EconomicGeology

Vol. 81, 1986, pp. 46-64

Textural and Fluid InclusionEvidencefor Ore Deposition

in the Pb-Zn Deposit at Laisvall,Sweden
STEN LINDBLOM

Ore ResearchGroup,GeologicalInstitute,StockholmUniversity,S-10691 Stockholm,Sweden

Abstract

Laisvallis a sandstone-hosted lead-zincdepositon the easternmarginof the Scandinavian

Caledonides.It is part of a large ore provincestretchingover 1,000 km from the southof
Norwayto north of Sweden.The ore occursasinterstitialfillingbetweensandgrains,but
texturalandfluidinclusiondatademonstrate that the ore wasformedby open-space fillingof
openmicroporesin the sandstone. The texturesof the cementingmineralsalsodemonstrate
that postoredeformationand metamorphism are restrictedto sometwinningin calciteand
fracturing.No majorrecrystallization hastakenplace.
Texturesincludegrowthzoningof sphaleritewith systematic colorchangestraceableasa
sphaleritestratigraphyover large areasof the deposit.Both sphaleriteand calcitedisplay
severalstagesof mineralgrowthincludingdissolution breaksandetchedsurfaces. Fluid in-
clusionhomogenizationtemperaturesindicate that each stagewas depositedin a distinct
temperatureintervalduring a generallyoveralltemperaturedecrease.The environmentof
ore depositionwascharacterizedby a temperatureof 120ø to 180øC and a total salinityof
24 equiv.wt percentNaC1.This resultedfrom mixinga hot, highly salineincomingsolution
with a coollocal groundwater. The principalmineralswere depositedin the order calcite,
barite, fluorite, sphalerite,and galena.This processwas-repeatedseveraltimes and sulfide
depositionwasaccompanied by calcitedissolution.
Depositionof the mineralswasaffectedby differentmechanisms duringthe mixingprocess:
(1) heatingof ground-water-deposited calcite,(2) coolingof brine-deposited
barite, and (3)
mixingwhich depositedsulfidesand fluorite.The mixingoccurredas a resultof a double
diffusionprocesswhere the equalizationof densitiesresultedfrom salt diffusionalongan
extendedinterfacebetweenthe hotbrineandthe coolgroundwaterin the poroussandstone.

Introduction secondpart of the paper to formulatea modelfor ore

LAISVALL,situatedin northwesternSweden,hasbeen depositionat Laisvall.
one of the principallead producersof Europe since Geology
productionstartedin 1946. The originalreserveshave
been estimatedat 80 million tonsof 4 percentore Laisvall, situated at the easternborder zone of the
grade.But althoughleadis dominant,the ore contains Caledonianmountainrange in Sweden,is part of a
a considerable amountof zinc, andin part of the ore, 1,000-km-longPb-Znprovinceextendingfrom north
sphaleritemay be the dominanteconomicmineral. to south. Several deposits occur throughout this
The presentpaper is mainly a studyof sphalerite province,but Laisvallis the largestand the only one
data from Laisvallinsteadof potentiallyambiguous beingminedat present(Fig. 1).
dataderivedfromgangueminerals, because thisyields The ore is hosted in an autochthonous sandstone
first-hand information on the environment of ore for- mainunits:a Precambrianigneousbasement,an au-
mation. tochthonoussedimentarysequence,and an alloch-
However, in order to maximize the usefulnessof thonousnappeunit that wastranslatedinto the area
the fluid inclusiondatait is importantto sortout tex- from the west.The stratigraphyof the areais shown
tural relations and related features such as color and in Figure 2 (Liljeqvist, 1973; Willd6n, 1980).
zoningof the fluid inclusions.Severalstagesof sphal- The ore is hosted in an autochthonous sandstone
erite growthhavebeen recognizedandthe firstpart faciescomprisingthree horizons:the lower sandstone
of thispaperpresentsa detailedframeworkon which (mainlylead dominant),the middlesandstone (bar-
the fluid inclusion measurements are based. ren),andthe uppersandstone (in part, zincdominant).
The sphaleritedata are supportedby data from The ore-bearing layers consistof almost purely
calcite and fluorite and this information is used in the quartziticsandstone, sometimes with thin clayinter-

0361-0128/86/492/46-19 $2.50 46

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 TEXTURAL& FLUID INCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 47

YRAF NAPPE
COMPLEX

KASKAJAURE AND
PARAUTOCHTONOUS

LAIsVAL•
NAPPE COMPLEX

)OROTEA/ ALUM SHALE

GRAMMAJUKKU (Shale siltstone

and

sandstone)

FORMATION
MEMBER( phosphorire / l i mestone )
IASSJATJ
I NADOK ORE Upper sandstone
0 200km
I MEMBER(quartz
Middle
sst and siltst)
sandstone
z i TJALEK
(quartz sst )

Lower sandstone

FIG. 1. Distributionof Pb-Zn depositsin sandstonealongthe (quartz ssf with shale layers)
Caledonian border zone. I
I sA,vTj lo o I

I MEMBER
( Pebble shale)

calations. The maximum overburden is 575 m thick ß o o o

Arkose o o . o

(Liljeqvist,1973) at present,but theremayhavebeen AKERSELET ß . .

(feldsp sst,) o . o.o o

as muchas 1,000 m of coverin the past (Rickardet FORMAT

ON ß .

al., 1979). + + +
The host-rocksandstone is very little disturbedin + + 4- +
spiteof itsproximityto a majorCaledonianoverthrust, + +
which came from the west or west-northwest. The
+ + +
tectonic disturbances in the mine are restricted to
minor thrusts,faults,andjoints.
Laisvatlcanbe considered astwo separateorebod-
ies in the form of thin stratiform sheets. The outlines FIG. 2. The stratigraphiccolumnat Laisvall(from Liljeqvist,
1973, and Willd•n, 1980). Sst -- sandstone,siltst. -- siltstone,
of the orebodies,followingcut-offgrade,may vary feldsp = feldspar.
becauseof the low gradeandsmallcontrastbetween
ore and uneconomicmineralization,but the mine area
roughlymeasures6 by I km (Fig. 3). In fact, for this mineral assemblage,has been describedin several
investigationa microscopicsearchfor strictly min- papersby Grip (1954, 1960, 1967, 1973) andRickard
eralization-freesandstone up to 3 km from the mine et al. (1979, 1981b).
area proved unsuccessful. Microscopicamountsof
mineralization,especiallysphalerite,were a common
featureof eventhe mostdistalsamples.
Galenaand sphaleriteare the only economicore
minerals;pyrite occurs in small amountsover the
whole ore zone.The ganguemineralscalcite,barite,
fluorite, and quartz occurin the samemannerasthe
ore minerals--asan interstitialfilling betweensand
grains.Precementporosityhasbeen estimatedat a
maximumof 25 to 30 vol percent (Rickard et al.,
1981b) and secondaryquartz is the dominantce-
0 1000 m
mentingmineral.The totalof the cementingminerals J

(exceptquartz) occupiesabout6 vol percent (Table FIG. 3. A perspectiveoutlineof the uppersandstone

andlower
1). The cementingmineral assemblage, or the ore sandstone orebodies at Laisvall.

