©2018 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

Economic Geology, v. 113, pp. 163–192

Geochronology of the Tumpangpitu Porphyry Au-Cu-Mo and

High-Sulfidation Epithermal Au-Ag-Cu Deposit: Evidence for Pre- and
Postmineralization Diatremes in the Tujuh Bukit District, Southeast Java, Indonesia*
Rachel L. Harrison,1,2,3,4,5,† Adi Maryono,1,2 Malcolm S. Norris,3 Bruce D. Rohrlach,3
David R. Cooke,4,5 Jay M. Thompson,5 Robert A. Creaser,6 and David S. Thiede7
1 Joglo Pete, Dusun Pete, Majaksingi, Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java 56553, Indonesia
2 PT J Resources Nusantara, Equity Tower, SCBD, Jl. Jend Sudirman, Jakarta 12190, Indonesia
3 Sunstone Metals Ltd., Gardner Close, P.O. Box 1565, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia
4 Transforming the Mining Value Chain, An Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Research Hub,
University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
5 Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
6 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
7 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia

Abstract
The Tumpangpitu porphyry and high-intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit is the largest deposit in the
Tujuh Bukit district, southeast Java, Indonesia. The porphyry resource contains 1.9 billion tonnes @ 0.45% Cu
and 0.45 g/t Au, for 28.1 Moz Au and 19 billion lbs of Cu. There are an additional 2.1 Moz Au and 72.9 Moz of
Ag in oxidized high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization.
Tumpangpitu is located along a NW-striking structural corridor covering an area of 12 × 5 km that hosts sev-
eral Cu-Au-Mo mineralized tonalitic porphyries, each with varying degrees of metal enrichment. At least eight
discrete intrusions spanning the alteration-mineralization sequence have been identified at Tumpangpitu. What
is unusual, however, is the presence of both a premineralization, relatively dry volcanic breccia pipe (Tanjung
Jahe) and a late-mineralization diatreme complex associated with a significant, large magmatic-hydrothermal
system (Tumpangpitu) in the same district.
Magmatism, mineralization, and alteration at Tumpangpitu occurred in response to north-directed subduc-
tion of the Indo-Australian plate beneath the Asian continental plate margin. The Tujuh Bukit district is floored
by early to late Miocene sedimentary and andesitic volcanic rocks. Volcanic-hydrothermal activity at Tujuh
Bukit began with the formation of the weakly altered Tanjung Jahe diatreme complex (U-Pbzircon ages of 8.78 ±
0.22–8.52 ± 0.21 Ma). Mineralization at Tumpangpitu was preceded by the intrusion of a large, equigranular,
dioritic batholith (5.81 ± 0.20–5.18 ± 0.27 Ma). Hydrothermal activity associated with mineralization has been
constrained by U-Pb age determinations from syn- to late-mineralization porphyries that were emplaced in the
early Pliocene from 5.40 ± 0.46 to 3.94 ± 0.69 Ma.
High- and intermediate-sulfidation Au-Ag ± Cu mineralization and associated advanced argillic alteration
(part of a district-scale lithocap) has overprinted and significantly upgraded the top of the porphyry orebody.
40Ar/39Ar dating of alunite (4.385 ± 0.049 Ma) and Re-Os dating of molybdenite (4.303 ± 0.018 Ma) have

defined a short time period between the high-sulfidation epithermal and porphyry mineralization events. This
suggests extreme rates of uplift, exhumation, and erosion in the vicinity of the Sunda-Banda magmatic arc.
Volcanic-hydrothermal activity associated with the Tumpangpitu diatreme occurred during epithermal min-
eralization (breccia matrix zircon age of 2.7 ± 1.0 Ma with systematic errors). Clasts of high-sulfidation state
mineralized rocks are a minor but significant component of the diatreme, and late-stage epithermal veins cut-
ting the diatreme demonstrate an intermineralization timing with respect to epithermal activity in the district,
implying that epithermal mineralization continued intermittently for 1 to 1.5 m.y. after porphyry mineralization
ceased at Tumpangpitu.

Introduction southeastern coast of the island of Java. Tumpangpitu is part

The recently discovered Tumpangpitu porphyry Au-Cu-Mo
and high-sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag ± Cu deposit is one of
the largest porphyry deposits in the Sunda-Banda magmatic
arc of Indonesia (Fig. 1). The deposit is located just outside
the village of Pulau Merah, Banyuwangi Regency on the
†Corresponding author: e-mail, racharrison@gmail.com
*Electronic appendices for this paper with additional data can be found at
www.economicgeology.org.
doi: 10.5382/econgeo.2018.4547
0361-0128/18/163-30 163
of a trend of multiple, nested mineralized tonalite porphyry
stocks that intruded along two NW-trending structural cor-
ridors in the Tujuh Bukit district (Fig. 2).
High- and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal mineraliza-
tion at Tumpangpitu extends from present-day surface (486 m
above sea level [a.s.l.]) to depths of more than 1 km below
sea level (b.s.l.), overprinting >800 m of porphyry Au-Cu-Mo
mineralization, making Tumpangpitu one of the best exam-
ples in the world of a giant, telescoped epithermal-porphyry
deposit (Norris, 2011; Rohrlach, 2011).

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 164 HARRISON ET AL.

Fig. 1. Spatial distribution of the major porphyry and epithermal deposits of Indonesia.

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 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 165

North

Sample ID/U-Pb result

Drillhole collar

Root of diatreme vent

NW - trending fault

NE - trending cross fault

N - trending fault
Regional arc - parallel
structure

Section line 500 m

Coastline

Phase 8 quartz Phase 7 quartz Phase 2 diorite Andesitic volcanic rocks

diorite porphyry diorite porphyry
Phase 6 coarse-grained Tanjung Jahe upper facies Mudstone
Mud-matrix breccia tonalite porphyry bedded diatreme breccia
Tanjung Jahe lower facies Limestone
Tumpangpitu upper facies Phase 5 fine-grained
bedded diatreme breccia tonalite porphyry diatreme breccia
Crystal ash tuff
Phase 4 very-coarse Phase 1 hornblende
Hydrothermal breccia quartz diorite porphyry
grained tonalite porphyry Siltstone
Tumpangpitu lower facies Phase 3 Zone B quartz Volcanic breccia Volcanic sandstone
diatreme breccia diorite porphyry

Fig. 2. Geologic surface plan of Tumpangpitu showing surface and shallow drill hole sampling locations with results of U-Pb
zircon analyses. All analytic results are listed in Table 1.

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 166 HARRISON ET AL.
This paper provides the first detailed geologic documenta-
tion and radiometric age determinations for Tumpangpitu. A
particular focus is placed on the documentation of relative
and absolute timing of the pre- and late-mineralization dia-
treme breccia complexes. The geologic models presented in
this paper, based on logging of drill core and field mapping,
have guided the exploration program and resulted in the dis-
covery of additional ore resources. The geochronological data
for Tumpangpitu is used to provide insights into the timing
and duration of magmatic and phreatomagmatic activity and
temporal constraints on the volcanic and sedimentary host
rocks, seven of the intrusive units, including the main miner-
alized intrusions, and a selection of regional porphyries in the
Tujuh Bukit district.
Regional Setting
The Sunda-Banda metallogenic belt is approximately 3,940 km
long, extending southeast from the northern tip of Sumatra
to west Java then eastward through east Java, Bali, Lombok,
Sumbawa, Flores, and Damar islands (Hamilton, 1979; Car-
lile and Mitchell, 1994; Setijadji et al., 2006; Fig. 1). These
islands share similarities in tectonic setting and regional geol-
ogy and are dominated by Neogene and Quaternary volcanic
complexes and comagmatic stocks associated with porphyry
Au-Cu ± Mo as well as low-, intermediate-, and high-sulfida-
tion epithermal Au-Ag deposits and prospects. The western
portion of the arc is dominated by poorly endowed porphyry
prospects in the northern tip of Sumatra (Fig. 1). The align-
ment of mineralized centers continues to the southeast toward
central and eastern Sumatra via the Martabe high-sulfidation
epithermal deposit, which contains several low-sulfidation
epithermal deposits. Occurrences of minor poorly endowed
porphyry deposits appear again in West Java at Ciemas and
toward Central Java at Selogiri, Wonogiri, Trenggalek, and
Malang with epithermal deposits and prospects dominating
this segment (Fig. 1). Tumpangpitu lies on the southeast coast
of East Java, within the central portion of the Sunda-Banda
magmatic arc (Fig. 1). It is the first world-class occurrence of
high-grade porphyry Cu-Au mineralization discovered in East
Java. Continuing eastward along the arc, the trend of world-
class porphyry deposits continues with Batu Hijau, Elang, and
Hu’U in Sumbawa (Carlile and Mitchell, 1994; Garwin, 2002;
Maryono et al., 2012, 2016). The far eastern portion of the arc
toward Flores and Damar islands hosts volcanogenic massive
sulfide (VMS) deposits at Wetar and Romang island (Seran
and Farmer, 2013; Fig. 1).
Magmatism began in the late Oligocene and migrated both
from west to east and south to north over time (Katili, 1975;
Whitford, 1975). This migration is clearly evident from the
east-west alignment of deeply dissected Miocene to Pliocene
volcanic centers along the south coast of Java, Lombok, and
Sumbawa and by a parallel east-west alignment of juvenile
and active Quaternary volcanoes that define the present active
arc farther north along Central Java and northern Bali, Lom-
bok, and Sumbawa. The Sunda-Banda arc is segmented by
a series of arc-normal, NE-trending structures that are evi-
dent in topographic data sets. Tectonic factors appear to have
localized volcanic centers of the Miocene arc at positions near
the southwest margins of these transfer structures. Contem-
poraneous continental to deep-ocean clastic sediments were
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deposited on the margins of the volcanic centers (Garwin,
2002; Maryono et al., 2012).
Deposit Geology
Tumpangpitu is a large, complex resource that comprises
Au-Ag (oxide) and Au-Ag-Cu (hypogene) high-sulfidation
mineralization and associated advanced argillic alteration in
an area that is 4 km long and 1.8 km wide (part of a district-
scale lithocap), overprinting the top of a Cu-Au-Mo porphyry
deposit. High-sulfidation orebodies are hosted by three main
NW- and N-trending quartz ridges known as zone A, zone B,
and zone C (Fig. 2). The ridges contain oxide ore close to sur-
face, with transitional and sulfide ore at depth. Porphyry min-
eralization extends from elevations of 55 m a.s.l. to depths of
over 1,000 m b.s.l., and the 0.2% Cu shell extends 1.2 to 1.5 km
laterally around the tonalite intrusive complex (Figs. 3, 4).
Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo mineralization at Tumpangpitu was
localized within and around the early Pliocene Tumpangpitu
porphyry complex (Figs. 3, 4). This composite tonalitic stock
intruded a larger hypabyssal diorite and an early to late Mio-
cene sedimentary package interlayered with and overlain by
andesitic volcanic rocks. Massive volcanic breccias occupy the
peak of the zone A oxide deposit (Fig. 3). The volcanic brec-
cias at zone A host hydrothermal breccias containing epither-
mal mineralization. Two diatreme breccia bodies have been
identified: the Tanjung Jahe premineralization diatreme that
occupies the southern coastline and the Tumpangpitu post-
porphyry mineralization diatreme (Figs. 2–4). The Tump-
angpitu diatreme has crosscut and removed some porphyry
mineralization but hosts some late-stage high-sulfidation epi-
thermal mineralization (Fig. 3; Table 1).
Sedimentary and andesitic volcanic host rocks
The premineralization stratigraphic package at Tumpangpitu
is composed of a sequence of well-bedded turbidites and
shallow marine sedimentary rocks. These include sedimen-
tary breccias, juvenile volcanic sandstones, siltstones, wackes,
fine-grained tuff, crystal ash tuff, and lesser carbonaceous
shales and mudstones, with minor shallow marine limestones.
The volcano-sedimentary package is overlain by and interca-
lated in its upper sections with a package of andesitic volcanic
rocks that is restricted to the northeast side of Tumpangpitu
(Figs. 2–4). Above the carapace of the Tumpangpitu stock,
the original stratigraphic sequence has been disrupted by the
porphyry complex and partly destroyed by the Tumpangpitu
diatreme and higher level hydrothermal breccias, the former
of which contain abundant clasts of the underlying sedimen-
tary and andesitic rock units (Figs. 3–5B). The sedimentary
rocks of Tumpangpitu dip inward at approximately 40° in a
concentric fashion toward the central porphyry intrusive com-
plex (e.g., Figs. 3, 4; Rohrlach, 2011).
Tanjung Jahe premineralization diatreme
The Tanjung Jahe diatreme forms a distinctive, well-exposed
headland on the southernmost peninsula of Tumpangpitu
(Figs. 2, 6). Its dimensions are approximately 1,150 m N-S ×
500 m E-W. It is separated from the younger Tumpangpitu
diatreme toward the north by a large exposure of phase 2 dio-
rite (Fig. 2). The Tanjung Jahe diatreme can be split into a
lower and upper facies. Both facies are altered to chlorite-illite


