Business Segment Wastewater

WWTP - Training
Process & Aeration Systems

Process - Basic Session

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 VISION
To be an effective partner to End Users, Specifiers
and Contractors providing guidance in advanced
design, application and maintenance. Adding
significant market value to our products and
services and establishing ABS as a Global Supplier
of Wastewater Solutions.

We want strongly to be
recognised as
SOLUTION PROVIDERS
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 What do we mean with Solution Provider ?

ABS will provide product combinations

to enhance overall performance and
process efficiency, complemented by
Service and Control packages to
guarantee the process

From stand alone products

to complete solutions:
products, controls and
service

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 THE WASTEWATER
THE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PROCESS
TREATMENT PROCESS

Process reliability
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 THE BIOLOGICAL
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT

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 Biological WWTP, flow chart
Primary
Inlet Pump
Sand and Sedimentation
Sump
grease removal
Wastewater
Wastewater
Equalisation to the
Primary
Primary Secondary
Treatment
Treatment Treatment
Screening Chemical stage
treatment
Secondary Tertiary
Tertiary
Wastewater
Wastewater Biological processes Sedimentation Treatment
Treatment
Secondary
Secondary To the
Treatment
Treatment recipients

Primary
Sludge
Return Sludge Excess Sludge
Sludge To the Sludge
Sludge Anaerobic
Treatment Dewatering Treatment stage
Treatment digestion
Post- thickening
Pre
- thickening

Sludge
Aerobic storage
digestion
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 AFL AFP - ME
AQUALEVEL®
VUP
FR

Where Products are applicable in

the Biological WWTP? ?
Submersible
Mixer RW ® HYPOMIX
FlowBooster ®
SCABA
®

Disc diffusers HST

system OKI 1000 OKI 2000 Frings™ TA

Venturi-Jet™

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 Wastewater
Wastewater Primary
Primary Treatment
Treatment
Screening Primary
Sedimentation
Neutralisation

Pumping
Sand and Equalisation PS
grease
removal
SUBMERSIBLE POROUS SELF
PUMPS DIFFUSERS ASPIRATING
SUBMERSIBLE
AERATORS
MIXERS

Air blowing
AGITATORS PS
AGITATORS
INSTRUMENTATION &
CONTROLS

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 Wastewater
Wastewater Secondary
Secondary Treatment
Treatment
PS
Secondary Chlorination
Sedimentation Recipients
Denitrification and Nitrification

MLR
RAS ES

Air blowing PS
SUBMERSIBLE
CENTRIFUGAL
DISC COMPRESSED
TURBO Recipients
DIFFUSERS AERATORS
COMPRESSORS
SYSTEMS

MLR
SUBMERSIBLE
RAS
MIXERS AND
FLOWBOOSTERS SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS ES

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 Wastewater
Wastewater Tertiary
Tertiary Treatment
Treatment

Treated water
from Secondary
Sedimentation
tank To the
recipients
SUBMERSIBLE DISC
MIXERS DIFFUSERS
SYSTEMS

Treated water
from Secondary
Sedimentation
tank To the
recipients
SELF
ASPIRATING
AERATORS

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 Sludge
Sludge Treatment
Treatment
Anaerobic PS + ES

Dewatering digestion
Post-thickening Sludge
Pre-thickening
storage

Aerobic
Polymer
digestion
preparation
and dosing
Anaerobic AGITATORS PS + ES
Dewatering digestion
AGITATORS AGITATORS AGITATORS

Polymer SUBMERSIBLE SUBMERSIBLE

preparation and COMPRESSED Air Aerobic MIXERS
dosing AERATORS blowing digestion
AGITATORS DISC DIFFUSERS CENTRIFUGAL TURBO
SYSTEMS COMPRESSORS

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 And never
forget that…….

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 Aeration
80%

Up to 80% of Energy Consumption

in the Plant is related to the
Aeration system
Pumping
10%
Misc.systems Sludge
1% handling
9%

Aeration
2%
Only 5% of the WWTP cost
Other E&M
40%
is related to the Aeration
system
Civil Work
55%

Compressor
3%

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 THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS

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 The Biological
Wastewater Treatment

is based on

The Activated
The Activated Sludge
Sludge
Process
Process

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 The process
The process arose
arose from
from the
the
understanding of
understanding of the
the advantages
advantages in in
the intensive
the intensive exploitation
exploitation ofof the
the vital
vital
cycle of
cycle of micro
micro-organisms present in
-organisms present in
the wastewater
the wastewater and
and their
their peculiarities
peculiarities

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 Requirements of micro-organisms
for their living cycle

