per km and a per-phase shunt admittance of
y=(j3.4x10−6 ) Siemens per km. The line is 80km long. The line
delivers 306MW at unity power factor at 220kV. Assume nominal pi
equivalent circuit. Determine the:
a. sending-end voltage
b. Sending-end current
c. Voltage regulation
d. Sending-end power
e. Transmission efficiency
• Z = 0.05 + j0.45 80 = 4 + j36 ohm
• Y = j 3.4x10−6 80 = j0.000272 siemens
YZ (j0.000272)(4+j36)
• A=D=1+ =1+ = 0.9951 + j0.000544
2 2
• B = Z = 4 + j36
YZ j0.000272 4+j36
• C=Y 1+ 4
= j0.000272 1 + 4
=
෥ j0.0002713
 220,000
• ER = = 127,017.06V/phase
3
PR 306x106
• IR = = = 803.04A
3ER pfR 3(220,000)(1)
• ES = AER + BIR = 0.9951 + j0.000544 127,017.06∠0 +
4 + j36 803.04∠0 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐, 𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟗∠ 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔 𝐕/𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞
• IS = CER + DIR = j0.0002713 127,017.06∠0 + (0.9951 +
j0.000544) 803.04∠0 = 𝟕𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟐𝟔𝟗∠𝟐. 𝟓 𝐀
ES 132.8
−ER 0.9951+j0.000544
−127
A
• %VR = = ∗ 100% = 5.0818%
ER 127
• SS
= 3ES IS∗ =
3 132,807.4809∠ 12.6 799.8269∠ − 2.5 =
𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟑𝐌𝐖 + 𝐣𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝐌𝐕𝐀𝐑 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟔𝟗∠𝟏𝟎. 𝟏 𝐌𝐕𝐀
PR 306
•𝛈 = = ∗ 100% = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝟑𝟔%
PS 313.73
3. A 3-phase, 765kV, 60Hz transposed line has a line inductance
of 0.89mH/km per phase and a shunt capacitance of
12.668nF/km per phase. The line is 400km long. Assuming the
line is lossless, determine the following:
a) Surge impedance
b) Phase constant
c) Wavelength
d) Surge impedance loading
L 0.89x10−3
• ZC = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝐨𝐡𝐦𝐬
C 12.668x10−9
•β = 2πf LC = 2π 60 0.89x10−3 12.668x10−9 =
𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐤𝐦
2π 2π
•𝝺 = = = 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝐤𝐦
β 0.001266
𝐸𝑅 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2 7652
• SIL = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝐌𝐖
𝑍𝑐 265.058
2. A single-circuit, 60Hz, three-phase transmission line is 230mi long. It has a series impedance
of (0.1603+j0.8277)ohm/mi and a shunt admittance of j5.105 microSiemens/mi. The load on the
line is 125MW at 215kV with unity pf. Determine
a. Sending-end line voltage
b. Sending-end line current
c. Total sending-end power
d. Voltage regulation
e. Transmission efficiency
f. Wavelength
g. Velocity of propagation
• 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑧𝑦 ∗ 𝑙 = 230 0.1603 + 𝑗0.8277 𝑗5.105𝑥10−6
arg( 0.1603+𝑗0.8277 𝑗5.105𝑥10−6 )
• 𝛾𝑙 = 230 0.1603 + 𝑗0.8277 𝑗5.105𝑥10−6 ∠
2
169.039
• 𝛾𝑙 = 230 4.3039𝑥10−6 ∠ = 0.4772∠84.5195 = 0.045576 + 𝑗0.47502
2
𝑧 0.1603+𝑗0.8277 −10.9607
• 𝑍𝑐 = = = 165147.8354∠ = 406.3839∠ − 5.48
𝑦 𝑗5.105𝑥10−6 2

• 𝐴 = 𝐷 = cosh 𝛾𝑙 = cosh( 0.045576 + 𝑗0.47502) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.045576 , 𝑦 = 0.47502