230 SW 050 NE

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Tumpangpitu upper facies
bedded diatreme breccia
Hydrothermal breccia
Tumpangpitu lower facies
diatreme breccia
Phase 7 quartz
diorite porphyry
Phase 6 coarse-grained

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tonalite porphyry
Phase 5 fine-grained
tonalite porphyry
U/Pb result
Phase 2 diorite
Au 0.5 ppm

Cu 0.5% Andesitic volcanic rocks

Mudstone
Hole ID
EOH
Limestone
NW-trending fault
Inferred NW-trending fault Crystal ash tuff
Inferred NE-trending cross fault
GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Siltstone
Top of porphyry mineralization -1,000 masl
(M, A, B or C vein stockwork ± Volcanic sandstone
porphyry Cu sulfides) 500 m

Fig. 3. Sampling locations and results of U-Pb zircon analysis on type section 11060 mN at Tumpangpitu. Section line location shown on Figure 2. Porphyry vein termi-
nology after Gustafson and Hunt (1975); Dilles and Einaudi (1992). All analytic results are listed in Table 1. Abbreviations: A = sugary quartz-sulfide, B = sulfide-center
line crystalline, C = chalcopyrite, M = magnetite.
167
 168
230 SW 050 NE
A

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HARRISON ET AL.

-1,000 masl

500 m

Fig. 4. (A) Sampling locations and results of U-Pb zircon analysis on section 11220 mN at Tumpangpitu. Section line location shown on Figure 2. Porphyry vein termi-
nology after Gustafson and Hunt (1975); Dilles and Einaudi (1992). All analytic results are listed in Table 1. (B) Geology section 10660 mN at Tumpangpitu. Section
line location shown on Figure 2. Porphyry vein terminology after Gustafson and Hunt (1975); Dilles and Einaudi (1992). Abbreviations: A = sugary quartz-sulfide, B =
sulfide-center line crystalline, C = chalcopyrite, M = magnetite.
 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 169

050 NE

-1,000 masl

Fig. 4. (Cont.)
500 m
230 SW
B

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 170 HARRISON ET AL.

Table 1. Summary of New 206Pb/238U Age Determinations from Intrusive and Host Rocks at Tumpangpitu

Mine
Sample ID/depth (m) Coordinates/RL (m) unit Alteration Mineralization

Sedimentary and andesitic volcanic rocks

GTD-10-138/964 E174148 N9046090/266 SED Quartz-illite -
GTD-08-46/825.5 E174512 N9046872/338 SED Quartz-illite -
GTD-12-292/513 E174082 N9046550/257 AND Quartz-kaolinite-pyrophyllite-barite Pyrite-chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite-
    enargite  
GTD-10-172/363 E174240 N9046440/290 AND Quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite-diaspore-dickite -
ARM-TB-56 E173050 N9047657/1 SED (1) Chlorite-calcite -
(2) quartz-dickite-kaolinite

Phase 1; hornblende quartz diorite

ARM-TB-43 E173050 N9047657/3 - - -
 

Tanjung Jahe diatreme

ARM-TB-44 E175347 N9043797/3 - Chlorite-illite -
 
ARM-TB-40 E175408 N9043609/3 - Epidote-chlorite-calcite -
 

Volcanic breccia
GTD-08-49/19.7 E174365 N9046669/485 VBX Quartz-kaolinite -

Phase 2; old diorite

GTD-09-129/102 E173503 N9046136/203 OD Quartz-kaolinite-dickite -
 
GT010/319.6 E174315 N9046735/482 OD Quartz-illite-kaolinite -
 
GTD-08-46/300 E174512 N9046872/338 OD Chlorite-calcite -
 
 
GTD-08-42/54.4 E173495 N9046564/69 OD Quartz-prophyllite-kaolinite Pyrite-chalcopyrite-covellite
 
GTD-09-112/446 E173877 N9046141/214 OD Quartz-illite-kaolinite-pyrophyllite Pyrite-chalcopyrite
 
 
GTD-09-104/357.2 E174185 N9046808/405 OD Quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite-diaspore Tetrahedrite-tennantite
 
ARM-TB-48 E175652 N9044061/3 OD Chlorite-calcite -

Katak tonalite porphyry

KTD-10-001/185.8 E176226 N9047930/45 - (1) K-feldspar-biotite-magnetite (1) Chalcopyrite-bornite
(2) Illite-chlorite-calcite (2) Pyrite-chalcopyrite  

Phase 3; zone B quartz diorite porphyry

GTD-10-137/775.7 E175020 N9045397/364 - (1) Biotite-K-feldspar-magnetite Pyrite-chalcopyrite
(2) Quartz-illite-chlorite  
 

Phase 4; very coarse grained tonalite

GTD-12-334/911.1 E174001 N9046654/275 VCT (1) Chlorite-magnetite (1) Chalcopyrite
(2) Illite (2) Pyrite-chalcopyrite  
 

Phase 5; fine-grained tonalite

GTD-12-292/513 E174082 N9046550/257 FT (1) Quartz-kaolinite-pyrophyllite (1) Pyrite-chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite
(2) Barite (2) Pyrite-enargite
(3) Colusite
GTD-08-35/555 E174080 N9046551/257 FT (1) Biotite Pyrite-chalcopyrite-chalcocite
(2) Illite
(3) Kaolinite  
 

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 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 171

Table 1. (Cont.)

Number
Veins/paragenesis Age (Ma) ± 2σ of analyses Rock description

- 20.67 ± 0.47/ 0.50 14 Fine-grained basement sedimentary rock

- 16.68 ± 0.35/ 0.37 15 Fine-grained sandstone basement with 1– 2 cm laminations
(1) Pyrite-chalcopyrite-bornite- 13.90 ± 1.20/ 1.2 10 Fine-grained, equigranular andesitic rock crosscut by phase 5
  chalcocite; (2) enargite; (3) colusite ˜fine-grained tonalite
- 13.6 ± 1.30/ 1.31   8 Strongly altered equigranular fine-grained andesitic rock
- 8.69 ± 0.29/ 0.30 16 Bedded volcanic sandstone exposure along Pulau Merah coastline

- 8.46 ± 0.36/ 0.37 14 20 by 15 cm clast of phase 1 coarse-grained hornblende-quartz-

  diorite in upper facies Tanjung Jahe diatreme breccia

- 8.78 ± 0.22 / 0.24 18 Intercalated sedimentary rock (sand and mudstone) in upper facies
  diatreme breccia
- 8.52 ± 0.21/ 0.23 19 Fine-grained matrix of diatremebreccia, andesitic composition with
  small hornblende-bearing (mm to cm) clasts

- 5.74 ± 0.48/ 0.49 12 Welded crystal tuff

- 5.90 ± 1.0/ 1.01   7 Phase 2 medium-grained diorite; plagioclase replaced by kaolinite-

  dickite; no quartz-eye phenocrysts
- 5.81 ± 0.20/ 0.21 15 Phase 2 medium-grained diorite, illite has replaced feldspar
 (plagioclase)
- 5.59 ± 0.37/ 0.38 10 Phase 2 medium- to coarse-grained diorite; subhedral plagioclase
  phenocrysts; primary magnetite; <5% quartz as phenocrysts and
 matrix
- 5.50 ± 0.38/ 0.39 15 Phase 2 medium-grained strongly altered diorite; covellite
  intergrown with kaolinite replaced early chalcopyrite
- 5.38 ± 0.30/ 0.31 13 Phase 2 medium-grained diorite clast with ghosted hornblende and
  biotite phenocrysts; anhedral ex-feldspar phenocrysts altered to
  illite-kaolinite-pyrophyllite in Tumpangpitu diatreme
- 5.28 ± 0.55/ 0.56   4 Phase 2 strongly silicified fine-grained diorite, lack of quartz
 phenocrysts
- 5.18 ± 0.27/ 0.28 14 Phase 2 chlorite altered medium-grained diorite