Substrate i.e.
Substrate i.e. Carbon source
Carbon source Nutrients as
Nutrients as
energy
the energy
the for new
for new bio
bio-mass
-mass building material
building material
source for
source for synthesis
synthesis for new
for new cells
cells
living cells
living cells synthesis
synthesis

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 Under point of view of the living environment:
Aerobic
Aerobic
bacteria Anaerobic
Anaerobic
bacteria
bacteria
bacteria

Facultative
Facultative
bacteria
bacteria

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 The Activated
The Activated Sludge
Sludge is
is the
the end
end product
product
of the
of the aerobic
aerobic and
and facultative
facultative micro
micro-
-
organisms metabolism
organisms metabolism

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 Substrate Respiration
Substrate Respiration
(synthesis)
(synthesis)

Organic matter: the combustible

Storingofof Active
Activeliving
living
Storing
degradable substance
substance
degradable
cellular construction
construction
cellular
substance (Protoplasm)
(Protoplasm)
substance

Dissolved oxygen: the comburent

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The result of the bio-chemical process will be the
formation of Activated Sludge flocs made of:

Living matter
(micro-organisms)

Inert metabolised
material
Inorganic adhered
material

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 Targets of the Biological Process

Well balanced and fast

micro-organisms
growth by means of
As much as small
highly efficient
volume of sludge to be
aeration
released into the
environment
High quality of end
sludge in terms of
sedimentability

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 Biochemical process
Biochemical process
conditions
conditions

Oxic conditions
Oxic conditions
Anoxic conditions
Anoxic conditions

Anaerobic conditions
Anaerobic conditions

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 Oxic conditions
Oxic conditions
Presence in wastewater of both Dissolved Oxygen and
N as N-NH4 (Ammonia), NO3- (Nitrates), NO2- (Nitrites)
Processes under oxic conditions

Oxidation of organic carbonaceous compounds

(Carbonaceous BOD5 reduction)
Oxidation of N - compounds to NO2- and then to NO3-
(Nitrification)
Aerobic Sludge Digestion (Stabilisation)
Chemical oxidation of S-compounds to Sulphate SO4- -
Synthesis of intracellular polyphosphate polymers
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 Anoxic conditions
Anoxic conditions
Very Low Dissolved Oxygen (0.01 - 0.2 mg/l) but Oxygen
presence in oxidised Nitrogen forms (NO3- and NO2)

Processes under anoxic conditions

Resolution of Nitrates NO3- to N2↑ and O2 released

(Denitrification)

Reduction of Sulphates to S
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 Anaerobic conditions
Anaerobic conditions
Total absence of any Oxygen form and
Nitrogen as Nitrates/Nitrites
Processes under anaerobic conditions

Fermentation of organic compounds

(Sludge Digestion)
Absorption of P by specific micro-
organisms (Acinetobacter)

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 The Nutrients removal concern the
N and P compounds

The Nutrients removal involves all the conditions

Anaerobic condition: P removal

Anoxic and Aerobic conditions: N removal

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 THE WASTEWATER
THE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PROCESS
TREATMENT PROCESS

Process efficiency
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 The Activated Sludge
Process Design

The Aeration

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Actual Oxygen Requirement by micro-organisms for
Organic Substances metabolization

AOR
AOR = AOR BOD
AOR BOD + AOR NN
AOR - AOR DD
AOR

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 AOR BOD
AOR BOD

Oxygen required for BOD5

carbonaceous fraction removal

AOR BOD
AOR BOD (kg O2/h) = a’ x Q x BOD5 + b’ x MLSS x V

Q = wastewater inflow (m3/h)

MLSS = Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids concentration (g/l or kg/m3)
V = aeration tank volume (m3)
a’,b’ = coefficents

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 AOR BOD
AOR BOD (kg O2/h) = a’ x Q x BOD5 + b’ x MLSS x V

a’ = synthesis oxidation coefficient

a’ = kg O2/kg BOD5 removed

b’ = endogenous respiration coefficient

b’ = kg O2/kg MLSSt x day

a’ = 0.50
a’ = 0.65 - 0.50
b’ = 0.07 - 0.15 b’ = 0.10

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 Nitrogen removal

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 The Nitrogen
The Nitrogen in
in the
the municipal
municipal wastewater
wastewater

AMMONIA, N - NH4 60 %

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, C2H7O2N 30 %

NITRITES, NO2- 5 %

NITRATES, NO3- 5 %

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 In general:

BOD55:N:P
BOD :N:P == 100:5:1
100:5:1

1 kg BOD5 corresponds to 50 g N

If BOD5: N < 20

Denitrification stage is requested

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 Nitrification - Denitrification scheme