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 48 STEN LINDBLOM

TABLE1. Relative Amountsof Cementing Minerals mineralassemblage comprisingboththe ore minerals

in the Sandstone
galenaandsphaleriteandthe ganguemineralscalcite,
A. Amount excluding fluorite,barite, and quartz.The cementingminerals
quartz cement are mutuallyexclusiveand paragenetictexturesare
(in vol %) difficultto observe.Quartz, althoughthe dominating
Galena 1.7 28.8 cementingmineral,isnot studiedherebecauseof the
Sphalerite 0.7 11.9 difficultyin distinguishing
betweenthe detritalquartz
Calcite 1.3 22.0 sand grains and the secondaryquartz. Barite was
B arit e 1.4 23.7 found unsuitable for fluid inclusion studies. Calcite
Fluorite 0.6 10.2
waswidely foundin bothupperandlower sandstone
Pyrite 0.2 3.4
Total 5.9 100.0 ore and supplementsthe sphaleritedata from this
B. Amount with
studyin orderto obtaina fluid inclusionview of the
quartzcement• ore-formingprocess.
(in vol %) Texturesin sphaleriteandcalcitemakerecognition
of severalstagesof deposition possible. Colortextures
Quartz cement 19.1 76.4 in sphaleritereflectreal variationsin the ore-forming
Galena 1.7 6.8
Sphalerite 0.7 2.8
environmentandmaybe developedintoa sphalerite
Calcite 1.3 5.2 stratigraphy forminga frameworkfor the fluidinclu-
Barite 1.4 5.6 sionanalyses.
Fluorite 0.6 2.4
Pyrite 0.2 0.8 Microvugs
Total 25.0 100.0
The cementingmineralsusuallycompletelyfill the
Left-handcolumnrefersto total percentagein the sandstone; pore spacebetweenthe detrital grainsin the sand-
right-handcolumnrefersto the percentageof the cementingmin- stone. However, it is not uncommonto find open
eral assemblageonly poresthat vary from 0.1 to 2 mm in size and occur
• Assumes
25 percentporosityin the sandstone
throughoutthe entireoreasevidencedby severaldrill
core samplesfrom widespreadlocations.The open
Texturallythe relationshipbetweenore andsedi- interstitial pores in Laisvall sandstonehave an ap-
menthostisshownverydistinctly by darkleadsulfide pearancesimilarto the vugscommonlyfoundin car-
againsta backgroundof white sandstone. The spotty bonate-hosted Pb-Zn ore environments.
appearanceis well knownand commonin homoge- In one microvug,small but perfect crystalsof
noussandstone. Where sedimentarystructuresoccur, sphalerite,galena,calcite,andquartzwereobserved
this distinction tends to indicate mineralization and protrudingfrom the surrounding sandgrain walls.
canbe readilyobservedbecauseof the contrastbe- Sphaleritewasseensuperceding galena.Occasionally,
tweendarkgalenaandwhite quartzsand.In the pres- a smallgalenacrystalwasobserved onthe sphalerite
ent studysphaleritewasalsofoundto occurin a spotty crystalsurface,sometimes togetherwith calciteand
patternin morehomogenous sandstone, but the con- quartz crystals.
trastto the hostis lessobviousandmayeasilygoun- In anothermicrovug,containingonly galenaand
detected. calcite,the galenafrequentlyappearedasfiat irreg-
The lower sandstoneore zone is dominatedby ga- ular spotson the wallsof the vugs,pitted asif the
lena mineralization which reaches a maximum ore galenahadbeenpartiallyetchedaway.
thickness of 26 m and extends to the bottom shale in In onemicrovug,someverywell developedsphal-
the centralorebody.Galenaalsodominatestoward eritecrystals displaya bipyramidal
habitwith stepped
the southeast in the uppersandstone ore.The Pb/Zn corrugatedcrystalfaces(Fig. 4). Detailsof the steps
ratioin the uppersandstone is 2.3:1 but in the lower on the facesshownin Figure 4 were studiedon a
sandstone is 19:1. scanningelectron microscope.The steps measure
Theuppersandstone oreispredominantly zincrich about5 •m in height;they are interpretedasgrowth
towardthe northwestbut changes fromZnSdominant steps(Fig. 5).
to PbS dominant over a rather short distance. The
transitionzonedisplaysa spectacular
alternationbe- Sphalerite
tweensphaleriteandgalenawith one mineralinter- Zoning:Differenttypesof zoninghavebeenob-
fingeringintothe otheron a macroscopic
scale. servedin the upper sandstone sphaleritebut not in
the lowersandstone.Sphaleriteoftenappearsto have
Mineralogy and Textures startedgrowthwith a fine zoningthat mayor maynot
Introduction
varyin colorandisinterpreted
asoscillatory
zoning.
The associationof minerals occurring in the in- It is often nucleatedon an opaquephaselike pyrite.
isdesignatedthe cementing This sphaleriteis termedsphaleriteI.
tersticesin the sandstone

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 TEXTURAL
& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 49

Ill

FIG. 4. Sphaleritecrystalin a microvug.Scalebar = 400 #m. FIG. 6. Centrosymmetricgrowth zoningin sphaleriteI. In the
center is a pyrite crystalwhich may have acted as a nucleation
seed. Scale bar = 100 ttm.
SphaleriteI wasfollowedby beige sphaleriteII,
whichcontainsseveralshadesof beigeto brownand
severalgrowth stageswith an abundanceof dark in- (Figs.6 and 7). Bandedzoning(sphaleriteII) in con-
clusionsin somebands.Depositionof sphaleriteII trastis broaderand moreirregular,and the borders
wasfollowedby a periodin whichthe crystalswere are not necessarilydefinedby crystallographic dis-
etchedin manyplaces.The facesexhibitapparent continuities but by colorchange.Transitions between
etchpitsanda coatingofdarkphases, possiblyorganic bandedandoscillatoryzoningare shownin Figure6.
matter.The coatingmaybe irregularandpointin the Sectorzoning(sphaleriteIII) includeszoningwhere
directionof crystalgrowth. sectorsof colorlessand yellow sphaleritealternate
Thebeigesphalerite stagewasfollowedby yellow with bandedzoningasin Figure8.
to colorlesszonedsphaleriteIII that is more trans- Most work on zoning dealswith plagioclaseand
parentthansphaleriteII. Thebandingcontinues par- other silicates,but manyof thesediscussions are ap-
allelto thebeigebands,but sectorzoningdominates. plicableto sphalerite.Oscillatoryzoningin plagio-
Inclusion-richbandsare missingand inclusions are clasehasbeen discussed by severalworkers(Cahn,
generallyfewer. 1960; All•gre et al., 1981). Oscillatoryzoningmay
Threemaintypesof microscopic zoninghavebeen be summarized asthe responseof crystalgrowthrate
observedin Laisvallsphalerite:oscillatory,banded, to concentrationchanges.
and sectorzoning.Oscillatoryzoning(sphaleriteI) Roedder (1968b) discussedbanded zoning in
consistsof rhythmicregularbandsof a few microns sphaleriteasan "annualvarve"phenomenon. Banded
in width,whichmaybeaccompanied by colorchanges zoningisoftencorrelatableoverlargedistricts(Barton
et al., 1977; McLimans et al., 1980; Craig et al.,
1983). Fluid inclusion measurementsin different
bands have shown that the environment for each band
may vary considerablyin the samethin sectionbut
be consistent
in the samebandfromdifferentsample
locations(Roedder,1977; P. B. Barton,pers. com-
mun., 1980).
Jowett(1975) mentionssectorzoningas common
in sphaleritefrom the Polarisdepositin Canadabut
doesnotdiscuss itscauses.
HollisterandBence(1967)
interpretedsectorzoningeitherasa consequence of
surfaceequilibriumrelatedto differ6ncesin surface
bondingoneachgrowingcrystalsurfaceor asa kinetic
process.Crystallographicallydetermineddifferential
absorptionhasbeen impliedby Dowty (1976) as a
generalcauseof sectorzoning.Sectorzoningis thus
interpretedasa metastablephenomenonand a con-
FIG. 5. Detail of the surfaceof a sphaleritemicrovugcrystal. sequenceof relativelyrapid crystalgrowth.
Scalebar = 10 ttm, top left. Color:Sphaleritesfrom Laisvallare usuallylight

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 50 $TEN LINDBLOM

FIG. 7. A. Centrosymmetricgrowth in sphaleriteI from the upper sandstoneore. B. Same as (A)

but with crossedpolarsshowinganisotropy.Scalebars= 50 •tm.