• cosh 𝛾𝑙 = cosh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sinh 𝑥 sin 𝑦
• Enter to your sci cal: cosh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sinh 𝑥 sin 𝑦 press CALC then enter the values of x and y.
your sci cal must be in complex and radian.
• Result: 0.89021 + 𝑗0.02085
• sinh 𝛾𝑙 = sinh 0.045576 + 𝑗0.47502 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 0.045576 , 𝑦 =
0.47502
• cosh 𝛾𝑙 = sinh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 cosh 𝑥 sin 𝑦
• Enter to your sci cal: sinh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 cosh 𝑥 sin 𝑦press CALC then
enter the values of x and y. your sci cal must be in complex and
radian.
• Result: 0.040544 + 𝑗0.457831
• Calculator in degree function
• B = 𝑍𝑐 sinh 𝛾𝑙 = 406.3839∠ − 5.48 0.040544 + 𝑗0.457831 =
186.78327∠79.4593
1 1
• C = 𝑍 sinh 𝛾𝑙 = 406.3839∠−5.48 0.040544 + 𝑗0.457831 =
𝑐
1.131x10−3 ∠90.4193
 215,000 𝑉
• 𝐸𝑅 = = 124,130.3079
3 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑃𝑅 125𝑀𝑊
• 𝐼𝑅 = = = 335.66876 𝐴
3𝐸𝑅 𝑝𝑓𝑅 3(215𝑘𝑉)(1)
• ES = AER + BIR = 0.89021 + 𝑗0.02085 124,130.3079 +
𝑉
186.78327∠79.4593 335.66876 = 137848.5042∠27.7703 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
• ES(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒) = 3(137848.5042 ∠27.7703) = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑽
• IS = CER + DIR = 1.131x10−3 ∠90.4193 124,130.3079 + (0.89021 +
𝑗0.02085) 335.66876 = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟖∠𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑨
∗
• SS = 3ES IS = 3 ∗ 137848.5042∠27.7703 ∗ 332.2658∠ − 26.3325 =
𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟖𝐌𝐖 + 𝐣𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟖𝐌𝐕𝐀𝐑
ES 137.8485
−ER −124.1303
A 0.89021+𝑗0.02085
• %VR = = ∗ 100% = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟑%
ER 124.1303
𝑃𝑅 125𝑀𝑊
• 𝜂= 𝑃𝑆
= 137.3638𝑀𝑊 ∗ 100% = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟐%
2π 2𝜋
• 𝝺= =
β 𝐼𝑚( 0.1603+𝑗0.8277 𝑗5.105𝑥10−6
• Im 0.4772∠84.5195 = 0.47502
2π
• 𝝺= 0.47502 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟒𝒎𝒊
230
• velocity = 𝝺f = 3042.2564 ∗ 60 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐, 𝟓𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟐𝐦𝐢/𝐬
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Distribution System
• Electric power distribution is the portion of the power delivery
infrastructure that takes the electricity from the highly meshed,
high-voltage transmission circuits and delivers it to customers
Primary Distribution System
• The first component of the primary distribution system is the
distribution substation, where the energy delivered by the
transmission and subtransmission system is received and a new
voltage reduction is performed.
• From the distribution substation one or more medium- voltage
distribution lines (e.g. 34.5, 25, 13.8 and 11 kV) take this energy one
step closer to the final customers.
• As in the subtransmission system, large loads can be connected to
the primary distribution system.
Secondary Distribution System
• Consists of step- down (MV/LV) distribution transformers and low-
voltage lines (e.g. 400 and 230 V) that deliver the energy to low
power customers, such as commercial and residential loads.
 Distribution System Structure
• Distribution substation is the interconnection element between the
distribution system and the upstream power delivery system.
• At the substation the step-down (HV/MV) transformer reduces the
voltage level to an appropriate value for primary distribution lines.
• Different protection, switching, and measurement equipment are
installed at the substation to ensure a safe operation.
• Primary distribution lines spread across the consumption area served
by the substation, these primary distributions lines are also known as
feeders.
• One or more lateral lines (or laterals) branch from distribution feeders
and extend until they reach the step-down (MV/LV) distribution
transformers, which are responsible for performing the final voltage
reduction in order to obtain a voltage level adequate for customer use.
• Secondary distribution lines operating at a low-voltage level transport
the energy to the customer’s interconnection point; these lines are
usually onephase but there can also exist three-phase circuits.
• Figure 1.2 presents the typical configuration of a power distribution
system, including the subtransmission line, substation and the layout
of one distribution feeder
BUS CONFIGURATION
Single Bus
•A single bus configuration consists of one main bus that
is energized at all times and to which all circuits are
connected. This arrangement is the simplest, but
provides the least amount of system reliability.

