Cell and Molecular Biology (Lecture)

Chapter 1: Introduction to the study of cell and molecular biology

Reference: Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments. G. Karp

Question:
A microscope is an instrument that provides a magnified image of a tiny object. What is a microscope?
The discovery of cells was credited to Robert Hooke who observed cork cells. Who is Robert Hooke?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to examine pond water and first to observed live microscopic Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
animals “animalcules”
Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made up of cells Who is Matthias Schleiden?
Theodor Schwann concluded that all ANIMALS are cells Who is Theodor Schwann?
Rudolf Virchow determined that cells come from other cells Who is Rudolf Virchow?
The tenets of the cell theory include (1) all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells, (2) cell is the What are the tenets of the cell theory?
basic structural unit of life, (3) cells arise only by division of a preexisting cell.
DNA storage is the function of the nucleus; and it contains instructions in protein synthesis What is the function of the nucleus?
Energy production is the function of the Mitochondrion What is the function of the mitochondrion?
Lipid production and detoxification are the functions of the smooth ER What are the function of the smooth ER?
Protein production and protein transport are the functions of the rough ER What are the functions of the rough ER?
The functions of the peroxisomes are lipid destruction; production of oxidative enzymes. What are the functions of the peroxisomes?
Lysosomes are the suicide bags as they destroy protein and engulf foreign bodies What are the functions of lysosomes?
Structurally simpler bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells What are examples of prokaryotic cells?
Protists, fungi, plants, animals are examples of eukaryotic cells What are examples of eukaryotic cells?
The nucleoid is the genetic material that lacks boundary membrane in prokaryotic cell What is a nucleoid?
The nucleus is a membrane bound organelle of eukaryotic cells What is a nucleus?
A chromatin is a complex nucleoprotein What is a chromatin?
Archaebacteria and eubacteria are the different types of prokaryotic cells What are the different types of prokaryotic cell?
Normal flora are bacteria that live inside without causing harm What is normal flora?
Clostridium vegetative cells are obligate anaerobes What kind of anaerobes are Clostridium vegetative
cells?
Extremophiles live in extremely inhospitable environments What are extremophiles?
Mycoplasma are the smallest known cells, lack cell wall to contain less than 500 genes What are Mycoplasma?
Eukaryotes can unicellular and multicellular Eukaryotes can be what?
Prokaryotes can only be unicellular Prokaryotes can only be what?
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites What are viruses?
A virion is a virus outside the living cell What is a virion?
A viroid is a small circular RNA molecule that lacks protein coat What is a viroid?
Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life
Reference: Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments. G. Karp

Question:
A covalent bond is the strongest chemical bond where pairs of e- share between pairs of atoms. What is a covalent bond?
Protocels are the earliest cells, made up of nucleic acid surrounded by a membrane What are protocels?
A bond results from attraction of nuclei of e-s, achieving octet rule What is a bond?
Electronegativity is when protons are attracted to e- of another atom What is electronegativity?
Noncovalent bonds are weaker linkages that do no depend on shared e- What is a noncovalent bond?
Ionic bond, hydrogen bond, van der waals forces are examples of noncovalent bond What are examples of noncovalent bond?
A hydrogen bond is formed between water molecules, a bonded electronegative atom What is a hydrogen bond?
The 4 classes of biomolecules are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids What are the 4 classes of biomolecules?
Polymers are made of covalently bonded monomers What are polymers?
Polymers are built by dehydration synthesis. Removal of water to join bonds How are polymers built? What is it?
Polymers are broken by hydrolysis. Addition of water to break bonds How are polymers broken into monomers? What is it?
Carbohydrates contain carbon, an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups. C, H, O What is the structure of carbohydrates?
The simple sugars are monosaccharides. Example is glucose What is a monosaccharide? What is an example of this?
A disaccharide is composed of 2 monosaccharides by glycosidic linkage. What is a disaccharide?
Sucrose = glucose + fructose What are the components of sucrose?
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose What are the components of lactose?
Fatty acids and Glycerol make up Lipids What makes up lipids?
Lipids are nonpolar molecules, that dissolves in organic solvents What are lipids?
A triglyceride consists of 3 fatty acids + glycerol What is a triglyceride?
A glycerol is an alcohol and 3 carbons with OH group What is a glycerol?
Saturated fats contain only 1 bond, Unsaturated fats have 1 double or triple bond What are saturated and unsaturated fats?
Phospholipid is the main component of cell membranes. It consists of 2 fatty acid, phosphate, What is a phospholipid?
and glycerol
Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds What is a protein?
A disulfide bridge forms between 2 cysteines that stabilize intricate shape of proteins What is a disulfide bond?
Primary amino acid is the amino acid sequence What is the primary amino acid sequence?
Secondary amino acid is the alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet What is the secondary amino acid sequence?
Denaturation is the unfolding of proteins What is denaturation?
Nucleotides are monomers of amino acids What is a nucleotide?
DNA nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. RNA is the same but uracil What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA? RNA?
instead of thymine
Nucleic acids are composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base What are the components of nucleic acids?
Chapter 3: Bioenergetics, Enzymes, Metabolism
Reference: Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments. G. Karp