(1) Quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite- 5.26 ± 0.47/ 0.48 14 K-feldspar altered coarse-grained hornblende tonalite porphyry
  bornite-pyrite   with 20% primary quartz
(2) Chlorite-illite

- 4.71 ± 0.47/ 0.49 14 Phase 3 quartz diorite porphyry; quartz comprises 15% of
  porphyry; chlorite has replaced secondary biotite and illite has
  replaced groundmass plagioclase

- 4.89 ± 0.40/ 0.41 12 Phase 4 weakly mineralized coarse-grained tonalite with crowded
  subhedral plagioclase and large granoblastic quartz-eye
  phenocrysts; magnetite-chalcopyrite association

(1) Pyrite-chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite 5.60 ± 1.2 / 1.2   8 Phase 5 fine-grained, strongly quartz altered equigranular tonalite
(2) Enargite   that intruded into andesite basement rocks; evidence of zircon
(3) Colusite   inheritance
(1) Quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite/A 5.4 ± 0.46/ 0.47 14 Phase 5 biotite overprinted by illite alteration in hornblende-biotite
(2) Quartz-illite-pyrite/D   tonalite, crowded tabular to prismatic ghosted hydrothermal
  biotite and feldspar phenocrysts; contained in a fine-grained
  equigranular groundmass

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 172 HARRISON ET AL.

Table 1. (Cont.)

Mine
Sample ID/depth (m) Coordinates/RL (m) unit Alteration Mineralization

Phase 5; fine-grained tonalite (Cont.)

GTD-08-56/463 E173878 N9046141/214 FT Magnetite-chlorite Chalcopyrite
 
 
GTD-11-201/600 E174155 N9046097/267 FT Quartz-pyrophyllite-alunite Covellite-bornite-chalcocite-tetrahedrite-
  tennantite-enargite
 

Phase 6; coarse-grained tonalite

GTD-11-192/891 E174074 N9046298/251 CT Quartz-illite ± kaolinite-dickite (1) Chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite-
  covellite
(2) Molybdenite  
(3) Enargite
GTD-11-201/988 E174155 N9046097/267 CT Biotite-chlorite Chalcopyrite
 
GTD-12-292/1012 E174082 N9046550/257 CT (1) Biotite-magnetite Chalcopyrite
(2) Chlorite  
(3) Illite  
 
GTD-10-166/1082.7 E174156 N9046095/267 CT (1) Biotite-magnetite-K-feldspar Chalcopyrite
(2) Chlorite
 
GTD-11-201/1097 E174155 N9046097/267 CT (1) Magnetite-biotite-K-feldspar-chlorite Chalcopyrite
(2) Quartz-illite-kaolinite
 
 
GTD-08-56/807 E173878 N9046141/214 CT (1) Biotite-magnetite Chalcopyrite
(2) Chlorite-magnetite-hematite

 
GTD-11-248/409 E174385 N9046285/322 CT (1) Biotite-magnetite Chalcopyrite
(2) Chlorite  
(3) Illite

Phase 7; quartz diorite

GTD-10-139/355 E173503 N9046136/203 QD Chlorite-illite -
 
 
GTD-10-146/156 E173595 N9046376/107 QD Quartz-kaolinite -
GTD-10-167/91.7 E173890 N9046413/194 QD Chlorite-calcite -
 
 
GTD-10-166/651 E174156 N9046095/267 QD (1) Chlorite -
(2) Quartz-illite-kaolinite  
 
 
GTD-08-35/472.1 E174080 N9046550/257 QD Quartz-kaolinite- dickite -
 

Pulau Merah tonalite porphyry

GT003/489.2 E173106 N9047573/10 - (1) Quartz-K-feldspar-biotite-magnetite Chalcopyrite-pyrite
(2) Illite-chlorite, Fe-carbonate, hematite  
 

Tumpangpitu diatreme
GTD-10-172/12 E174240 N9046440/290 UF- Chlorite-illite-montmorillonite -
DBX  

Notes: 193-nm laser @ 5 Hz, 60% power, 2J/cm2, 32-µm spot size; 17-µm spot size in italics; A, B, and D type veins after Gustafson and Hunt (1975); all
coordinates/reduced elevations are recorded for drill hole collar locations; text in italics signifies samples with two ages from zircon inheritance; - indicates
no data available
Abbreviations: A = sugary quartz-sulfide veins, B = sulfide-center line crystalline veins, D = pyrite + quartz-chalcopyrite veins, EB = early biotite veins, HSE
= high-sulfidation epithermal veins, M = magnetite veins, RL = reduced elevation

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 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 173

Table 1. (Cont.)

Number
Veins/paragenesis Age (Ma) ± 2σ of analyses Rock description

- 4.68 ± 0.60/ 0.61 16 Phase 5 magnetite altered fine-grained equigranular tonalite;

  1–2 mm quartz eye crystals and quartz groundmass compose
  20% of rock
(1) Quartz-chalcopyrite-bornite/A 4.27 ± 0.54/ 0.55 11 Phase 5 strongly mineralized fine-grained equigranular tonalite
(2) Pyrite-bornite-chalcocite-covellite-
  tetrahedrite-tennantite enargite/HSE

(1) Quartz-chalcopyrite-bornite/A/B 4.64 ± 0.60/ 0.61 16 Phase 6 coarse-grained tonalite; porphyritic, crystal-crowded
(2) Quartz-illite-pyrite/D   texture; euhedral to subhedral ex-plagioclase phenocrysts altered
  to illite and kaolinite

Quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite-pyrite/A 4.34 ± 0.48/ 0.49 15 Phase 6 coarse-grained tonalite; potassic alteration; chlorite
  replaced secondary biotite that replaced magmatic hornblende
Quartz-magnetite/A 4.33 ± 0.61/ 0.62 13 Phase 6 potassic altered well-mineralized coarse-grained tonalite
  with crowded ex-plagioclase annhedral feldspars altered to illite;
  strong quartz-magnetite veining and magnetite-chalcopyrite
 association
(1) Quartz-chalcopyrite-magnetite 4.32 ± 0.87/ 0.88   7 Phase 6 biotite coarse-grained tonalite; large quartz phenocrysts up
(2) Magnetite-chalcopyrite ± quartz   to 0.5 cm; chlorite has replaced biotite; magnetite is closely
  associated with chalcopyrite
(1) Biotite/EB 4.26 ± 0.45/ 0.46 14 Phase 6 medium-grained crowded plagioclase-phyric tonalite;
(2) Quartz-pyrite-magnetite-chalcopyrite/A   15–20% quartz eye phenocrysts and relict mafics in fine-grained
  illite-altered groundmass; quartz-illite overprint on K-feldspar
 alteration
(1) Quartz/A 4.10 ± 0.45/ 0.46 11 Phase 6 potassic altered coarse-grained tonalite with granoblastic
(2) Quartz/B   quartz eyes (up to 1 cm); hydrothermal chlorite has replaced
(3) Quartz- illite-pyrite/D   secondary biotite; absence of copper sulfide in the early porphyry
 veins
Magnetite/M 4.03 ± 0.65/ 0.66 14 Phase 6 potassic altered well-mineralized coarse-grained tonalite;
  strong M vein network and magnetite-chalcopyrite association

- 4.26 ± 0.57/ 0.58 14 Phase 7 barren very coarse-grained quartz diorite; crowded tabular
  euhedral plagioclase phenocrysts have been replaced by illite;
  large (up to 1 cm) stable hornblende phenocrysts
- 4.25 ± 0.44/ 0.45 15 Phase 7 barren crystal-crowded coarse-grained quartz diorite
- 4.17 ± 0.24/ 0.25 15 Phase 7 barren very coarse-grained quartz diorite with large 1 cm
  quartz eyes; anhedral plagioclase phenocrysts, hornblende and
  biotite in a fine crystalline chloritic groundmass
Quartz-illite-pyrite/D 4.09 ± 0.42/ 0.43 14 Phase 7 medium-grained quartz diorite/tonalite; hornblende
  phenocrysts replaced by chlorite, anhedral plagioclase
  phenocrysts replaced by illite-kaolinite in finer-grained crystalline
  quartz-rich groundmass; weak to no mineralization
- 3.94 ± 0.69/ 0.70 22 Phase 7 barren coarse-grained quartz diorite with crowded
  ex-plagioclase phenocrysts altered to kaolinite-dickite

Quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite-pyrite/A 3.98 ± 0.21/ 0.22 15 Potassic altered Pulau Merah coarse-grained biotite-hornblende
  tonalite; primary phenocryst and groundmass quartz comprises
  25% of the porphyry; chalcopyrite-magnetite association

- 2.7 ± 0.50 / 1.0 1 of 22 Diatreme breccia with 1 mm to 2 cm mineralized clasts of phases

  1–7 in fine-grained matrix of andesitic composition

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 174 HARRISON ET AL.