RAS

MLR (Nitrates)
WW from
Primary
Treatment
Den Nit Sed

RAS Sludge re-circulation

MLR Mixed liquor re-circulation

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 Nitrification process
Biological oxidation

Nitrosomonas O2

CC22HH77O
O2NN NH3
NH
2 3

O2 O2
Nitrobacter
NH3
NH 3
NO
NO22
- - NO3-
Nitrites Nitrates

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 AOR NN
AOR
Oxygen required for
Nitrification

AOR NN
AOR (kg O2/h) = 4.3 - 4.7 kg O2/kg NH3 oxidised

RAS

MLR (Nitrates)
WW from
Primary
Treatment
Den Nit Sed

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 Nitrification process
characteristics

7 parts of alkalinity (CaCO3) consumed each

pH
part of oxidised ammonia

DO 2 - max 3 mg/l

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 Denitrification process
Anoxic process: low Dissolved Oxygen (0.01 - 0.2 mg/l) but
Oxygen presence in oxidised Nitrogen forms (NO3- and NO2-)

Spirillum
Micrococcus
Pseudomonas
N2
NO3- O2 released in the WW

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 AOR DD
AOR
Oxygen released in
denitrification

AOR DD
AOR (kg O2/h) = 2.83 kg O2/kg NO3- N removed
RAS
MLR (Nitrates)
WW from
Primary
Treatment
Den Nit Sed

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 Denitrification process
characteristics

pH 3.5 parts of alkalinity (CaCO3) produced

each part of removed nitrates

DO 0.01 - 0.2 mg/l

Denitrification velocity Vd (gr NO3 -N/gr SSV x d) = f (T)

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 Total AOR,
Total AOR, with
with Nitrogen
Nitrogen removal
removal

AOR
AOR = a’ x Q x BOD5 to be removed +
b’ x MLSS x V +
4.6 kgO2 / kg NH3 oxidised -
2.83 kg O2/ kg NO3- N removed

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 Nitrification
Under process
Under process
point of
point of view…..
view…..
Denitrification

Denitrification
But practically
But practically
speaking…..
speaking…..
Nitrification

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 Why?

LESS BOD5 ENTERS THE NITRIFICATION, I.E. LESS OXYGEN

REQUIRED AND SMALLER TANK VOLUME REQUIRED

IN CASE OF POST-DENITRIFICATION EXTERNAL CARBON

SOURCE REQUIRED (I.E.GLYCOL ETHANOL)

EASY TO INSERT THE DENITRIFICATION PRIOR EXISTING

AERATION STEP THAN AFTER IT

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 Customer expectations
Risks and consequences of inefficient Secondary treatment
Biological Tertiary
Treatment
processes Secondary
Sedimentation

Mixer Liquor Re
- circulation Sludge Re- circulation Excess Sludge

The effective High total treatment efficiency

operation of this WWTP long life and
stage leads to: operating cost savings
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 Inefficient Secondary Treatment
results in difficulties for the
customer which include:

Effluent discharge not in compliance with the law requirement

Noise and odours formation

Shortening of the equipment life and reduction in efficiency

Increase in energy consumption

Requirement to empty the whole plant and make a re-start

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 Disc Diffusers or Mechanical Aerators
Turbo Compressors
Secondary
Mixers & Flow Boosters
Treatment Agitators
Re-circulation Pumps
Tertiary
The Biological Air blowing Treatment
Processes Secondary
Sedimentati
on

Mixer Liquor Re
- circulation Excess Sludge
Sludge Re- circulation

Process know how Guarantee the customer higher

Application knowledge process reliability and efficiency
Expertise in equipment minimising the energy
selection/combination consumption
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 Standard Conditions

THE DESIGN
THE DESIGN OF
OF ALL
ALL AERATION
AERATION SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS IS
IS
BASED ON
BASED ON THE
THE PERFORMANCES
PERFORMANCES MEASURED
MEASURED AND
AND
DECLARED BY
DECLARED BY MANUFACTURERS
MANUFACTURERS THROUGH
THROUGH
TESTS PERFORMED
TESTS PERFORMED IN
IN STANDARD
STANDARD CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS

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 ASCE - USA

Main recognised
Main recognised STANDARD
STANDARD EU Standard
testing procedures
testing procedures for
for
ATV - D
Aeration Systems
Aeration Systems
AFNOR - F

Ö NORM - A

NOPON Aeration Products are tested based on the ASCE

Standard procedures “Measurement Of Oxygen Transfer In Clean
Water” as well as any test made on specific DDS or OKI plant is
accepted on condition that the test procedures are fully
complying with the ASCE procedures
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 Main Standard
Main Standard ASCE
ASCE
Procedures references
Procedures references