yellow in handspecimens, but the colorin the upper Platonovand Marfunin (1968) studied light ab-
sandstone is slightlybrownish.But at the southwest- sorptionin large sphaleritecrystalsand attributed
ern end of the ore (in the lower sandstone)the brown darker shadesof brown and yellow to an Fe content
componentseemsto increasetoward the southwest above 0.5 wt percent iron. Below this value other
alongthe ore front. metal ionswere consideredresponsiblefor varying
The colorzoning,discussed in thispaper,refersto shadesof yellow, orange, and green. Roedder and
the colorobservedin doublypolishedplates(thick- Dwornik (1968) foundno correlationbetweencolor
ness= 130 gm) on the heatingstagewith a blue filter bandingandironcontentin sphaleritefromPinePoint
mounted.No color zoningwasseenin ordinarythin (Fe varied between 0.3 and 2.5 wt %). Color may
sections(thickness= 30 #m). thus be either a result of substitution of trace amounts
The upper sandstone sphaleriteI andII displaya of specificmetal ions(Platonovand Marfunin, 1968)
colorvariationfrom colorlessto beigeanddarkbeige. or a resultof nonstoichiometry
in thesphaleritecrystal
SphaleriteIII color varies from colorlessto orange lattice(ScottandBarnes,1972;Togari,1961) or both.
yellow. Severaldoubly polishedthin sectionswere ana-
Lower sandstonesphaleriteresemblesthe yellow lyzedby electronmicroprobeanalysis in orderto see
in sphaleriteIII, but no zoninginto colorlesstypesis if variationsin chemicalcompositioncouldbe related
apparent.Lower sandstone sphaleritecontainsmore to colorin anyway.The rangeof Fe contentin these
solidandfluid inclusionsthanuppersandstone sphal- analysesis shownin Table 2. The variationin Fe con-
erite III. tents in the upper sandstonesamples,where color
zoningisclearlydisplayed,is0.15 to 0.65 wt percent
Fe. The lower sandstonesamplesdo not show any

TABLE2. Variationsin Iron Content in LaisvallSphalerite

Fe content Fe content
Sample range mean
number (wt %) (wt %)

Upper sand- 1123-248.1 0.35-0.37 0.36

stone ore
1270-129.1 0.54-0.66 0.59
1252-324.1:1 0.20-0.22 0.21
1252-324.1:2 0.15-0.26 0.21
N-SL 3 0.41-0.52 0.47
N-SL 5 0.31-0.35 0.33

Lower sand- 140x-11704 0.48-0.51 0.50

stone ore
422-82.7 0.34-0.40 0.36
FIG. 8. Sphaleritecrystalgrowth,sphaleriteII --• sphalerite 79-4 2.22-3-33 2.75
III. Bandedzoningis followedby sectorzoning.Scalebar 268-53.3 1.11-1.19 1.15
= 150/•m.

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 TEXTURAL& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 51

TABLE 3. ElectronMicroprobePointAnalysesin Different ColoredSphalerite

Point Color Zn Fe S Total

11 Dark beige 68.31 0.21 32.63 101.15

12 Beige 67.47 0.26 30.34 98.07
13 Beige 67.60 0.23 32.16 99.99
14 Colorless 68.14 0.22 30.96 99.32
15 Orange-yellow 69.0 0.24 32.32 101.56
21 Dark beige 67.43 0.25 31.55 99.23
16 Orange-yellow 66.71 0.20 31.33 98.46
17 Pale yellow 66.15 0.21 31.39 97.75
18 Pale yellow 66.21 0.21 31.83 98.25
19 Colorless 67.04 0.22 31.73 99.99
20 White to pale yellow 67.25 0.19 32.25 99.69
22 Pale yellow 69.06 0.23 33.26 102.55

Weight percentof zinc, iron, and sulfuris recorded

colorzoningandtheir Fe contentsvarybetween0.34 Fleet (1977) has shown that birefringence of

and 3.33 wt percentFe. sphaleriteis proportionalto the numberof layersin
Two profilesacrosscolor zoning (Table 3) from hexagonalclosepackingandalsoconcludedthat solid-
sphaleriteII to sphaleriteIII showthe variations0.21 statetransformations in sphaleriteare restrictedto
to 0.26 wt percent Fe and 0.19 to 0.25 wt percent the formation of deformation twins. Brafman and
Fe, respectively. Steinberger(1966) showeda linear dependenceof
Cd wasdetectedby a KEVEX energydispersive birefringenceandstackingdisorder.Mostnaturaloc-
systemin many samples;atomicabsorptionanalysis currencesof wurtzite are thought to originate as
of pure sphaleriteconcentrations in two samples metastableprecipitates,and the transitionto stable
yieldeda valueof 0.2 wt percent. sphaleriteis sloweddown by the presenceof CdS,
A Leitz photometerwas usedto measurethe ab- MnS, or ZnO as impurities (Barton and Skinner,
sorptionspectraof white,polarizedtransmittedlight 1979).
in sphalerite(Table4). The parameter•/max increases Most Laisvall sphaleritesshow a mottled anisot-
slightlywith darkercolorin sphaleriteII but remains ropy;there is no apparentvariationbetweenlocalities
constantin sphaleriteIII acrossthe color zones. in the mine. SphaleriteIII hasa more distinctanisot-
In additionto the spectra,relativeabsorptionwas ropy and sphaleriteII has a slightlylower birefrin-
measuredfor the sphaleritecolors(Table5). genceand differentmottledpattern.
Anisotropy: The Laisvallsphaleriteshowsanirreg- Sphaleritestratigraphy:The colorof sphaleritemay
ularor unduloseextinctionsimilarto microcline.Fig- be dividedinto three shadeseachof sphaleriteII and
ure 7 showsa centrosymmetrically zonedsphalerite sphaleriteIII as shownin Figure 10. The color of
crystalthat givesa very mottledanisotropicpattern sphaleriteII islightbeige,beige,anddarkbeige.Dark
in crossedpolars.Figure 9A and B showsphalerite beige sphaleriteis accentuatedby the presenceof
III in ordinarylight and polarizedlight. many fluid or solidinclusions.SphaleriteIII is col-
Scott and Barnes (1972) found the transition
wurtzite-sphaleriteas a univariantfunctionof sulfur TABLE5. Relative AbsorptionValues of Color
fugacityandtemperatureat constant pressure.There in Laisvall Sphalerite
are manyvariationsbetweenthe two maintypes.
Relative absorption Mean value
Color (%) (%)

TABLE4. MaximumAbsorptionWavelength(max)for Light beige 34.2, 24,1, 32.7 30.3

Different Colorsin SphaleriteThick Sections(130 •tm) Beige 16.6, 19.4, 5.6, 6.2 12.0
Dark beige 1.6, 1.1, 1.6, 4.8 2.3
Color max Colorless 63.4, 72.2, 69.4, 72.0 69.3
Pale yellow 61.4, 60.1, 54.1 58.5
Colorless 548 nm Orange-yellow 50.9, 53.3, 53.8, 34.5 48.1
Pale yellow 547 nm
Orange-yellow 547 nm Relativeabsorptionis the intensityof white transmittedlight
Light beige 542 nm of a color zone in sphaleriterelative to the intensityof white
Beige 546 nm transmittedlight of a nonabsorbingbackground--inthiscasethe
Dark beige 553 nm empty glassslide
Eachnumberrepresentsa separatetestof the samesample

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 52 STEN LINDBLOM

FIG.9. A. Colorzoningin sphalerite

III. B. Sameas(A) butwithcrossed
polars.Scalebars= 150#m.

orlessor pale yellowand orangeyellow.The color crystal

faces.
Inclusion-poor
calcitefollows(Fig.11A).
zoneshave been matchedwith electron microprobe Sometimesthe hiatusshowsmanypits.Theseare ter-
point analysisshownin Table 3. minatedat the bottomby planarsurfaces(Fig. 1lB).
The sphaleritestratigraphy hasbeentracedacross Frequentlycalciteis foundin coarse-grained
sand
the zinc-dominatedo{e in the uppersandstone.
Out- lensessupercedinggrowth of sphaleritein many
sidethisareaonlysphalerite
III isfound.Lowersand-
stonesphaleriteresemblessphaleriteIII in depthof
color, color shade,and translucency
but lackscolor qz der
zoningandis richer in inclusions.
Calciteandfluorite
Calcite may displaytwo stagesin texturein the
samepore. Inclusion-richcalciteis terminatedby

• growlh direclion

sp ]I
J/".'.;
'•i light
beige
•.......... beige
• dark
beige

spTITJ J colorless
J--•_---_-_•
pale
yetlow FIG. 11. A. Two calcitestages
in theinterstices
betweensand
grainsin theuppersandstone
oreat Laisvall.A hiatusorbreakin
• orange
yellow crystalgrowthisshownseparating the twostages.B. Twocalcite
stagesin the lowersandstone
ore separatedby a hiatusshowing
FIO. 10. Classification colorzonesan(]sphaJerite dissolution
oœsphaJerite pits.Growthoccurredfromlowerrightto upperleft
stratigraphy.Sp JI = sphaleriteJI, sp Ill = sphaJeriteIll. in the figure. Qzaet= detrital quartz grain.