A B

pyrized
shale clast
cv-bn-py
clast

tenn

1 cm 1 cm

C D

vuggy qtz-py-en mt
qtz-mt-cp

1 cm 1 cm

E F

1 cm 1 cm

Fig. 5. Mineralized high- and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal and porphyry clasts in upper and lower facies diatreme
breccias at Tumpangpitu. (A) 9046440 mN 174240 mE; drill hole GTD-10-172; 9.4 m. Massive covellite-bornite-pyrite clast
in polymict chlorite-illite-calcite altered tuffaceous breccia matrix. (B) 9046141 mN 173878 mE; drill hole GTD-08-56;
95.10 m. Tenanntite specks in quartz diorite clast in silicified alunite altered matrix. Top of photo: clast of pyritized shale.
(C) 9046141 mN 173878 mE; drill hole GTD-08-56; 107 m. Rounded clast of vuggy quartz and alunite with pyrite-enargite
adjacent to flow-matrix banding in polymictic breccia. (D) 9045502 mN 174733 mE; drill hole GTD-09-65; 116.75 m, zone
B. Clast of quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite sulfide-center line crystalline vein stockwork in quartz-magnetite-chlorite altered
fine-grained phase 5 tonalite in milled breccia. (E) 9046141 mN 173877 mE; drill hole GTD-09-112; 250.6 m. Clast of
sulfide-center line crystalline porphyry stockwork, both matrix and clasts overprinted by strong quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite
alteration in a quartz-rich crystalline cement of lower facies breccia. (F) 9046141 mN 173878 mE; drill hole GTD-08-56;
119 m. Rounded clast of vuggy quartz with enargite in crystalline quartz-ex-feldspar matrix of lower facies diatreme breccia.
Abbreviations: bn = bornite, cp = chalcopyrite, cv = covellite, en = enargite, mt = magnetite, py = pyrite, qtz = quartz, tenn =
tennantite. Porphyry vein terminology after Gustafson and Hunt (1975); Dilles and Einaudi (1992).

± smectite (montmorillonite/nontronite) ± epidote ± calcite, Tanjung Jahe—lower facies: The southeastern side of the
consistent with its distal location relative to the Tumpangpitu Tanjung Jahe headland is dominated by a polymict, clast-
mineralized center. supported breccia with clasts up to 1 m in diameter (Fig.

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 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 175

B C

D E

Fig. 6. Features of lower and upper facies diatreme breccia from coastal exposures at Tanjung Jahe. All geochronological data
in Table 1. (A) 9043200 mN 175580 mE, 2 m a.s.l. Clast-supported lower facies diatreme breccia with meter-scale polymict
clasts cut by thrust faults infilled with hematite and calcite. (B) 9043624 mN 175407 mE, 2 m a.s.l. Juvenile andesitic clast
with ragged contact in fine-grained tuffaceous andesitic breccia matrix. (C) 9043610 mN 175380 mE, 1 m a.s.l. Thermally
oxidized phase 1 quartz diorite clast. (D) 9043797 mN 175347 mE, 1 m a.s.l. Fine-grained mudstones and sandstones inter-
layered with fine-grained andesitic milled breccia with 1- to 3-mm hornblende crystals. (E) 043650 mN 175394 mE, elevation
3 m a.s.l. Mineralized clast of chalcocite-pyrite-Cu oxide.

6A). Polymictic clasts are set in a fine-grained tuffaceous (Fig. 6C), diorite clasts, sedimentary rocks (siltstone, sand-
matrix of andesitic composition comprising broken plagio- stone, mudstone, and limestone), fragments of coral, red
clase, hornblende, and magnetite. Clast types recognized thermally oxidized igneous clasts (Fig. 6C), rare mineral-
include phase 1 quartz diorite with hornblende megacrysts ized fragments of chalcocite-pyrite ± Cu oxides (Fig. 6E),

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 176 HARRISON ET AL.
and hornblende gabbro (source exposure unknown). Wispy,
ragged fine-grained andesitic clasts (Fig. 6B) have been rec-
ognized in the lower facies breccia. They are interpreted
as juvenile magmatic clasts (e.g., Sillitoe, 1985; Davies et
al., 2008) in proximity to a postulated vent or root zone of
coherent andesite (Fig. 2). Where fresh andesitic rock is
present as clasts, up to 1- to 2-mm-sized magnetite and up
to 3-mm-long hornblende grains are present. Magnetite also
occurs as small (<1 mm) crystals in the breccia matrix. The
large amount of magnetite has produced a positive magnetic
anomaly coincident with the Tanjung Jahe breccia headland.
The magnetic anomaly is due to primary igneous magnetite,
as has been confirmed by mapping.
Tanjung Jahe—upper facies: The western and northeastern
exposures of the headland are characterized by layers of ash
with accretionary lapilli and matrix-supported breccia with
locally graded bedding and intercalated surficial sedimentary
rocks including siltstone, sandstone, and mudstone (Fig. 5D).
The beds generally dip gently (15°–25°) toward the east. The
upper facies are fault juxtaposed against the lower facies by a
NW-trending, SW-dipping fault that has truncated the head-
land, with a significant but unquantified component of vertical
movement.
Intrusions
The calc-alkaline intrusive complex at Tumpangpitu comprises
at least eight individual intrusive phases, ranging in composi-
tion from diorite to quartz diorite and tonalite. Textures vary
from equigranular to porphyritic. Sizes range in size from nar-
row (meter-scale) dikes to large (2.5 × 4.6 km) intrusive bodies
(Table 1). A premineralization swarm of weakly to unaltered
porphritic NNW-trending quartz diorite dikes (phase 1) crop
out along the southern coastline. They constitute the earliest
recognized intrusive activity at Tumpangpitu (Fig. 2).
There are two main intermineralization tonalite porphyry
intrusions (or alternatively, textural variants of one intrusion):
a fine-grained equigranular tonalite (phase 5) and a coarse-
grained crystal-crowded porphyritic tonalite (phase 6), which
constitute the well-mineralized part of the composite Tump-
angpitu stock (Figs. 3, 4). Phase 5 defines a 200- to 500-m-thick
shell/rim or carapace to the underlying phase 6 coarse-grained
tonalite (Figs. 3, 4). The upper contact of phase 5 has been
truncated by the Tumpangpitu diatreme, which has entrained
large (>1 × 1 m) mineralized blocks of this unit. A very coarse
grained, porphyritic, early- to intermineralization, small-vol-
ume tonalite pencil porphyry stock (phase 4) has been identi-
fied toward the northwest of Tumpangpitu.
The mineralized tonalites intruded into and overprinted an
early, premineralization, large equigranular (2.5 × 4.6 km)
diorite body (phase 2). A late-intermineralization porphyritic
quartz diorite intrusion (phase 7), formed an ovoid body that
overlies the porphyry center (Figs. 2–4). The youngest intru-
sive event was a swarm of north-trending dikes (phase 8), that
crop out along the southern coastline (Fig. 2).
Tumpangpitu late-mineralization diatreme
A large (3.1 × 2.2 km diam) breccia body truncated the upper
550 m of the Tumpangpitu mineralized system (Figs. 2–4).
The breccia body dips concentrically inward at approximately
25° to 45° to depths of ~200 m b.s.l. (Figs. 3, 4). It then
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steepens, tapering downward to below 570 m b.s.l. toward
the southern margin of the deposit (Fig. 4B). The breccia
body has a champagne flute morphology consistent with a
soft-substrate maar-diatreme complex (e.g., Sillitoe and Bon-
ham, 1984; Lorenz, 1986, 2003). A root of crystalline tonalitic
breccia has been intersected on section 10,660 mN (Fig. 4B).
Three additional root zones have been interpreted from geo-
logic sections constructed in the zone B area (Fig. 2). The
western and southern extent of the diatreme remain unde-
fined, as the breccia continues underneath the ocean (Fig. 2).
The clast types identified from coastal mapping and drill core
logging at Tumpangpitu include the following: mineralized
tonalite (phase 5 and 6) porphyries with early disseminated
hypogene Cu sulfides including bornite, chalcocite, and chal-
copyrite, as well as porphyry vein fragments of quartz-magne-
tite ± chlorite ± K-feldspar and quartz-illite-pyrite veins (Figs.
5D, 7C, D); high-sulfidation mineralized clasts with pyrite ±
enargite ± bornite ± covellite altered to vuggy quartz, mas-
sive quartz-alunite and quartz-dickite ± kaolinite (Figs. 5A,
C, 7C, D); intermediate-sulfidation mineralized clasts with
specks of tetrahedrite-tennantite ± chalcopyrite (Fig. 5B);
phase 2 through 7 porphyry fragments (Fig. 7C, D); and sedi-
mentary rocks including sandstone, siltstone, limestone, and
mudstone, which increase in size and abundance in proximity
to basement sedimentary wall rocks. Many of the mudstone
fragments are strongly pyrite altered (Fig. 5B). Andesitic rock
fragments, hydrothermal breccia fragments, and charcoal
fragments are also present.
The clasts include examples of all alteration types from
Tumpangpitu, including chlorite-calcite, illite-chlorite-mont-
morillonite ± kaolinite, quartz-dickite ± kaolinite, quartz-alu-
nite ± pyrophyllite, and massive and vuggy quartz ± alunite
assemblages (e.g., Figs. 5, 7).
The breccia body has been split into four distinct facies
recognized during surface mapping and drill core logging:
(1) lower facies—massive breccia including crystalline tonal-
itic breccias with mineralized porphyry clasts; (2) upper
facies—an inwardly dipping bedded breccia including poly-
mict matrix-rich breccias; (3) upper facies—mud matrix brec-
cias; (4) distal facies—tuffisite sand and pebble dikes; and (5)
apron facies—outwardly dipping sedimentary rocks in poly-
mictic matrix-rich breccias. Facies 1 is proximal to several
vents or breccia feeder dikes. Facies 2 and 3 occur above the
vents, whereas facies 4 and 5 are located distal to the central
vents (Fig. 2).
Tumpangpitu diatreme—lower facies: The lower facies brec-
cia occupies the throat and main central body of the diatreme
breccia complex (Figs. 2–4). It is polymict,varying from clast
to matrix-supported, containing 20 to 70 vol % subangular to
subrounded clasts generally several mm to 2 cm in size. Abun-
dant mineralized clasts of both tonalitic porphyry and high-sul-
fidation-style mineralization occur from present-day surface
to the lower contact with the Tumpangpitu tonalite complex
(around 60 m a.s.l. to 570 m b.s.l.). The breccia locally contains
large blocks, up to 40 × 40 m, of intrusive phases 2, 5, and 7
(Fig. 3). Near the root zone of the vents (Fig. 4B), the breccias
are clast supported. Polymictic fragments are set in a crystal-
line tonalitic quartz-feldspar cement with the abundance of
tuffaceous matrix (andesitic composition) increasing toward
the present-day surface. The tonalitic porphyritic cement
 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 177