Question:
Metabolism is the totality of an organism's chemical reactions What is metabolism?
Bioenergetics is the study of various types of energy transformations What is bioenergetics?
energy is the capacity to do work What is energy?
Thermodynamics is the study of changes in energy What is thermodynamics?
First law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy; Energy can neither be created What is the first law of thermodynamics?
nor destroyed. Conversion of energy from one form to another is transduction. What is transduction?
Equation of 1st law of thermodynamics is ΔE=Q-W. Q is heat energy; W is work; ΔE is energy What is the equation of the 1st law of thermodynamics?
transduction which may increase or decrease heat content
Rxn that lose heat is exothermic; Rxn that gain heat is endothermic What is exothermic, What is endothermic?
Second law of thermodynamics is entropy where Loss of energy is due to tendency of What is the second law of thermodynamics?
randomness to increase
All chemical rxns are reversible (theoretically); spontaneously proceed toward equilibrium Chemical reactions are virtually what?
Cellular metabolism is nonequilibrium metabolism What kind of metabolism is cellular metabolism?
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions; Enzymes may be conjugated What are enzymes?
with nonprotein components
Temperature and pH levels affect enzymatic rxn rates What affects enzymatic rxn rates?
Cofactors are inorganic enzyme conjugates; Coenzymes are nonprotein organic enzyme What is the different between cofactors and coenzymes?
conjugates
Activation energy (EA) is required for any chemical reaction; EA barrier slows progress of What is activation energy? Its barrier slows what?
thermodynamically unstable reactants
Enzyme reacts w/ substrate to form enzyme-substrate complex; Active site (ACS) is the portion What is an enzyme-substrate complex? What is an active site,
where substrate (SUB) binds to an enzyme what is a substrate?
Enzyme inhibitors slow rates of enzymatic reactions; Irreversible inhibitors bind tightly to What are enzyme inhibitors?; What are irreversible
enzyme; Reversible inhibitors bind loosely to enzyme inhibitors?; What are reversible inhibitors?
Anabolic pathways build/synthesize molecules; Catabolic pathways break down What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic
pathways?
Catabolic pathways provide raw materials, chemical energy; Anabolic pathways use energy, What do catabolic pathways provide? What do anabolic
ATP, and NADPH pathways use?
Substrate is REDUCED, when it GAINS e-; Substrate is OXIDIZED, when it LOSES e- What happens when substrate is reduced? Oxidized?
NAD+ is nonprotein factor associated with glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase What is NAD+?
Chapter 4: The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane
Reference: Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments. G. Karp