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 TEXTURAL& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 53

regular,fiat to tubular,10- to 15-t•msize,two-phase

liquid inclusions. Necking-down is occasionally
ob-
served.Type3 consists of irregularto regularshaped,
5- to 50-t•msize,one-phase darkinclusions,possibly
containinghydrocarbons and occasionalbitumen
daughterminerals.
The inclusions
occurisolatedor in a patterndefin-
ing the growthof the crystal.Fluid inclusionsasso-
ciated with healed fracturesare not commonlyob-
Type 1 inclusions
served.Type i inclusions appearto dominate.Type
Type 1 inclusions 3 inclusionsoccurin clustersandoftengive ananom-
alouscolorto the sphalerite.
Hydrocarbons were not positivelyidentified,but
their presenceis supportedby the followingobser-
vations:

1. Type 3 inclusionsin sphaleriteare one-phase

• Type 2 inclusions
,10•m•
and may be solid hydrocarbons.No phasechanges
havebeenobservedduringfreezingdownto -178øC.
Type 2 inclusions
Crushing-stage
experiments gaveinconclusiveresults.
The presenceof kerogen,bitumen,or heavierhydro-
carbonswouldnot be detectableby conventional
fluid
inclusion thermometric methods.
• , 10•um 2. A two-phaseinclusionin sphaleritecontained
a brownishliquid.
Type 3 inclusions Type 3 inclusions
A B 3. Solid hydrocarbonshave been detected in a
sphaleriteconcentrateby Rickardet al. (1975).
FIG. 12. Inclusionmorphologyin Laisvallsphalerite.A. Upper 4. Hydrocarboninclusionshave been detectedin
sandstone ore. B. Lower sandstone ore.
sphaleritefromVassbo,an analogous depositfarther
southin Sweden(Broman,1983).
places.ThissphaleriteisusuallysphaleriteII judging Calcite:Only one type of inclusionwasobserved.
by color andtexture. It is two-phase,aqueous,regularto irregularin shape,
Fluorite mainly occurstogether with calcite and 3 to 19 t•m in size. The vapor phase= 2 to 12 vol
barite in the lower sandstone. It also occurs in the percent. No indicationof possiblehydrocarbonin-
arkoseandthe uppersandstone whereit isintimately clusionswere found. The rhombohedronshapeis
associatedwith sphalerite. common.The inclusions are foundevenlydistributed
throughoutthe crystals.No association with cleavage
Fluid Inclusions
hasbeen noted.The numberof inclusionsare higher
Fluid inclusionmorphology in someareas,coincidingwith the texturalvariations
asshownin Figure 11.
Sphalerite:Three opticallydistinguishable typesof Fluorite:Fluorite is very transparentand free of
inclusionshavebeen observedin both lower andup- cleavageplanes.The inclusionsare almostinvisible
per sandstone sphalerite(Fig. 12). Type i consists
of andthe vaporbubblesappearfreefloatingin the min-
mostlyregularlyshaped,3- to 15-t•msize,two-phase eral.Two-phaseaqueous inclusions
occurin sizesfrom
liquidinclusionswith a vaporphaseof 2 to 10 percent < 2 up to 15 t•m. They are regular to irregular in
of the total volume.Type 2 consistsof irregular to shapeand the vapor phaseconstitutes2 to 10 vol

TABLE6. Homogenization
TemperaturesandMeltingTemperaturesfromUpper Sandstone
Ore Sphalerite,Laisvall

Th range Th mode Tmrange Tmmode Numberof

Sphaleritestage øC øC øC øC inclusions

SphaleriteII (7 samples) 134.3-174.2 161 - 18.6 to -27.2 -22.1 42

SphaleriteIII (6 samples) 105.0-153.6 129 -17.4 to -28.8 -22.1 35
Late sphalerite 91.6-123.7 110 -19.8 to -29.4 -23.5 16
Total 91.6-174.2 -18.6 to -29.4

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 54 STEN LINDBLOM

UPPER SANDSTONE ORE, LAISVALL from the center andoutward(Fig. 15). Samples422-
82.7 and422-79.3 are only about3.5 m apartin the
samedrill core, yet they give a modaltemperature
difference of 30øC.
.•sp•
sp •T
sp late • sp
sp late
Homogenization temperatures in uppersandstone
15
calciteare givenin Table 8 and in Figure 13. Two
stagesof calcitewith differentcharacteristicshave
10 beendistinguished fromthe fluidinclusiondataand
are defined as calcite I and calcite II.
5
Lower sandstonecalcite homogenizationtemper-
aturescannotbe sodistinctlyseparated
intodifferent

-30 -25 -20 -15 'C 100 150 'C

LOWER SANDSTONE ORE, LAISVALL

SPHA

15 15
15 15
B C•lc•te
!
C•lcite E $PHALERITE

10

,lO ß 10

5 5

.5 5
ß ,

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 100 150 200

Tm 'C Th 'C
-30 -25 -20 -15 100 150 200
FIG. 13. Homogenizationand meltingtemperaturesfrom up-
per sandstoneore sphaleriteand calcite, Laisvall.SphaleriteII, Tm 'C Th 'C
III, and late sphaleriteare indicatedseparatelyaswell ascalcite
I and II. CALCITE
F
2o

percent of the inclusionvolume.There are alsoone-

phaseirregularinclusions, probablysolid,between5 15 15
and 15 gm in size.
The inclusionsoccurredalongstraightplanesor at
random.They are oftendifficultto describeasto their 10 10

exactshape.The opticalindexof fluoriteisvery close

to the opticalindex of the trappedfluid becauseof
the highsalinity.Cleavageplaneswereusuallyabsent. 5 5

Homogenization temperatures
Fluid inclusiondatawere obtainedusinga Chaix- -30 -25 -20 -•5 100 150 200

mecaheating-freezingstage(Potyet al., 1976). Tm'C Th 'C

The resultsof fluid inclusionhomogenization mea-
surements fromsphaleriteII andIII aregivenin Table FLUORITE
10 10
FLUORITE

6 andFigure 13. SphaleriteIII andlate sphaleriteare

unimodal;sphaleriteII exhibitsa slightbimodality. [] 985 [] 985
Measurements on 13 samplesshowedthatthesetem- 5 5

perature-texturalrelationships were consistent

across
the whole of the upper sandstone ore.
In the lower sandstoneore sphaleriteis rare and
-25 -20 -15 100 150 200
more fine grained.The data from four samplesmea-
suredare presentedin Figure 14 and in Table 7. A Tm 'C Th 'C
skeweddistributionmaybe noted.Individualcrystals FIG. 14. Homogenizationand melting temperaturesfrom
may showdecreasinghomogenizationtemperatures lower sandstoneore sphalerite,calcite,and fluorite.

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 TEXTUPtAL
& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 55

TABLE7. HomogenizationTemperaturesand Melting Temperaturesfrom Lower SandstoneOre Sphalerite,Laisvall

Sphalerite Th range Th mode Tmrange Tmmode Number of

samplenumber øC øC øC øC inclusions

1480x-1170y 146.9-179.5 165 -16.5 to -27.4 -22.0 30

422-82.7 125.4-182.2 170 -18.0 to -24.4 -22.0 24
422-79.3 128.1-154.3 140 -17.9 to -26.6 -20.5 12
885-80.45 123.5-141.1 135 -19.1 to -19.6 -19.0 7