A B

charcoal
fragment
al

al

1 cm 1 cm

accreonary lapilli

Layers of clasts
1 cm

D qtz-al-dk
clast of breccia

1 cm
qtz-mt-cp ill-chl layers of clasts
Fig. 7. Features of upper and lower facies breccias from drill core at Tumpangpitu. (A) 9046141 mN 173878 mE; drill hole
GTD-08-56; 388 m. Late alunite vein crosscutting phase 7 quartz diorite clast and alunite-altered matrix in lower facies brec-
cia. (B) 9045508 mN 174492 mE; drill hole GTD-09-88; 120 m. Carbonized wood fragments in chlorite-illite altered polymic-
tic milled breccia. (C) 9046440 mN 174240 mE; drill hole GTD-10-172; 14 m. Subhorizontal cm-scale layers of accretionary
lapilli (far right), fine (1–2 mm) diorite and tonalite clasts (center), and 1- to 8-mm porphyry clasts (far left). (D) 9046440
mN 174240 mE; drill hole GTD-10-172; 34.4 m. Example of a polyphase milled breccia. Clast-supported breccia (far left)
in contact with fine-grained matrix-supported milled breccia with 1-mm sized fragments of wall rocks, containing a clast of
slightly coarser-grained milled breccia (right). Abbreviations: al = alunite, chl = chlorite, cp = chalcopyrite, dk = dickite, ill =
illite, mt = magnetite, qtz = quartz.

consists of fine- to medium-grained phenocrysts of (<2 mm)
illite, kaolinite, or pyrophyllite (after magmatic plagioclase)
and >15% quartz as both phenocrysts and groundmass in a
fine-grained, pale-gray quartz-rich groundmass (Figs. 5E, F,
7A). The lower facies breccia is altered to quartz-illite ± pyro-
phyllite in the root zones. It has been weakly altered to chlo-
rite-illite-smectite ± epidote ± calcite distal to the root zones
where not overprinted by high-sulfidation epithermal miner-
alization. Drilling here revealed thick intersections (>600 m)
devoid of Cu or Au mineralization, particularly toward the
southern flank of Tumpangpitu. The upward-flaring flanks of
the lower facies diatreme breccia transition gradationally into
upper facies bedded diatreme breccia. The breccias appear
as shallow, apparently rootless breccia bodies on most of the
geologic sections (e.g., Figs. 3, 4).
Tumpangpitu upper facies—bedded polymictic lithic milled
breccias: Bedded breccias dominate the host rocks of the zone
A oxide deposit and the southern flank of Tumpangpitu (Figs.
2–4). They form a concentric fringe that is 3.1 km × 2.2 km
in diameter (Fig. 2). They have an upward-flaring champagne
glass morphology around the roots of the lower facies dia-
treme body. The contacts with wall rocks are steep (75°–85°)
at depths below 570 m b.s.l. but shallower (25°–45°) near the
present-day surface (Figs. 3, 4). Contacts are generally sharp
and exhibit laminar textures along the contact in the breccia.
Orientation measurements from drill core above the Tump-
angpitu porphyry show a gentle dip of 10° to 20° toward the
center of the circular body and its interpreted root zones.
The bedded polymictic lithic breccias at Tumpangpitu
have textures characteristic of upper level facies of diatreme

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 178 HARRISON ET AL.
breccias (e.g., Sillitoe, 1985; Lorenz, 1986; Landtwing et al.,
2002; Sutopo, 2013; Davies et al., 2008; Lawlis et al., 2015).
The stratified breccias are exposed in outcrop and drill core
over a depth interval of at least 550 m (Figs. 3, 4). The clast
types are highly variable in terms of lithology and alteration
types. The breccia components are invariably polymictic.
Apart from the abundant porphyry quartz-veined clasts,
there are also fragments of vuggy quartz with alunite and
rare enargite (Fig. 5C) and clasts containing massive cov-
ellite-bornite-pyrite mineralization (Fig. 5A). High-sulfida-
tion–state hydrothermal breccias crosscut this breccia unit
(e.g., Figs. 2, 3). There are irregular clasts of polymict lithic
breccia surrounded by a matrix of finer-grained polymict
lithic breccia locally (Fig. 7D). Clasts vary from subangular
to well rounded. Clast sizes within the large milled brec-
cia bodies tend to have a broad size distribution, ranging in
size from large clasts of 10 to 50 cm adjacent to wall-rock
contacts with rare outsized >10-m blocks (Fig. 3) through
intermediate clasts of 1 to 5 cm (Fig. 7D) to fine commi-
nuted sandy fragments 1 to 2 mm in size in a highly milled
sand-sized matrix (Fig. 7C). Outsized, larger angular to sub-
rounded clasts (>1 m diam) occur locally in poorly sorted,
poorly stratified zones. These highly comminuted, matrix-
supported, polymict breccias commonly have a ratio of 20%
clasts to 80% matrix (e.g., Figs. 7C, D). The matrix of the
breccia is composed of clay and mica minerals (montmo-
rillonite/nontronite, illite, and chlorite) and subangular to
well-rounded clastic sand and silt grains, some of andesitic
composition and others with the same composition as the
clasts. The matrix locally contains well-rounded millimeter-
sized grains of pyrite. Fine-grained (1–2 mm) fragments
define 1- to 2-cm-thick bands (Fig. 7C). These bands have
been observed within clasts surrounded by a matrix that has
similar banding. The bedded matrix overlies coarser-grained
clast-supported polymict breccias (e.g., Fig. 7D). Beds con-
tain intervals of silt- to pebble-sized material, imbricated
clasts with both normal and local reverse grading in a single
bed, similar to features described at Kelian by Davies et al.
(2008). Clasts exhibit a diversity of alteration types, from
chlorite-calcite, illite-chlorite, and quartz-alunite-dickite
(Fig. 7D) to vuggy quartz-alunite (Fig. 5C). Small (1–5 mm)
diameter fragments of mineralized porphyry tonalite and
stockwork quartz vein fragments are very common adja-
cent to the contact with the mineralized porphyry carapace.
These fragments contain magnetite ± chlorite ± K-feldspar
and pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, molybdenite, and covellite
(Figs. 5D, 7C, D). Close to the present-day surface, pre-
dominantly intact accretionary lapilli (1 mm to 1 cm diam)
have been recognized in subhorizontal planar bands (Fig.
7C). Fragments of charcoal (1–20 cm) have been identified
in the milled breccias, particularly beneath what is inter-
preted to be a maar in zone B to depths of 140 m b.s.l. (Fig.
7B). In the central to southern part of the breccia body, the
breccia grades downward to an increasingly clast-supported
breccia and finally into crystalline tonalitic breccia.
Tumpangpitu diatreme upper facies—mud-matrix brec-
cias: Mud-matrix-supported breccias are a distinctive breccia
facies that occur preferentially within and beneath the zone
B Au oxide area, 1,500 m south of Gunung Tumpangpitu
(Fig. 2). They form an irregular crescent-shaped body with
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north-south dimension of 450 m and east-west dimension
of 1,000 m, which tapers with increasing depth. The mud-
matrix breccias are located above the upper facies bedded
polymict lithic milled breccias, adjacent to three interpreted
diatreme root zones (Fig. 2). The mud-matrix breccias are
characterized by abundant mudstone matrix and show soft
sediment deformation features at shallow levels. These brec-
cias contain both angular and subangular ragged wall-rock
clasts (Fig. 8C).
Tumpangpitu diatreme distal facies—tuffisite sand and
pebble dikes: Tuffisite sand and pebble dikes have been docu-
mented on the margins of both the upper and lower vent brec-
cia facies at Tumpangpitu and at other porphyry prospects in
the district. They commonly occur in contact zones between
two different rock types, e.g., between phase 5 and 7 porphy-
ries, and parallel to bedding between sedimentary rock layers.
The dikes are typically several mm to several cm wide (e.g.,
Fig. 8D) but locally attain several m. They are generally irreg-
ularly shaped with subvertical orientations. Some subhorizon-
tal breccias have been observed in bedding planes between
sedimentary units below zone C oxide. The dikes are matrix
supported with a matrix content of 50 to 95 vol %. They are
polymict, incorporating similar clast types to the upper facies
milled breccia, including sedimentary rock, andesitic rock, and
intrusive phases 2 to 7. Adjacent to and above the mineralized
zones, the dikes have entrained mineralized clasts, including
vuggy quartz, quartz-tennantite, and porphyry quartz stock-
work vein fragments that contain magnetite ± K-feldspar ±
chlorite ± bornite ± chalcocite ± chalcopyrite. The clasts are
characterized by several alteration types, but the matrix is
consistently weakly altered to illite-chlorite ± montmorillon-
ite/nontronite where not overprinted by alteration associated
with high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization. The dikes
exhibit lateral grading with coarse clasts in the center and
laminated rock flour at the margins (Fig. 8D). The clast size is
dependent on the width of the dikes and is commonly smaller
than one-tenth of the dike width, similar to observations from
other documented sand and pebble dikes (e.g., Landtwing et
al., 2002; Davies et al., 2008). In the sand dikes, clasts are
sand- to fine-pebble size, whereas in pebble dikes the clasts
vary up to cobble size. The clasts are predominantly rounded
but in places are subrounded or angular. The matrix is andes-
itic in composition and consists of sand- and mud-sized clastic
grains (rock flour), micas, and clay minerals (montmorillonite,
nontronite, illite, and chlorite). The dikes predominantly have
sharp contacts with the host rock, although diffuse contacts
are also observed. Clasts commonly have halos of fine-grained
pyrite oxidized to goethite (Fig. 8D). In mineralized zones,
the dikes have incorporated chalcocite in the matrix and com-
monly as a layer along contacts with the host rocks.
Tumpangpitu diatreme upper facies—apron breccias: The
western coastline of Tumpangpitu exhibits excellent expo-
sures of milled apron breccia (1.3–1.8 km southwest of the
root zones; Fig. 2). This facies is interbedded with and char-
acterized by gently dipping normal and cross-bedded silt-
stones, sandstones, and mudstones that are continuous along
a northwest strike for over 1.5 km. Orientation measurements
from coastal exposures show that units dip gently 15° to 30°
westward away from the central root zones (Figs. 8A, B). The
sedimentary rocks are interspersed with upper facies polymict
 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 179