PTR 1
1 2
BREAKER
FAILURE

PTR 2

3 4
Sectionalized Bus
• Anextension of the single bus configuration is the
sectionalized bus arrangement. This arrangement is
basically two or more single bus schemes, each tied
together with bus sectionalizing breakers.

PTR 1
1 2
BREAKER
FAILURE

5 MAINTENANCE

PTR 2
3 4
Ring Bus
•A ring bus configuration is an extension of the
sectionalized bus arrangement and is accomplished by
interconnecting the two open ends of the buses through
another sectionalizing breaker.

1 2 3
BREAKER
FAILURE

4
MAINTENANCE
BREAKER
FAILURE

PTR 1 PTR 2
Breaker and a half
• The breaker-and-a-half configuration consists of two
main buses, each normally energized. Electrically
connected between the buses are three circuit breakers
and, between each two breakers, a circuit.
BUS BUS
1 1 2 3 2
BREAKER
MAINTENANCE
FAILURE

4 5 6

7 8 9

PTR 1 PTR 2
Double Breaker – Double Bus
• The double breaker-double bus configuration consists of
two main buses, each normally energized. Electrically
connected between the buses are two circuit breakers
and, between the breakers, one circuit.

1 2

3 4

5 6
BUS BUS
1 PTR 1 2
Load Characteristics
• Connected load – sum of all continuous ratings of all loads which
are connected to the system under consideration.
• Demand – is the load that is drawn from the source of supply,
averaged over a suitable and specified interval of time.
• Average load – the mean or average of all the power demands that
have occurred during a specified time.
Example
• A customer has the following average daily load schedule as
follows: 6AM to 12NN = 20kW; 12NN to 6PM = 12kW; 6PM to 11PM
= 25kW; 11PM to 6AM = 4kW. Solve the average load of the
customer for the day.
σ(𝑘𝑤ℎ) 20 6 +12 6 +25 5 +4(7)
• 𝐴𝐿𝑑𝑎𝑦 = = = 14.375𝑘𝑊
24 24
Load Characteristics
• Maximum demand or Peak load – is the greatest of all demands that
have occurred during a given period of time.
• Demand Factor – is the ratio of the maximum demand of the system to
the total connected load of the system.
𝑃𝐿
• 𝐷𝐹 =
𝐶𝐿
• Load Factor – is the ratio of the average power to the maximum
demand.
𝐴𝐿
• 𝐿𝐹 = 𝑃𝐿
• Diversity Factor – ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of
the subdivisions of the system to the maximum demand of the whole
system.
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
• 𝑑𝐹 =
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
Load Characteristics
• Utilization factor – is the ratio of the maximum generator demand to the
generator capacity.
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
• 𝑈𝐹 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
• Installed capacity of the station – sum of all the ratings of the generators
installed in the station.
• Plant capacity factor – it is the ratio of the energy delivered in kWh in a given
period to the maximum possible energy that could have been produced during
the same periods.
𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 t – number of hours in the given period
• 𝑃𝐶𝐹 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡∗𝑡
• Plant use factor – it is the ratio of the energy delivered in kWh in a given period
to the actual energy that have been produced during the same periods.
𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
• 𝑃𝑈𝐹 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡∗𝑛 n – actual number of hours in the
plant has been in operation