Total (4 samples) 123.5-182.2 168 -16.5 to -27.4 -21.8

stages(Table9, Fig. 14), althoughthe samerangeis recorded on the sameinclusionsas homogenization

notedasfor the uppersandstone. The partlydissolved temperatures.SphaleriteII and III stagesare uni-
texture in Figure 11B has a particular significance. modalexceptfor a smallmodeat -27øC for sphalerite
Fluid inclusionsin the left-hand calcite have Th below II. The late sphaleriteinclusionsare fewer andmore
170øC. On the right hand side of the hiatusTh is spreadout but coincidewith the rangeof sphalerite
higher. The melting temperature, Tm, is around I and III.
-18øC for all inclusions.This may be an indication The melting temperaturesrecordedfrom lower
that we have at leasttwo calcitestagesin the lower sandstonesphaleriteinclusions(Table 7) indicate a
sandstone, whichare analogous to thoseof the upper unimodaldistributionasshownin Figure 14. A small
sandstone. modeat -27øC maybe outlined.Individualsamples
and crystalsgenerallygive a very narrow range
Melting temperaturesand salinities of Tin.
Meltingtemperatures fromuppersandstone calcite
Melting temperature(Tin)in this paper refersto showa bimodaldistribution.The modalpopulation
the finalmeltingpointof ice in the inclusions. Freez- around -14øC is defined as calcite I and the one
ing temperature(Ts)refersto the solidificationof the around -27 ø as calcite II. There is a distinct corre-
liquid phasewhen loweringthe temperaturein the lationbetweenhighhomogenization temperatureand
freezingstage. high meltingtemperature(Fig. 13).
Melting temperaturesfrom upper sandstoneore There is no such clear correlation for the lower
sphalerite,givenin Table 6 and in Figure 13, were sandstone calcite,but there is a tendencyto bimodal
distributioneven here (Fig. 14).
Only two samplesof fluorite were measuredand
they showslightlydifferentcharacteristics but overall
coincide with most sphalerite and calcite data
(Fig. 14).
The aqueousinclusionsin sphaleritegive melting
temperaturescorresponding to a very high content
of total salt in solution.A meanTmaround -22øC for
all stagesof sphaleritecorresponds to 24 equiv. wt
percent NaC1 (Potter et al., 1978). Looking more
closelyat the sphaleriteTmhistogramsin Figures13
and 14, a slightincreasein salinitywith time maybe
discerned.
The two populationsof calcite melting tempera-
turesin the upper sandstone represent18 equiv. wt
percent NaC1 (calcite I) and 27 equiv. wt percent
NaC1 (calciteII), respectively(Potter et al., 1978).
In the lower sandstone the mode around -21øC cor-
respondsto 23 equiv. wt percent NaC1.
Freezing temperaturesand the first melting tem-
peraturesare muchlower than one would expectfor
the NaC1-H20 systemalone. Other salts must be
present, indicating a multicomponentsystemwith
MgC12,CaCI•, or KC1 presentbesidesNaCI (Car-
FIG. 15. Thermal zoningin a sphaleritecrystal.Decreasing penter et al., 1974; Roedder, 1972).
temperaturegradientfrom the center outward. No color zoning Fluoritemeltingtemperaturesgiveresultssimilar
present. to calciteandsphalerite.One sample(985) is partic-

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 56 STEN LINDBLOM

TABLE 8. HomogenizationTemperaturesfrom Upper SandstoneOre Calcite, Laisvall

Calcite I Calcite II

Sample Th range Th mode Th range Th mode Number of

number øC øC øC øC inclusions

N-SL 10 114.3-175.9 167 43

N-SL 2 159.4-187.9 180 23
1294-207.6 186.6-191.9 190 143.4-148.5 150 6
31 185.6-195.0 190 159.4 159 4
1091-220.6 209.2 210 150.3-172.1 155 5
1055-217.2 173.6-184.7 179 4
1270-129.7 139.8-168.5 4
79-7d:1a 129.8-141.4 135 7
22:1 175.1-196.7 190 7

Total 159.4-209.2 182 114.3-175.9 162

ularly significant.The low optical index permits
clearerobservationof phasechangesin fluoritethan
in calcite.In sample985 two melting temperatures
were observedin most fluid inclusions;they gave
modesat -26 ø and -18øC (Fig. 14). If we assume
that CaC12is the largestsaltcomponentafter NaC1,
then thesemeltingtemperatures maybe usedto es-
timate the calcium chloride content in the fluid. As
fluorite is intimately associatedwith the sphalerite,
CaC12in the ore fluid may be calculatedfrom the
ternarydiagramNaC1-CaCI•-H•O(datafrom Yana-
tieva, 1946), taking-26 ø and -18øC asthe eutectic
andliquidustemperatures,respectively,alonga sec-
tion with a maximum9 wt percentCaCI• contentand
a total saltconcentrationof 25 wt percent.
Ore-Forming Environment
Origin of zoning,color, and anisotropy
SphaleriteI is characterizedby centrosymmetric
oscillatoryor crystalgrowthzoningandrelativeuni-
form color. The crystalsare often nucleatedon an
earlier seed, suchas pyrite. This type of sphalerite
probablygrew slowlyfrom a solutionvery near to
saturation.Open-spacegrowth at an early mineral-
ization stageis suggestedby both the centrosym-
metric textures and the parageneticrelationships.
Pyrite, for example,which often actsasthe nucleus,
is preore,possiblyof diageneticorigin.Much of the
sphaleriteobservedin the microvugsappearsto be
sphaleriteI. Thisidentificationissupportedby itsidi-
omorphichabit. The growthenvironmentfor sphal-
erite I appearsto havebeenrelativelystablein phys-
ical or chemical conditions and to lack hiatuses in time.
SphaleriteII ischaracterized
by bandedzoningand
color variations,particularly in varying shadesof
beige. SphaleriteII followsdirectly on the well-ter-
minatedsphaleriteI crystals,indicatinga generallack
of dissolutionbetweenthe two stages.Bandedzoning
continuesinto sphaleriteIII, alternatingbetween
yellow and white. Growth of sphaleriteIII follows
after a marked hiatus and dissolutionstage. The
bandedsequenceof sphaleriteII andIII is traceable
and correlatable over the whole zinc-dominated ore,
suggesting that it resultedfroma moreregionalthan
local feature. The weak relationshipbetween color
andFe contentsuggests thatthe growthmediumvar-
ied in chemicalcompositionwith time. Other sub-
stances,for exampleCd, probablyvaried as well as
Fe. It is alsointerestingto note the increasedcon-
centrationof fluidinclusions andof darkhydrocarbon
inclusions in sphaleriteII oversphaleriteIII, further

TABLE
9. Homogenization
Temperatures
andMeltingTemperatures
fromLowerSandstone
Ore Calcite,Laisvall

Sample Thrange Thmode Tmrange Tmmode Numberof

number øC øC øC øC inclusions

N-SL 8 105.6-165.4 144 -18.4 to -29.5 -27, -23 50

961-155.5 143.0-200.6 161 -15.3 to -22.0 -18 13
914-128.4 156.2-188.2 170 -20.4 to -21.9 -21 22
914-116.8 152.4-161.2 159 -21.4 to -23.6 -21 4
1201-108.4 158.9-191.8 169 -19.0 to -20.4 -19 8
500-120.6 164.9-169.3 169 -17.7 to -20.1 -19 4
595-64.5 162.3-174.4 170 -18.3 to -20.1 -19 6

Total 105.6-200.6 166 (145) -15.3 to -29.5 -21.0

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 TEXTURAL
& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 57

TABLE 10. MeltingTemperaturesfrom UpperSandstone

Ore Calcite,Laisvall

Calcite I Calcite II

Sample Tmrange T,, mode Tmrange Tmmode

number øC øC øC øC

N-SL 10 -32.2 to -32.2 -27.5

N-SL 2 -9.5 to -19.0 -13
1294-207.6 -11.1 to -14.9 -15 -23.0 -23
31 -15.1 to -15.9 -16 -23.6 -24
1091-220.6 10.4 -10 -20.1 to-28.3 -21
1055-217.2 -10.3 to -13.1 -13
1270-1292.7 -21.6 to -26.4 -22
79-7d:la -20.2 to -24.1 -22
22:1 -12.5 to -15.6 -13