• Test made in clean water (drinkable quality)

• Test water temperature, T= 20° C (or 10°C)

• Dissolved Oxygen, DO = 0 mg/l at test start-up

• Test ambient pressure = 101,3 kPa

The measured values of Oxygen Transfer to Clean

Water are referred to above conditions

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SOTR,, kg
SOTR kg O
O22/h
/h,, Standard
Standard Oxygen
Oxygen Transfer
Transfer Rate
Rate

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 The Lewis - Whitman “double layer” formula
is governing the gas mass transfer

Gasmass
Gas masstransferred
transferredxxliquid
liquidunit
unit Volumetricgas
Volumetric gasmass
masstransfer
transfer drivingforce
force
volumeand
andtime
time = coefficient x driving
volume coefficient

Mgas KL a (C*∞ - CL)

SOTR =
SOTR = KKLLaaCW20 x VV xx C*
CW20 x C*∞∞CW20
CW20

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 KLa = Volumetric Gas Mass transfer coefficient (t-1)

where:

KL = Mass Gas Transfer velocity (m sec-1)

a = A/V (m-1) ratio between the total boundary

exchange surface and the related water volume

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 From AOR to SOTR: the formula

1 C*∞ 20
SOTR = x x Θ (20-T) x AOR
α β Ps/Pb C*∞ - CL

where:

α, β, Θ, Ps/Pb are correction factors

C*∞ is the oxygen saturation concentration at test T°C and P = 101.3 kPa

C*∞ 20 is the oxygen saturation concentration at 20°C and P = 101.3 kPa

CL is the dissolved oxygen concentration requested by the process

Note: both C* values are tabled

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 From AOR
From AOR to
to SOTR:
SOTR: influencing
influencing factors
factors

Correctionfactors
Correction factors Influenceon:
Influence on:

Wastewater Gas mass transfer

Wastewater
characteristics α , β and DO saturation
characteristics concentration

Wastewater
Wastewater Gas mass transfer
temperature
temperature Θ and DO saturation
concentration
Siteatmospheric
Site atmospheric DO saturation
pressure Ps/Pb concentration
pressure

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 Wastewater characteristics
Wastewater characteristics

KLaWW
α =
KLaCW

C*∞ WW
β =
C*∞ CW

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 Temperature
Temperature

KLa T°C
Θ (T-20) =
KLa20

Usually :
Θ(T(T-20)
Θ -20) = 1,024
1,024

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 Site Atmospheric
Site Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure

P s (site)

Pb (sea level)

Pb = 101,325 kPa = 1013 mbar = 10,33 m H2O

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 KLaWW
α =
Mgas V = KLaww V (C*∞ WW - CL) = AOR KLaCW

Through correction factors AOR can be expressed as:

C*∞ WW
AOR = KLaCW α V ( β P s / Pb C*∞ CW - CL) β =
C*∞ CW

AOR = KLaCW20 Θ (T-20) α ( β Ps / Pb C*∞ CW - CL) V

P s (site)

Pb (sea level)
and being SOTR = KLaCW20 x V x C*∞CW20

KLa T°C
(T-20) =
Θ (T-
KLa20

we have ….

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 1 C*∞ 20
SOTR = x x Θ (20-T) x AOR
α β Ps/Pb C*∞ - CL

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 α factor is the dominating one but
it is not the only one

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 Type of Type of
wastewater process
Type of
aeration
system

System α
geometric
configuration Surfactants
concentration
Mixing effect

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 α = 0,20 ÷ 1,20

Surface turbines 0,90 - 1.20

Pump ejectors 0,70 - 0,90
Brushes 0,70 - 0,85
Submersible pressurised units 0,75 - 0,90
Coarse bubbles aeration systems 0,65 - 0,80
Fine bubbles aeration systems 0,40 - 0,80

Typical value for NOPON Fine Bubbles Disc Diffuser System = 0,65
Typical value for NOPON OKI Aerator Mixer = 0,85

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 β = 0,95 ÷ 0,98

β is tabled as function of T°C and TDS concentration

or following formula (Boyle, Miller) can be used:

β = 1 – 5,7 x 10-6 x TDS (mg/l)

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 Brief recap…...