A B

1m 1m

1 cm

vein
quartz

1 cm

Fig. 8. Coastal exposures and drill core of upper facies bedded apron breccias, mud-matrix breccias and tuffisite dikes. (A)
9044927 mN 173254 mE, 3 m a.s.l. Bedded breccias interbedded with sandstone and siltstone altered to chlorite-epidote;
bed orientation 020/25W with respect to Pulau Merah island in the background. (B) 9044927 mN 173254 mE, 3 m a.s.l. Pale-
orange sandstone interbed in milled breccia, dipping 30° westward. (C) 9045455 mN 174545 mE; drill hole GTD-09-61; 140
m. Breccia of subrounded quartz diorite clasts with mud matrix. (D) 9046285 mN 174385 mE; drill hole GTD-11-248; 68 m.
Tuffisite pebble dike at Tumpangpitu.

lithic bedded milled breccias. The key identifying feature is Geochronology Results
that the sedimentary interlayers dip away from the central
diatreme vents. U-Pb age data
Table 1 summarizes analytic results for each laser spot analy-
Geochronology sis. Concordia intercept ages were calculated from the lower
intercept of the zircon analyses on the Tera-Wasserburg plots,
Methods anchoring to a common Pb composition of 0.836 ± 0.01 for the
Methodology for U-Pb, zircon rim-core, 40Ar/39Ar, and Re/Os 207Pb/206Pb ratio. The Isoplot software was used for plotting

analyses is described in Appendix 1. and calculating sample ages and 2σ errors of each of the zircon

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 180 HARRISON ET AL.

fractions. Systematic errors were then added to these 2σ stan- age for the intrusions as determined by field relationships.
dard errors and are reported in Table 1 for the intercept age Zircons from two drill core samples of the basal sedimentary
of each sample. The full data set is presented in Appendix 4. rocks to the southwest of Tumpangpitu form single age popu-
Errors in text do not include systematic errors, as they are rel- lations, plotting close to concordia (Table 1; App. 2, Fig. A1A)
atively small compared to the counting statistic errors. Figure for the early Miocene period, having concordia intercept ages
9 and Appendix 2, Figure A1 present the error-weighted age of 20.67 ± 0.47 Ma and 16.68 ± 0.35 Ma. Zircons from one
spectra (207Pb corrected 206Pb/238U ages) and concordia plots. sample of well-bedded volcanic sandstone exposed along the
Three samples listed in Table 1 (GTD-12-292, 513 m; GTD- Pulau Merah coastline to the northwest of Tumpangpitu form
10-166, 1,082.7 m; and GTD-08-35, 472.1 m) yielded dual age a single age population for the late Miocene period, having a
determinates, taken as evidence of zircon inheritance. Figure concordia intercept age of 8.69 ± 0.29 Ma.
10 presents the cathodoluminescence (CL) images of reana- Zircons from two samples of andesitic volcanic rocks
lyzed zircons from the three samples. yielded middle Miocene ages of 13.9 ± 1.20 and 13.6 ±
1.30  Ma (App. 2, Fig. A1B). Zircons from two samples of
Age of the host rocks at Tumpangpitu diatreme breccia at Tanjung Jahe form single age popula-
Figure 11 summarizes all of the U-Pb zircon ages obtained tions, plotting close to concordia (App. 2, Fig. A1A) for the
during this study and places them in the context of relative late Miocene period, having mean 206Pb/238U ages of 8.52 ±

0.0
A data-point error symbols are 2σ 0.8 data-point error crosses are 1σ
Andesite: 13.9 ± 1.2 Ma
MSWD = 1.07
5.0 Probability = 0.39
0.6
207Pb/206Pb
10.0
Age (Ma)

Phase 5 tonalite:
5.6 ± 1.2 Ma 0.4
15.0 MSWD = 0.37
Probability = 0.92

0.2 Inherited
20.0 zircons

25.0 0.0
AU21B011
MY08A105
AU21B010
MY08A106
MY08A093
AU21B006
MY08A096
MY08A094
MY08A102
MY08A101
MY08A097
AU21B007
AU21B009
MY08A100
MY08A095
MY08A098
MY08A103
MY08A104
AU21B008
MY08A099

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

238 206
U/ Pb

0.0
B data-point error symbols data-point error crosses are 1σ
data-point error crosses are 1σ
2.0 are 2σ 0.8

4.0
0.6
Pb/206Pb

6.0
Age (Ma)

8.0
207

0.4
10.0

12.0 Inherited
Phase 7 quartz diorite: 3.94 ± 0.68 Ma 0.2
MSWD = 0.18 zircons
14.0
Probability = 1.00 4
0.0
AU21B023

AU21B018

Ap24B042

Ap24B040

Ap24B031

Ap24B037

AU21B022

Ap24B030

Ap24B032

AU21B016

AU21B020

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

238 206
U/ Pb
Fig. 9. U-Pb ages from rim-core reanalyses of zircons that are suspected of inheritance from Tumpangpitu drill core samples.
Ages are calculated based on the weighted mean 207Pb-corrected 206Pb/238U histograms. Concordia diagrams demonstrate the
presence of common Pb, Pb loss, and inheritance in the analyzed zircons. Analyses excluded from the age calculation shown
in gray. All data listed in Table 1 and Appendices 3 and 4. Sample locations shown on Figures 2 to 4. (A) GTD-12-292; 513 m.
Two distinct ages are apparent; older zircon cores (shown in red) of the andesite host rock and younger zircon rims (shown
in blue) of phase 5 tonalite porphyry. (B) GTD-08-35; 472.1 m. Phase 7 quartz diorite showing minor zircon inheritance.

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 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 181

A B
Core: 7.7 ± 5.8 Ma Rim: 4.0 ± 1.4 Ma
Rim: 5.0 ± 6.2 Ma

Core/rim: 3.4 ±
1.3 Ma

Rim: 1.4 ± 4.4 Ma

(high common Pb) 20 µm

C D
Rim: 4.5 ± 3.6 Ma Rim: 5.5 ± 4.5 Ma
Core: 10.4 ± 6.9 Ma

Core: 14.3 ±
1.4 Ma

20 µm 20 µm

E F Core: 3.7 ± 1.2 Ma

Core/rim: 9.2 ± 0.9 Ma Rim: 2.9 ± 3.7 Ma
Rim: 3.9 ± 1.3 Ma

20 µm 20 µm

Fig. 10. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of analyzed zircon grains from Tumpangpitu drill core samples. Locations of
ion-probe reanalyses for analyzed grains are shown as 17-µm-diameter hashed yellow circles. Original ablated spots are
32-µm diameter shown as white hashed circles. All data listed in Table 1 and Appendix 3, Table A1. Sample locations shown
on Figures 2 to 4. (A) GTD-08-35; 472.1 m. Phase 7 late intermineralization quartz diorite. (B) GTD-08-35; 472.1 m. Phase
7 late intermineralization quartz diorite. (C) GTD-12-292; 513 m. Andesite intruded by phase 5 fine-grained tonalite. (D)
GTD-12-292; 513 m. Andesite intruded by phase 5 fine-grained tonalite. Zircon grain unablated during initial analysis. (E)
GTD-12-292; 513 m. Andesite intruded by phase 5 fine-grained tonalite. Initial analysis (6 ± 1.3 Ma) mixed rim and core data.
(F) GTD-10-166; 1,082.7 m. Phase 6 intermineralization coarse-grained tonalite.

0.21 Ma (breccia matrix) and 8.78 ± 0.22 Ma (bedded vol-
canic sandstone from upper facies breccia). It is interest-
ing to note that two Cretaceous zircon grains were found
in one sample of bedded intercalated sandstone from the
upper facies of the Tanjung Jahe diatreme (98.5 ± 2.0 and
98.5 ± 1.6 Ma; App. 4) suggesting that the breccia sampled
Cretaceous basement. In contrast, the volcanic breccia has a
concordia intercept age of 5.74 ± 0.48 Ma from one sample
with a single age population for the late Miocene period
from low U zircons (App. 2, Fig. A1C).
U-Pb dating results from the various intrusive phases at
Tumpangpitu are consistent with the relative age relationships

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 182 HARRISON ET AL.

Tumpangpitu diatreme

Pulau Merah Au-Cu-Mo porphyry

Tumpangpitu phase 7
quartz diorite

Tumpangpitu phase 6
coarse-grained Au-Cu-Mo
tonalite porphyry
Tumpangpitu porphyry min
U-Pb (zircon)
39Ar-40Ar(alunite)
Re-Os (molybdenite)
Tumpangpitu HSE min

Tumpangpitu phase 5 fine-

grained Au-Cu-Mo tonalite
porphyry

Tumpangpitu phase 4 very

coarse-grained Au-Cu-Mo
tonalite porphyry
Zone B quartz diorite

Sub-economic tonalite
porphyry
Pre-mineraliza‚on phase 2
diorite batholith

Tanjung Jahe diatreme

Sedimentary
and volcanic
host rocks

Age (Ma)

Fig. 11. Summary of geochronology from host rocks and multiple porphyry intrusions at Tumpangpitu and other porphyries
in the Tujuh Bukit district. Data point error symbols are 2σ. Abbreviations: HSE = high-sulfidation epithermal, min = miner-
alization, qz = quartz, PM = Pulau Merah island, TJ = Tanjung Jahe diatreme, TP = Tumpangpitu. Data point error symbols
are 2σ. All data are listed in Tables 1 and Appendices 3 and 4.