Total -9.5 to -19.0 -14.0 -20.1 to -31.2 -22.1

suggestingchemicalvariations.One explanationfor Two of the three stagesof sphaleritein the upper

thesefeaturesis thattheyreflecta surfaceconnection sandstone ore showdistinctrangesandmodesof ho-
with the sphalerite-precipitating
systemat thistime. mogenization temperatures (Fig. 13). Th (bothrange
SphaleriteIII alsoshowssectorzoningandmarked andmode)maybe plottedagainsta relativetimescale
anisotropy.The anisotropyis directly relatableto (Fig. 17).
structural disorder due to wurtzite formation. Since SphaleriteII isearlierthansphaleriteIII according
wurtziteformationis kineticallyfavoredby the pres- to texturalevidence.Late sphaleriterepresentsfluid
ence of cadmium(which hasbeen detectedin the inclusions that occur in healed fractures that cut across
sphalerite),it is possiblethat differentialcadmium sphaleriteII and III. Thus, there is a distinctgenetic
absorptionon the growingcrystalfacesof sphalerite relationbetweenthesefluid inclusiongenerations.
III maybe responsible forsectorzoningandincreased Figure17 indicatesa generallydecreasing homog-
anisotropy. However,sincehydrocarbons havebeen enizationtemperaturewith time for sphaleritefluid
detected in Laisvall sphaleriteby Rickard et al. inclusions in Laisvall. The healed fracture inclusions
(1975), absorption of organicsubstances alsomayplay of late sphaleriteare interpretedassecondaryinclu-
a role in the developmentof color zoningand an- sionsformedat a late stage.They were probablynot
isotropyin the Laisvallsphalerite.It is interestingto trappedlong after the sphaleriteIII stage,because
notethat sectorzoningalsois characterized by more their Th overlapswith the Th from sphaleriteIII (in
rapid crystalgrowth(Dowty, 1976). Fig. 13) and the salinityis nearly equal to that of
It appearsthat zoning,color, and anisotropyin sphaleriteII andIII. There isa decreasein bothrange
Laisvallsphaleriteare interrelatedand reflectvaria-
tions in the environmentof deposition.An initial,
barely saturatedsolutiondepositedthe sphalerite SPHALERITE I SPHALERITE 1I SPHALERITE 111

slowlyon earlier pyrite nuclei in open spaces.Sub- Sector zoning

sequentvariationsin ground-watercompositions pre-
cipitateda bandedvarietyof sphaleritewith hiatuses
and erosionalstages.Increasedrapidity of crystal
growthcontinuedintothefinalstagewhichproduced
sectorzoningdue to differentialabsorptionof cad-
mium or organicmatter (Fig. 16).
Formationtemperatureof the Laisvall sphalerite
and calcite
Banded zoning

The homogenization temperaturesrepresentthe

temperaturesof formationfor the variousstagesof
sphalerite.No pressurecorrectionhasbeen addedin Oscl[latory zomng
the presentstudybecausethe overburdenat the time
ofmineralization is unknown. The maximum estimate Time -

of 1,000 m would give a pressurecorrectionof less FIG. 16. A schematicrelation between growth rate and
than 20øC for a 25 percent NaC1 solutionand lith- time as displayedby differentzoningin sphaleriteupper sand-
ostaticpressureaccordingto Potter (1977). stone ore.

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 58 STEN LINDBLOM

200 I I I I
and outward(Fig. 15). This appearsto reflectslow
andsteadygrowthduringcooling ofabarelysaturated
180 solution of almost constantcomposition.
Sincethe lower sandstone sphaleriteis intimately
160
associatedwith the dominantgalena,the similarityof
thefluidinclusiondatasuggests
thatthetwoorebodies
at Laisvallwere formed at the sameevent, although
Th*C 140 they are spatiallyseparated
andgeochemically
dis-
similar.
120 The fluid inclusiondatafurther imply two distinct
calcitephasesin the uppersandstone: calciteI de-
100
positedat 180øCfroma solutionwith 18 equiv.wt
percentNaC1andcalciteII deposited at 160øCfrom
a solution
containing24 equiv.wt percentNaC1.Both
stagesareoftenpresentin thesamecrystal.Therange
$Plo'wer
sst Sp']I $p']IT $Pl'ote ofThandtheshapeofthehistogram suggest thatmore
early
TIME
• late thanone stageof calciteis implicatedin the lower
sandstone ore as well.
•a. 17. Homogenization
temperatures
in Laisvalisphalerites Two calcitestageswere alsoobservedtexturally.
plottedagainst
arelativetimescale.
Circles
represent
modal
values The ore calcitein the uppersandstone
hasbeenob-
andthe hatchedarea,the rangesof Th. Sp•.... •t -- lower sandstone
ore sphalerite. servedto postdatesulfidedeposition.There is evi-
denceof calcitedeposition betweenthesulfidestages.
The earlycalcitewaspartiallydissolved by the ore
andmodeof Thwith time for uppersandstone sphal- solutionat a lowertemperature. Redeposition of cal-
erite.The changein temperaturegradientwith time cite occurredduringand after ore deposition. The
is not possible to evaluate.Thereis probablya time textures show that deformation of calcite resulted in
gapbetweensphalerite iI andIII asindicated by the variousdegreesof twin formation. No evidenceof a
hiatusin Figure8. Thereneednotbe anytimelapse majorrecrystallization eventafteroreformation has
betweensphaleriteIII andlate sphalerite. been found.
The homogenization temperatures for bothsphal- The fluorite is associated
both with preore calcite
erite II andIII showvery distinctmodalvalues.This and ore calcite in the lower sandstone.No tempera-
meansthattheydoreflecttheconditions of sphalerite ture measurementshave been obtainedfrom the up-
crystalgrowth.The inclusions measured werefound per sandstone fluorite,but it is interestingto noteits
to fulfillmanyof thecriterialistedby Roedder(1979) closeoccurrence with sphalerite, whichindicates that
asindicativeof primaryinclusions. fluoriteis alsoassociated with ore depositionin the
It is difficult to evaluatethe geographicaldistri- upper sandstone.
butionof sphaleriteII andIII. Outsidethe zinc-dom-
inatedore, only smallquantitiesof sphaleritehave Orefluid evolutionand origin
been observedandthiswasonly foundto consistof
sphaleriteIII in the uppersandstone. Laisvall hasbeen considered asan aberrant member
The differentsphaleritestagesgive differentho- of the Mississippi Valley-typecarbonate-hosted Pb-
mogenization temperatures. There is alsoa spatial Zn deposits (Grip,1954, 1967;Rickardet al., 1979).
variationin homogenization temperatures;for in- Bj•rlykkeandSangster (1981)emphasized thatLais-
stance,sphalerite II isonlyfoundin thezinc-dominantvail and other sandstone-hosted depositsare lead
part of the upper sandstone ore. dominantand comparedthem mainlywith the Vi-
Onlyonetypeof sphalerite hasbeenidentifiedin burnumTrend deposits.This latter comparisonwas
the lower sandstoneand no color zoning was ob- alsodiscussed by Sverjensky (1984) who suggested
served.In colorandtransparency sphal- thatthe typeof aquifer(sandstone
it resembles or carbonate)was
erite III, but other features, suchas the occurrence important
in determining
whetherzincorleadwould
of patchesof dark inclusionsand the lack of color be the dominant ore constituent.
zoning,pointto a separatesphaleritestage.The iron In summary therearemanyfeatures suggestingthat
contentis slightlyhigherand morevariablein the the formationof Laisvallmaybe causedby similar
lower sandstone ore. mechanisms thatoperated in formingMississippiVal-
Homogenization showverydivergent ley-typedeposits.
temperatures Discussions referringto thesemay
rangesandmodalvalues,up to 30øC,betweendif- thusalsoapplyto Laisvall.Thisisimportantbecause
ferentcrystalsin the samesample.Crystalsin other much fluid inclusion work has been done on Missis-
samplesshowdecreasing isothermsfromthe center sippiValley-typedeposits (forsummaries seeRoed-