Question:
Membranes are found around the cell and each organelle Where are membranes found?
Separates cellular materials from external environment, Regulates entry of materials, Maintains What are the functions of the cell membrane
homeostasis in cells are the functions of the cell membrane
In the fluid-mosaic membrane, the membrane is made up of many smaller parts and the What is the fluid-mosaic membrane?
structure moves like a fluid
Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Proteins, and Carbohydrates are the membrane components What are the components of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids and proteins makes up most of the membrane What makes up most of the membrane?
Cholesterol helps with the flexibility What helps with the flexibility of cell membrane?
A phospholipid has 2 fatty acid chain + phosphate head What are the components of a phospholipid?
The phosphate heads are polar, hydrophilic What is the characteristic of phosphate heads?
The phosphate tails are nonpolar, hydrophobic What is the characteristic of fatty acid tails?
Phospholipids ake up cell membrane. Contains 2 nonpolar fatty acids. Head is polar with What are phospholipids?
phosphate group and glycerol
The fluid-mosaic model is fluid because individual phospholipids and proteins move side to side Why is the fluid mosaic model fluid?
within the layer like liquid
The fluid-mosaic model is a mosaic because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein Why is the fluid mosaic model mosaic?
molecules
Simple diffusion requires no energy, and molecules move from high to low regions. What is simple diffusion?
Diffusion is a passive process where no energy is used. The molecules move due to nature KE. What is diffusion?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Move from high water What is osmosis?
potential (low solute) and low water potential (high solute)
In isotonic solution, No net water movement, cell at equilibrium What happens to cells in isotonic solution?
In hypotonic solution water goes into the cell. Low solute outside cell. Cell swell or What happens to cells in hypotonic solution?
turgid/cytolysis
In hypertonic solution, water goes out of the cell. High solute outside cell. Cell What happens to cells in hypertonic solution?
plasmolyze/plasmolysis or shrivels.
In facilitated diffusion, no energy; uses transport proteins; molecules from high to low What is facilitated diffusion?
In active transport, Requires ATP; molecules from low to high; against concentration gradient What is active transport?
Sodium-potassium pump, exocytosis, endocytosis are examples of active transport What are examples of active transport?
Chapter 5: Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion
Reference: Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments. G. Karp

Question:
Anaerobes are organisms that captured and utilized energy by means of oxygen-independent What are anaerobes?
(anaerobic) metabolism, such as glycolysis and fermentation
Mitochondria are primary suppliers of ATP in nonphotosynthetic tissues, as well as being a What are mitochondria?
source of ATP in photosynthetic leaf cells during periods of dark.
The cristae are a series of invaginated membranous sheets in the inner domain of the What is the cristae?
mitochondrial membrane
The matrix and intermembrane space are the 2 aqueous compartments in the mitochondrion What are the 2 inner aqueous compartments of the
mitochondrion?
The three stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, TCA, and ETC What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
1st stage is glycolysis, it releases 2 net ATP in addition to pyruvate and NADH What is the 1st stage of cellular respiration, and what does it
yield?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O is the general formula of cellular respiration What is the general formula of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol Where does glycolysis occur?
TCA Cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondrion Where does TCA Cycle occur?
ETC occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane Where does the ETC occur?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP – formed directly by transfer of phosphate to What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ADP
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP are the products of glycolysis? What are the products of glycolysis?
Cytosol is the fluid around organelles whereas cytoplasm is the cytosol and the suspended What is cytosol? What is cytoplasm?
organelles
Glycolysis alone does not require oxygen Does glycolysis require oxygen?
TCA cycle, Krebs Cycle, and Citric Acid Cycle yields 4 ATP How many ATPs does the TCA cycle yield?
38 ATP is the net total ATP production in cellular respiration How many ATP is produced in cellular respiration?
The TCA cycle produces CO2, ATP, and high energy electron carriers What does the TCA produce?
If oxygen is absent, glycolysis proceeds to lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation What proceeds glycolysis if oxygen is absent
Pyruvic acid + NADH => Ethyl alcohol, CO2, NAD+ is the equation of alcoholic fermentation What is the equation of alcoholic fermentation?
Pyruvic acid + NADH => Lactic Acid, NAD+ is the equation of lactic acid fermentation What is the equation of lactic acid fermentation?