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 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 183

derived from observed field relationships (Figs. 2–4). Zircons 2 and Figure 12, respectively. Plateaus based on two or more
from one sample of the earliest intrusive phase recognized consecutive steps are on at least 50% of the total cumulative
at Tujuh Bukit—phase 1 hornblende quartz diorite (hosted 39Ar released, the age values of which are within 2σ from the

as a clast in the Tanjung Jahe diatreme breccia)—provided
a late Miocene age of 8.46 ± 0.36 Ma (Table 1; App. 2, Fig.
A1C). Zircons from seven samples of premineralization early
diorite (phase 2) provided an accurate, consistent age range
within the late Miocene period spanning 5.81 ± 0.20 to 5.18 ±
0.27 Ma (Table 1; App. 2, Fig. A1D). Zircons from one sample
of phase 3 zone B quartz diorite porphyry provided an early
Pliocene intercept age of 4.71 ± 0.47 Ma. Zircons from one
sample of phase 4 coarse-grained tonalite porphyry returned
an early Pliocene intercept age of 4.89 ± 0.40 Ma. Zircons
from four samples of well-mineralized phase 5 fine-grained
equigranular tonalite porphyry have an age range spanning
the late Miocene to early Pliocene (Table 1; App. 2, Fig. A1F).
One sample with a late Miocene age of 5.6 ± 1.2 Ma exhib-
ited evidence of zircon inheritance (Fig. 9A; App. 3, Table A1)
identified by CL imaging (Fig. 12C-E). Zircons from this sam-
ple were reanalyzed, targeting the rim with a reduced laser
spot size. However, some of the older zircon core material
may still have been ablated and incorporated into the signal,
mean value calculated by weighting with inverse variance and
are considered statistically reliable (Fleck et al., 1977). Pla-
teau age errors are reported at the 95% confidence level (2σ)
and include the errors in the irradiation correction factors and
the error in J but do not include the uncertainty in the potas-
sium decay constants. All the data from the two mineral sepa-
rates have been combined to increase the precision over the
plateaus for the four individual aliquots.
Magmatic-hydrothermal alunites from Tumpangpitu show
well-defined plateaus (Fig. 12), implying that they host radio-
genic and nucleogenic gas fractions in a tight crystallographic
reservoir and that the reservoir has been closed during the
history of the sample. Therefore, contaminating phases are
unlikely to be present.
An integrated age has been calculated by combining the
results from all steps analyzed during the incremental heat-
ing analysis. If the sample did not experience 40Ar loss due
to weathering or 39Ar loss by recoil, the integrated age in the
40Ar/39Ar method should correspond to a K-Ar age for that sam-

particularly from the smaller (<30 µm) zircon grains, thereby
skewing the data toward an older age. The three remaining
samples displayed single age populations within the early Plio-
cene period from 5.40 ± 0.46 to 4.27 ± 0.54 Ma, which are
deemed representative of this unit.
Zircons from seven samples of the main ore-bearing, phase
6 coarse-grained Cu-Au-Mo tonalite porphyry displayed early
Pliocene single age populations, from 4.34 ± 0.48 to 4.03 ±
0.65 Ma (Table 1; App. 2, Fig. A1G). Zircons from five sam-
ples of phase 7 quartz diorite have single age populations
and rare low-U zircons, all spanning the early Pliocene from
4.17 ± 0.24 to 3.94 ± 0.69 Ma (Table 1; App. 2, Fig. A1H).
The age of the Tumpangpitu diatreme is interpreted here
based on the youngest zircon age from the breccia matrix (2.7 ±
1.0 Ma), which is considered to be the crystallization age (e.g.,
Baumgartner et al., 2009; Quadt et al., 2011). A total of 22 zir-
cons were analyzed from the sample of upper facies diatreme
breccia containing clasts of phases 2 to 7. Calculating the mean
age (4.17 ± 0.21 Ma) is therefore meaningless as it represents a
mixture of both clast and matrix ages. The presence of clasts of
phase 7 quartz diorite in the breccia provides evidence that the
age of the breccia must be younger than the phase 7 age range
of 4.17 ± 0.24 to 3.94 ± 0.69 Ma. All zircon dates older than this
range are interpreted to be derived from wall-rock clasts.
40Ar/39Ar age data
40Ar/39Ar age data, argon release patterns, and incremental
heating plateau ages are shown for all dated samples in Table
ple (Vasconcelos et al., 2002). The two grains of alunite analyzed
from Tumpangpitu yield a reproducible plateau age of 4.391 ±
0.037 Ma (Fig. 12A) that includes 100% of the gases extracted
for each grain. The statistical density plot (Fig. 12B) for the
alunite grains yields a most probable age of 4.390 ± 0.037 Ma,
indistinguishable from the plateau age. An isochron age for all
the results (Fig. 12C; 4.385 ± 0.049 Ma, with 40Ar/36Ar inter-
cept of 299.5 ± 3.9) is also statistically indistinguishable from
the plateau and most probable ages and is the preferred value
for the age of these grains, because the isochron treatment
accounts for any possible excess Ar in the sample.
Re-Os age data
Table 3 presents the analytic results for 187Re and 187Os con-
centrations and age determinations for both mineral sepa-
rates (A and B) from drill core sample GTD-10-166, 886 m
(Fig. 13B). Re/Os age determinations of 4.303 ± 0.018 and
4.309 ± 0.018 Ma were calculated for the molybdenite. The
two molybdenite-rich separates yielded identical Re-Os ages,
therefore the ages are unlikely to have been affected by other
minerals such as enargite.
Discussion
Diatreme breccias
On the basis of the characteristics and the evidence presented
in Figures 2 to 8, the breccia complexes at Tumpangpitu and
Tanjung Jahe display similarities to ancient and modern-day

Table 2. Summary of New 40Ar/39Ar Age Determinations from Alunite at Tumpangpitu

Statistical Inverse 40Ar/36Ar ratio

Sample Plateau age (Ma) ± 2σ density plot age (Ma) ± 2σ isochron age (Ma) ± 2σ of intercept ± 2σ

7934-01 4.4 0.07 4.41 0.05 4.37 0.06 303 6

7934-02  
4.42 0.07 4.41 0.05 4.37 0.06 303 6
7935-01  
4.36 0.06 4.37 0.06 4.38 0.08 297 6
7935-01 4.4 0.13 4.37 0.06 4.38 0.08 297 6

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 184 HARRISON ET AL.

Fig. 12. Argon step-heating release patterns and plateau ages

for combined alunite samples 7934 and 7935 from Tumpang-
pitu. (A) 40Ar/39Ar combined step heating spectrum for samples
7934 and 7935. (B) Age probability spectrum for samples 7934
and 7935. (C) Isochron for combined samples 7934-01, 7934-
02, 7935-01, and 7935-02.

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 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 185

Table 3. Summary of New Re-Os Age Determinations from Molybdenite at Tumpangpitu

Sample Re (ppm) ± 2s 187Re (ppm) ± 2s 187Os (ppb) ± 2s Model age (Ma) ± 2s with l (Ma)

GTD 10-166/886 m “A” 191.7 0.5 120.5 0.3 8.640 0.011 4.303 0.018
GTD 10-166/886 m “B” 163.7 0.4 102.9 0.3 7.389 0.008 4.309 0.018

All measured Os is radiogenic 187Os; 187Re decay constant = 1.666 × 10–11 y–1(Smoliar et al., 1996)

diatreme breccias and maars produced by multiple explosive
eruptions that cut deeply into the country rock (e.g., the Costa
Giardini diatreme, southern Sicily: Calvari and Tanner, 2010;
Lake Taal, Philippines and Rotomahana, New Zealand: White
and Ross, 2011) and diatremes associated with a number of
porphyry and epithermal systems elsewhere (e.g., Wau, Papua
New Guinea: Sillitoe et al., 1984; Balatoc, Baguio, Philip-
pines: Cooke et al., 1996; Batu Hijau, Indonesia: Clode et al.,
1999; Maryono and Priowasono, unpub. data, 2000; Kelian,
Indonesia: Davies et al., 2008). What is unusual, however, is
the presence of both a premineralization (Tanjung Jahe) and
late-mineralization diatreme complex (Tumpangpitu) seper-
ated by >5 m.y in the same district.
Relative timing of diatreme breccia events
Tumpangpitu is unique among well-documented porphyry
and epithermal Au deposits in that the intrusion of the com-
posite tonalite stock and Au-Cu-Mo porphyry and epithermal
Au-Cu-Ag mineralization is bracketed by the emplacement of
two large-volume diatreme breccia complexes. Although late-
stage diatreme formation is a relatively widespread occur-
rence in many porphyry and epithermal districts (e.g., Sillitoe
and Bonham, 1984; Sillitoe, 1985), premineralization volcanic
vents are uncommon in porphyry deposits (e.g., Grasberg,
Indonesia: MacDonald and Arnold, 1994; Boyongan, Philip-
pines: Braxton et al., 2009).
The Tanjung Jahe breccia complex is separate from the
Tumpangpitu diatreme complex. The two complexes are con-
sidered unrelated and are separated in age by >5 m.y. The
upward-flaring northern contact of the Tumpangpitu diatreme
is well defined by drilling (Figs. 3, 4). It has truncated both
the mineralized porphyry and high-sulfidation deposits. The
bulk of the breccia complex, including the throats and roots of
multiple vents, lies 3 km to the south of Tumpangpitu (Figs.
2–4). The Tumpangpitu diatreme is a late-stage manifesta-
tion of the Tumpangpitu hydrothermal system. It postdates
porphyry mineralization, based on the abundant porphyry
mineralized clasts derived from the contact with the tonalite
complex around 200 m b.s.l. (Figs. 3–4). The Tumpangpitu
diatreme also contains high-sulfidation mineralized clasts of
vuggy quartz and enargite (Fig. 6C) and of massive covellite-
bornite-pyrite (Fig. 6A) together with intermediate-sulfida-
tion clasts containing tetrahedrite-tennantite (Fig. 6B). The
diatreme has been cut by vuggy quartz ledges, hydrothermal
breccia-hosted quartz-alunite-enargite high-sulfidation epi-
thermal mineralization (e.g., Au oxide zone A; Fig. 3), tetra-
hedrite-tennantite-bearing veins, and distal galena-sphalerite
veins. These crosscutting relationships (Figs. 3, 7A) demon-
strate that diatreme formation postdated both the porphyry
and early stages of the high- and intermediate-sulfidation epi-
thermal mineralization but predated intermediate-sulfidation
carbonate base metal veins and high-sulfidation vuggy quartz
and cemented breccias. They imply a synepithermal timing
for diatreme formation and repeated cycles of epithermal
mineralization and alteration. These features of the Tump-
angpitu diatreme show that hypogene mineralized rocks can
be available for volcanic disruption at shallow levels and that
there is a clear link to volcanism.