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 TEXTURAL
& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 59

der, 1976, 1979; Kisvarsanyiet al., 1983) and those seasonal

bandingof sphaleriteandthelackof evidence
dataagreewith the resultspresentedhere. for an extensive overburden. There is no evidence of
Anearlierstudyby Roedder(1968b)oflatefissure boilingfrom fluid inclusions, but we only need an
fillingsphaleriteandcalcitefromLaisvallgavefluid excesscover of 150 m to avoidboilingof a strong
inclusiondataindicatingstrongbrinesandtempera- brine solution.The ground-watersolutionprobably
tures around 150øC. At that time it was difficult to alsocontainedhydrocarbons. A possiblemechanism
relate those data to the formation of the bulk of the for providingreducedsulfurhasbeen proposedby
ore. The presentstudyindicatesthatveinfillingand Rickardand Wallin (in prep.) for the Pb-Zn ore at
ore formationwere in fact closelyrelated and little Vassbofarthersouthin the sameore province.The
subsequent recrystallization
and remobilizationoc- hydrocarbons may either be part of sedimentation,
curred. diagenesis, ground-waterinfiltration,or be fromear-
The fluid inclusion data on the interstitial minerals lier stagesof an oil-fieldbrine influx.
at Laisvallgive the main characteristics of the ore- The mixinghypothesis mayexplainthe closelyoc-
formingenvironment--atemperaturebetween130ø curringcalcite,barite, fluorite, and sulfides.This is
and 180øC and a total salinityaround24 equiv. wt regardlessof whether the sulfur and metals were
percentNaC1.In addition,smallvariationsbetween transported in the brineor the sulfurwassuppliedin
thedifferentsphalerite andcalcitestages indicatethat situ.
the orefluidsvariedin composition andthattheywere If the metals and sulfur were in the same solution,
the resultof mixingof two solutions. precipitationof sulfideswaseffectedbothby cooling
Earlier work on stableisotopes,thermodynamic anddilution.The colorbandingof sphaleriteandsev-
relationships,and massbalancecalculationshas al- eral stagesof mineraldeposition indicatethatoneso-
ready indicatedtwo solutions(Rickardet al., 1979). lution enteredthe areain pulses.The frameworkfor
The observationof zoningand distributionof the episodicexpulsion of brinesout of sedimentary basins
mineralsin the ore togetherwith the texturalobser- has recentlybeen discussed by Cathiesand Smith
vationsona microscopic scalesupportthisexplanation (1983). Thisexplanation isconsistent with the obser-
(Rickardet al., 1981b). vations at Laisvall. But at Laisvall the extent of the
Many discussions of mixingtwo solutionsrely on sedimentarybasin is obscuredby the Caledonian
circumstantial evidence such as solubilities of minerals mountains. However,the conceptof episodicdewa-
and incompatibilityof coexistingsulfur and metal teringof sedimentary basins hasananalogyin episodic
species The presentpaperreliesondirect thrustingof the Caledonides
in solutions. whichwouldproducea
evidencefromfluid inclusions for suggesting two so- similareffecton brine expulsion(Sturt,1978).
lutions at Laisvall. It is interestingto note that episodicoccurrences
The high salinitypointsto at least one solution havebeen discussed in the contextof manygeologic
being a highly concentratedbrine. This solution featuressuchas rifting, faulting,and extinctionof
probablyalsoenteredthe areafrom outsidebecause speciesin recent years.
proximityto the surfaceand absenceof a saltsource
makesit unlikely to havebeen generatedin situ. It Fluid mixing
wouldfurtherbe unlikelythat the othersolutionalso
camefromoutsidethe Laisvallareaasthe probability The melting temperaturesof ice in calcite and
of two movingfluidsmeetingat a favorablelocality sphaleritehaverevealedtwo distinctfluidsat Laisvall.
mustbe consideredextremelysmall.The secondso- Ore fluid evolutionand mixingmay be better illus-
lution wasthen stationaryand assuchwasprobably trated by plotting salinity versushomogenization
a groundwater of low salinitywith a possiblesurface temperatures (Fig. 18) for calciteandsphalerite.Here
connection. the densityof the ore solutionmay be obtainedat
The brine solution would have contained the metals differentstagesand mineralphases.The complexity
becausethesecouldhardlyhavebeen generatedin of the ore paragenesis is illustratedby the density
situ.On the otherhand,a highlysalinesolutioncould plotsandthe datamaybe explainedby a successive
carry appreciableamountsof Pb and Zn aschloride mixingof two solutions with initially differentsalin-
complexes(Helgeson,1964). On itswaythissolution ities, densities,and temperatures.But there is the
may have leached sufficientamountsof metalsfrom problemof how to mix solutions with differentden-
the underlying basementor the sandstoneitself sities.Seawaterlayers,for example,with only small
(Rickardet al., 1981a). differencesin salinitymaynot mix for longtimes.
The other in situ ground-watersolutionwould However,mixingby doublediffusionmayexplain
probablyhavecontainedthe sulfurandwouldprob- the mixingprocess in Laisvall-type deposits(Turner,
ablyhavebeensaturated with respectto calcite.The 1974; Huppert and Turner, 1981; Griffiths, 1981;
oresandstone wasprobablycloseto the surfaceat the Rickard,1983). The doublediffusionphenomenon
time of mineralizationasevidencedby the possibly derives from the difference in diffusivities of the two

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 60 STEN LINDBLOM

halite
saturation
•1 halite • halite
saturation
3O 30-
3O
o o o
z z z

• 25 25-
• 25

20-
•_ 20
z

15-
15

lOO 200 lOO 200 lOO 200

"C øC 'C

halite • halite
saturation

3o

o
z

25÷

1.10

2O 20-

ooo

15-

lOO 200 loo 200

'C øC

halite
saturation
30-
30-

0
Z
25-

20- 20,

15- 15-

loo 200
øC

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 TEXTURAL
& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 61

components, temperatureandsalinity.Bothaffectthe duringheatingwhereassphaleritewouldprecipitate

densityandthusthe possibilityfor mixingof the fluids. duringcoolingor mixing.
The mixingprocessrequiresthat the densitiesof The ore-formingenvironmentindicated by T•,
the fluidsbe nearly equal. This may occurif an in- = 150øC andTm= -22øC (=24 equiv. wt % NaC1)
coming,hot, stronglysalinefluid meetsa cold, less couldresult from mixingbetweena fluid containing
salinefluid.The densitywill decreasewith increasing 18 equiv. wt percent NaC1at 50øC and anothercon-
temperatureanddecreasing salinity.If the hot saline taining 30 equiv. wt percent NaCI at 200øC along
fluid hasthe lower density,it will movein on top of the 1.10 g/cm3 densityline, if theywerepresentin
the otherfluid.If the coldfluidhasthe lowerdensity, equal proportions(Fig. 18).
the hot brine will movebeneath.As longasthere is
a markeddensitydifference,the fluidswill be sepa- Depositionof the ore mineral assemblage
rated alongan extendedinterfacewithout mixing.As
fluid movement continues, the interface will become The situationat Laisvallmay have startedwith
larger, and coolingand salt diffusionwill have an in- groundwater or connatewater presentas the sta-
creasedeffect. Coolingwill increasethe densityof tionarysolution
in thesediments.
Thena concentrated
the incominghot fluid. Concomitantlythe stationary hotbrinewasintroduced.Heatingofthe groundwater
resultedfirst in depositionof calciteI with its low-
fluid will be heated. The resultswill be an approach
of densitiesto the samevalue at which point the in-salinity-high-temperature inclusions and,second,in
terfacewill disappearandconvectivemixingwill oc- densityequalization,mixing,andprecipitationof the
cur. However, during this heating-coolingprocess ore minerals.The parageneticrelations,homogeni-
prior to mixing,mineralsolubilitieswill be affectedzationtemperatures,and carbon-oxygen isotopeev-
and precipitation-dissolution may occur. idence(Lindblom,1984) togethersuggestcalciteas
Saltdiffusionisprobablythe moreimportantin the beingdepositedearly.Dissolution texturesin calcite
present case. Instead of heat, salt componentswill indicatedissolutionof early calciteand redeposition
diffuseat a largerrate asthe interfaceincreases.Theunder ore-stageconditions.Three physicalmecha-
resultingmixingwill be precededby cooling-heating nismsof depositionmaybe distinguished: (1) heating
processesin the above-describedway. of groundwater--calcite deposition;(2) coolingof
The data from the densitydiagramsindicatethe brine--barite and fluorite deposition;and (3) mix-
developmentof the environmentof mineral forma- ing--sulfide deposition.
tion. The calciteI phasein the upper sandstone wasthe
We cannotexpectto find true samplesof the two first phaseto be depositedand representsa higher
solutionsbecausethe ore-formingenvironmentis a temperatureof formationand a lower salinitythan
result of a mixture. An idea of what the solutions the other phasesrecorded.It was precipitatedfrom
wouldhavebeenlike maybe discernedfromthe dif- the initial ground-water solution before mixing
ferences in the fluid inclusion data from calcite with started.
respectto sphalerite. Next, barite was precipitatedin the lower sand-
The two solutionsmaybe exemplifiedby the sep- stone.Barite in solutionis affectedmore by temper-
arate plots of calcite I and calcite II in Figure 18E
ature and salinitydecreasesthan the other minerals.
andby comparingthe plotsof sphaleritewith calcite Baritemayhavebeendepositedat the sametime as
I in the upper sandstone ore. CalciteI wasdeposited
calcitebut in a differentpart of the oreandfromcool-
from a solutionwith a densityaround1.0 g/cc and ing of the brine.
sphaleriteII was depositedfrom a solutionwith a Later oncalcitewaspartly dissolvedduringmixing
densityaround1.10 g/cc.Thesefiguresdonotdenote and coolingat the sametime that the fluorite and
the two solutionsexactly but a combinationsome- sulfideswere deposited.The overallprocesswasre-
where during the mixingprocess.However, we get peated severaltimes.
an idea of the principle in operation. The brine entered the Laisvallarea via the upper
This differencetaken together with the different sandstone, sincethisis the lowermostlayer covering
behavior with regard to temperature dependence the entire Laisvallarea and beyond(Willd6n, 1980).
showsthat early calcite depositionmay be effected The lower and middle sandstoneonly form local em-