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 Biological WWTP, flow chart
Primary
Inlet Pump
Sand and Sedimentation
Sump
grease removal
Wastewater
Wastewater
Equalisation to the
Primary
Primary Secondary
Treatment
Treatment Treatment
Screening Chemical
Tertiary
steps
treatment
Secondary Treatment
Wastewater Sedimentation To the
Wastewater Biological processes recipients
Secondary
Secondary
Treatment
Treatment
Primary
Sludge

Secondary To the Sludge

Sludge Treatment steps
Sludge
Sludge Anaerobic
Treatment Dewatering
Treatment digestion
Post- thickening
Pre
- thickening

Sludges
Aerobic storage
digestion
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 Wastewater
Wastewater Primary
Primary Treatment
Treatment
Screening Primary
Sedimentation
Neutralisation

Pumping
Sand and Equalisation PS
grease
removal

SUBMERSIBLE POROUS SELF

PUMPS DIFFUSERS ASPIRATING
SUBMERSIBLE
AERATORS
MIXERS

PS
Air blowing
AGITATORS AGITATORS
INSTRUMENTATION &
CONTROLS

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 Wastewater
Wastewater Secondary
Secondary Treatment
Treatment
PS
Secondary Chlorination
Sedimentation Recipients
Denitrification and Nitrification

MLR
RAS ES

Air blowing PS
SUBMERSIBLE
CENTRIFUGAL
DISC COMPRESSED
TURBO Recipients
DIFFUSERS AERATORS
COMPRESSORS
SYSTEMS

MLR
SUBMERSIBLE
RAS
MIXERS AND
FLOWBOOSTERS SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS ES

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 Sludge
Sludge Treatment
Treatment
Anaerobic PS + ES

Dewatering digestion
Post-thickening Sludge
Pre-thickening
storage

Aerobic
Polymer
digestion
preparation
and dosing
Anaerobic AGITATORS PS + ES
Dewatering digestion
AGITATORS AGITATORS AGITATORS

Polymer SUBMERSIBLE SUBMERSIBLE

preparation and COMPRESSED Air Aerobic MIXERS
dosing AERATORS blowing digestion
AGITATORS DISC DIFFUSERS CENTRIFUGAL TURBO
SYSTEMS COMPRESSORS
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 AOR
AOR = a’ x Q x BOD5 to be removed +
b’ x MLSS x V +
4.6 kgO2 / kg NH3 oxidised -
2.83 kg O2/ kg NO3- N removed

1 C*∞ 20
SOTR =
SOTR x x Θ (20-T) x AOR
AOR
α β Ps/Pb C*∞ - CL

KLaWW C*∞ WW CL = DO
α = β =
KLaCW C*∞ CW Θ (20-T) = 1.024
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 N2

RAS ES
MLR (Nitrates NO3-)
WW from
Primary
Treatment
Den C-H-O-N Nit
Sed
NO3- O2 N-NH4 NO2- NO3-
BOD5
BOD5
Mixing Aeration & Mixing

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 The Sludge Digestion
methods

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 Which Sludges in a
biological WWTP?
Primary Sludge
Activated Sludge
Secondary Sludge Excess Sludge
Return Activated Sludge
Seeding Sludge
Precipitation Sludge (pre-treatment steps, tertiary treatment)
Floating Sludge (DAF, digester surface)
Bulking Sludge

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 THE SLUDGE STABILISATION

IT IS THE FINAL STEP OF THE BIOLOGICAL

DEGRADATION OF ORGANICS AND IT IS PERFORMED
MAINLY THROUGH:

n Aerobic Digestion
or

o Anaerobic Digestion

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 From Secondary
Sedimentation From Primary
Tank Sedimentation
Tank
Sludge
Sludge
Treatment
Treatment
Return Activated Sludge Excess
Sludge Primary
Anaerobic Sludge
Dewatering digestion
Post-thickening Pre-thickening

Sludges
storage
Aerobic
digestion

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 The Aerobic Digestion

THE STABILISATION IS PERFORMED

THROUGH AN AERATION PROCESS

THE REMOVAL OF ORGANICS FROM THE

SLUDGE IS MADE BY ENDOGENOUS
RESPIRATION

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 Actual Oxygen
Actual Oxygen Requirement
Requirement
AOR by
AOR by Aerobic
Aerobic Digestion
Digestion

AOR dd
AOR = b’ kg SSV

b’ = kg O2 / kg SSV x d

b’ = 0.07 - 0.17

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 Sludge Concentration (kg SSV/m
Sludge Concentration (kg SSV/m )
33)

With Activated With Primary +

Sludge Secondary Sludge

Without pre-thickening or
without contemporaneous 8 - 12 kg SS/m3 25 - 35 kg SS/m3
thickening

With pre-thickening or
with contemporaneous 18 - 28 kg SS/m3 max 40 kg SS/m3
thickening

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 AerobicDigestion
Aerobic Digestionwith
withOKI
OKIunits
units

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