FIG. 18. Homogenizationtemperature plotted againstsalinityfor sphaleriteand calcite. Different

stagesof uppersandstone oresphaleriteareplottedseparately in (A) latesphalerite,(B) sphaleriteIII,
and(C) sphaleriteII. The outlinesof thoseplotsare thenput togetherin (D). E. Uppersandstone ore
calcitewith the definedstagescalciteI andcalciteII. F. Lower sandstone ore sphalerite.G. Lower
sandstone orecalcite.Isodensitylineshavebeendrawnat intervalsof 0.05 g/cc(datafromHaas,1976,
andKonnerup-Madsen, 1979).

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 62 STEN LINDBLOM

baymentsand couldnot have servedas aquifersfor of the low concentrationssuggestthat the zinc was
long distances. mainly concentratedin the brine.
In the mixingprocessdescribedabove,the brine It follows that sulfide was either concentrated in
will alwaysbe the heaviersolutionandwill therefore the local groundwater or developedas a result of
moveunderneaththe localgroundwater.Thisiscon- abiologicsulfatereduction.Evidencefor sucha pro-
sistentwith the observationthat early calcitewasde- cesshasbeen acquiredat Vassbo,the sisterdeposit
positedin the upper sandstoneand that sulfidewas of Laisvall (Wallin, 1980; Wallin and Rickard, in
first depositedin the lower sandstone. prep.), andthe organiccompounds foundin Laisvall
The upper sandstonewas sealedby calcite I de- sphalerite(Rickardet al., 1975) alsosupportthisidea.
position.Deposition continuedin the lower sand- Chemical constraints have been discussed as if
stone.Sulfidedepositionin the lower sandstone was equilibriumwere attained.The changein zoningin
accompaniedby calcitedissolutionin both the upper sphaleriteindicatesthat the solutionwas in surface
andlower sandstone. The initialcalcitedepositionwas equilibrium with sphaleriteand changedwhen the
probablylargely dissolvedin the upper sandstone characterofthesolution changed. Dissolutionfeatures
makingroom for the major sulfidedepositionthere. in calciteandsphaleritepoint towardreversiblecon-
Sphaleritehasbeen correlatedto pore spacein the ditionsandmaintenance of equilibrium.The lack of
heterogeneousupper sandstoneby Rickard et al. extensivereplacementtexturesalsoindicatesequi-
(198lb) aslogicalforprimaryprecipitation. Thepores librium conditions.
were not sealeddue to much slowergrowthof this Conclusions
sphaleritethan the previoussphalerite.Calcitelater
refilledthe poresin at leasttwo stages,aftersphalerite Growth zoningand crystallinemicrovugsdemon-
II andafter sphaleriteIII. stratethat sphaleriteand the other cementingmin-
Severalfactorsprobablyworkedtogetherto locate eralsin the Laisvallsandstone were depositedduring
a majorore depositat Laisvall:(1) the sandstone host open-spacecrystalgrowth.The well-preservedpri-
reached its maximum thickness in the Laisvall area; mary depositiontexturesshowthat the Laisvallore
(2) the widening of the sandstonestratamade the hasnot sufferedany major recrystallization.In par-
continuingpressureof the fluiddecrease;and(3) the ticular,sphaleritedisplaysa color-zonedstratigraphy
groundwater was closeand/or connectedwith the that may be tracedover large areasof the mine.
surfaceresultingin interaction. Fluid inclusionsin sphalerite,calcite,and fluorite
Sphaleritedominatestowardthe northwestin the show that the ore was formed between 130 ø and
uppersandstone ore.The upperandlower sandstone 180øC from a solutioncontaining24 equiv. wt per-
oresare interpretedto havebeenformedin separate cent NaC1 with a maximum CaCI2 content of 9 wt
stagesof the sameevent. The upper sandstone ore percent.
solution was Zn dominant whereas the lower sand- Depositionof the ore occurredas a result of the
stone ore solution was Pb dominant. mixingof two solutions; one,a hot highlysalinebrine
Leachingtexturesin sphaleriteindicatethat solu- that entered the Laisvall area from the west and the
tionswere episodicallyundersaturated. The pH was other,a cool,lesssaline,in situground-watersolution.
probablycloseto neutral--neutral pH at 150ø is 5.8 The two solutions were initiallyseparatedalongan
(Helgeson, 1969; Barnes and Kullerud, 1961)- interface,with the heavierhot brine movingunderø
throughoutmostof the period of ore depositionas neaththe lighter andcoolerlocalsolution.The in situ
suggested by calcite-fluoriteand muscovite-feldsparlocal ground-watersolutionwasheatedand precipi-
associations and the absenceof kaolinitc (Roedder, tated calcite. The brine cooledand depositedbarite
1972; Barton, 1981). and fluorite. When salt diffusionhad equalizedthe
The iron contentof sphaleritetogetherwith pH solutiondensities,mixingoccurredandsulfideswere
putsconstraints on the formationof sphalerite(Bar- deposited.The brine entered the area in episodic
ton, 1981). Consideringthe activity of oxygenas a pulsesand the mixingprocesswasrepeated several
functionof pH, sphaleriteformationwould occurin times.
the pyrite stabilityfieldat a pH around6. Thisiscon- Sphaleriteand calcitewere depositedin several
sistentwith nucleationof sphaleriteon pyrite at Lais- stages. The episodicnatureof deposition isevidenced
vail. The concentrations of zinc in the ore solutions by leachingtexturesand color bandingin sphalerite.
are unknown. However, a minimum concentration to The bulk of the galenaore was depositedbefore
forma depositis 10-5 M, whichimpliesa very dis- the bulk of the sphaleriteore. Calcite, barite, and
solved sulfide concentration(Helgeson, 1969; An- fluorite precededsulfidedeposition.Sulfidedeposi-
derson,1973). At high total dissolvedzinc concen- tion wasaccompanied by calcitedissolution.Homog-
trations,even lower sulfideconcentrationswould be enizationtemperaturesrelated to textural relations
present.The lackof dissolved sulfidein the metallif- suggesta generallydecreasingtemperaturein the
eroussolutionandthe largevolumerequiredin view overallore-formingprocess.

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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas
 TEXTURAL
& FLUIDINCLUSION-DATA,
LAISVALL 63

Acknowledgments f6relsemednigra utliindska f6rekomster:

Geol.F6ren.Stock-
holm F6rh., v. 76, p. 357-380.
This studyis part of a Ph.D. thesissupervised
by -- 1960, The lead depositsof the easternborder of the Ca-
D. Rickard.The critical commentsby D. Vaughan,J. ledonidesin Sweden:Internat.Geol. Cong.,21st, Norden 1960,
Tourer, and F. E. Wickman are much appreciated. Rept., Pt. 16, p. 149-159.
The work wasfinancedby the SwedishTechnicalDe- -- 1967, On the genesisof the leadoresof the easternborder
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fiack-havsomridet, in Grip, E., and Frietsch,R., eds.,Malm i
July 2 7, 1984; March 25, 1985 Sverige,vol. 2: Stockholm,AlmqvistandWiksell, p. 10-66.
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by Society of Economic Geologists, Cesar Ricardo Vargas