A B

mo
en
al qtz-py-cp

Fig. 13. Alunite and molybdenite drill core samples from drill hole GTD-10-166; 174156 mE 9046095 mN at Tumpang-
pitu submitted for geochronological analysis. (A) Coarse, euhedral saccharine-pink alunite intergrown with enargite, pyrite,
quartz, and pyrophyllite. (B) 886 m; fine-grained molybdenite (<1 mm) along the margins of a sulfide-center line crystalline
porphyry quartz stockwork vein with pyrite-chalcopyrite centerline. Quartz-kaolinite-pyrophyllite with enargite overprint
onto a quartz-illite alteration assemblage in intermineralization phase 6 coarse-grained tonalite. Abbreviations: al = alunite,
cp = chalcopyrite, en = enargite, mo = molybdenite, py = pyrite, qtz = quartz. Porphyry vein terminology after Gustafson and
Hunt (1975); Dilles and Einaudi (1992).

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 186 HARRISON ET AL.
Tanjung Jahe premineralization diatreme—interpretation
In contrast to the late-mineralization Tumpangpitu diatreme
(late Pliocene), the premineralization diatreme complex at
Tanjung Jahe (late Miocene) is interpreted to have formed
from a relatively dry volcanic event with significantly less mag-
matic water content. This interpretation is supported by a lack
of abundant mineralized and strongly altered clasts. There is
only weak alteration (chlorite-montmorillonite/nontronite ±
illite) of the breccia matrix, and there are abundant unaltered
clasts at Tanjung Jahe (e.g., Fig. 6A). The premineralization
timing of the Tanjung Jahe diatreme complex with respect to
early Pliocene mineralization at Tumpangpitu has been inter-
preted from crosscutting relationships during mapping and
confirmed by absolute age determinations from U-Pb dating
of zircons from the breccia matrix (Table 1; App. 2, Fig. A1K).
The presence of minor mineralized clasts of chalcocite-pyrite
and Cu oxides in the Tanjung Jahe diatreme lower facies brec-
cia suggests that mineralization also occurred prior to 8.78 ±
0.22 Ma in the Tujuh Bukit district. The diatreme at Tanjung
Jahe has not been drilled, and so its full morphology, including
vertical extent, remains unknown.
Lower facies breccias at Tanjung Jahe—interpretation
Wispy clasts with ragged edges (e.g., Fig. 6B), have been
identified in the lower facies breccia at Tanjung Jahe. These
are interpreted to be juvenile clasts, comparable to those rec-
ognized at Kelian (Davies, 2002), Wau (Sillitoe et al., 1984),
Yanacocha (Turner, 1997), and Agua Rica (Landtwing et al.,
2002). The transition between the coherent magma in the
feeder dike and the juvenile clasts inside the pipe occurs at
the site where fragmentation of the magma and of the sur-
rounding country rocks takes place (Lorenz and Kurszlaukis,
2007). The magma chamber from which the juvenile compo-
nent was derived is inferred to be of andesitic composition.
The juvenile clast-bearing breccias are matrix supported with
a high (>5%) primary magmatic magnetite component and
have chaotic textures, indicating that disaggregation of the
andesitic magma was more advanced in the lower facies brec-
cias. Juvenile clasts are most likely to be best preserved in the
root zones of a diatreme and are a key feature to recognize,
as they can provide evidence of a direct magmatic contribu-
tion to breccia formation and help to infer fragmentation pro-
cesses (Davies, 2002; Davies et al., 2008). The only intrusion
phases that have been recognized as clasts are phase 1 quartz
diorite and rare hornblende gabbro, supporting the parage-
netically early timing of the Tanjung Jahe breccia complex.
Upper facies bedded breccias at Tanjung Jahe—
interpretation
Normally graded breccias with minor low-angle cross stratifi-
cations interbedded with ash layers that contain accretionary
lapilli are well exposed on the western face of the Tanjung
Jahe breccia headland. The presence of accretionary lapilli
and low-angle cross stratification, in combination with fea-
tures such as slumping along faults, channeling of beds, and
lack of sag structures beneath large fragments, suggests that
low temperature, wet pyroclastic base surge deposits overlie
fallout and cosurge fallout ash fall deposits (e.g., Lorenz and
Kurszlaukis, 2007; Calvari and Tanner, 2010; Sutopo, 2013).
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Base surge deposits are ubiquitous products of maar-forming
phreatomagmatic or phreatic eruptions (Moore, 1967; Fisher
and Waters, 1970; Lorenz, 1973; Walker, 1984). Deposits
from slumping suggest that the early explosive activity pro-
duced deposits located closer to the initial eruptive vent than
the preserved material exposed in outcrops at Tanjung Jahe.
The accretionary lapilli may have formed in eruption columns
of tephra ejected as Surtseyan jets and then fallen as a compo-
nent of ash or, more probably, grew in the base surges them-
selves (Lorenz, 1973; Calvari and Tanner, 2010).
Lower facies breccias at Tumpangpitu—interpretation
The features of the lower facies diatreme breccia at Tumpang-
pitu differ markedly from those of the upper breccia facies.
The lower facies contains clasts set in a quartz-rich crystalline
cement and is devoid of stratification (e.g., Fig. 5E, F). The
upper facies has a tuffaceous, fine-grained matrix (Figs. 5A,
7C, D). While this siliceous groundmass of the lower brec-
cia facies locally has a component of secondary quartz due to
hydrothermal alteration, petrographic analysis has identified
the quartz as mostly of magmatic origin.
The carbonaceous sedimentary rocks (mudstone), silt-
stone, sandstone, and limestone clasts that occur in the lower
breccia facies above the Tumpangpitu tonalite complex are
interpreted to have been derived from the basal sedimentary
package (e.g., Fig. 5B). The clasts have similar compositions
to these wall rocks, are pyritized (particularly the carbona-
ceous mudstone), and the clast gradations are from in situ
sedimentary units into monomict and then polymict breccias
with increasing distance from the sedimentary wall rocks. It
is interpreted that the carbonaceous sedimentary rocks sur-
rounding the pipe were disrupted during emplacement and
may have been brecciated phreatically due to boiling of
ground water (e.g., Davies, 2002, Davies et al., 2008).
In contrast to the well-bedded facies in the upper levels of
the Tumpangpitu diatreme, the breccia in the lower part of
the diatreme lacks distinct bedding and is well mixed, massive,
and poorly sorted similar to lower facies diatreme breccias
elsewhere (e.g., Landtwing et al., 2002; Cannell et al., 2005;
Lorenz and Kurszlaukis, 2007; Davies et al., 2008; Calvari and
Tanner, 2010; White and Ross, 2011). Gas-solids fluidization
during emplacement (Sparks et al., 2006) has been proposed
to explain the homogenous, well-mixed aspect of lower facies
diatreme breccias. White and Ross (2011) describe “debris
jets” formed by multiple explosions in the root zone which can
generate enough gas to mobilize newly fragmented magma
and existing debris upward. Debris jets will also contribute
to homogenizing the vent fill and destroying any bedding fea-
tures in the lower diatreme. Breccia in the lower levels of the
diatreme could represent breccia from the eruptive or tephra
ring collapsing early in the formation of the maar diatreme
(Lorenz and Kurszlaukis, 2007). Due to the downward reduc-
tion in cross-sectional area of the diatreme, the subsiding
beds, which still largely preserve their original volume, must
either increase in thickness or deform and disrupt the bedding
during subsidence. At depth, the tephra is closer to the explo-
sion sites and affected by numerous shock waves emitted from
explosions related to fuel-coolant interactions (Lorenz and
Kurszlaukis, 2007; Wilson and Head, 2007). These processes,
along with primary texture-destructive silicification from
 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 187
hydrothermal alteration at Tumpangpitu, most likely contrib-
uted to the obscuring or destruction of relict juvenile clasts
and root zone feeder dikes, as these features are not obvi-
ous in the current exposures of the Tumpangpitu diatreme.
Features documented during the eruption of Volcano Island
in Lake Taal, Philippines in 1965 by Moore (1967), includ-
ing the migration of explosion sites back and forward along a
line parallel to the crater elongation, show similarities to the
multiple NW-trending root zones at Tumpangpitu interpreted
from cross sections and plan view maps (e.g., Fig. 2).
Upper facies bedded breccias at Tumpangpitu—
interpretation
This breccia facies is characterized by well-developed stratifi-
cation, including planar, dune bed, and minor low-angle cross
beds. These features are consistent with deposition from tur-
bulent, gas-rich flows at the transition from low- to high-flow
regimes (Walker, 1984; Valentine and Fisher, 2000).
The crater above the diatreme vents at Tumpangpitu is
interpreted to have formed by phreatomagmatic to phreatic
explosions and subsequent sedimentary infill. This intramaar
sequence shares many similarities with the “crater infill brec-
cia” described by many authors, such as at Wau, Papua New
Guinea by Sillitoe et al. (1984) and at Agua Rica, Argentina
by Landtwing et al., (2002), and with diatremes not related
to porphyry-epithermal districts (Calvari and Tanner, 2010;
White and Ross, 2011), including kimberlites (Sparks, 2013).
The upper facies breccia at Tumpangpitu dips centripetally at
10° to 20° (influenced locally by underlying host rock; phase
2 diorite; Figs. 3, 4B). Inward dips most likely resulted from
subsidence and slumping of unconsolidated, partly water-sat-
urated beds during accumulation of material within the maar
(Lorenz and Kurszlaukis, 2007; Sillitoe, 2013). The intramaar
sequence at Tumpangpitu is most likely both pyroclastic and
epiclastic in origin and exceeds 550 m in thickness. The epi-
clastic part of the intramaar sequence is interbedded with
and overlies the pyroclastic component. Clast size decreases
and the amount of ash matrix increases away from the vent,
becoming intercalated with the epiclastic component of the
intramaar sequence.
The stratified breccia facies shows increasing evidence of
mixing (transport) and milling, transitioning upward to poly-
mict lithic bedded breccias. Clasts of the upper breccia facies
vary from subrounded to subangular with a wide spectrum
of clast sizes, including clasts of breccia within breccia (poly-
phase brecciation; Fig. 7D). Evidence for polyphase breccia-
tion implies propogation of the root zone downward toward
explosion chambers, causing repeated collapse and broaden-
ing of the volcanic crater. Growth of the diatreme engulfed
earlier-formed, higher levels of earlier parts of the breccia
complex, incorporating them into deeper, younger parts of
the diatreme (Lorenz and Kurszlaukis, 2007). The recycling
of the lower facies diatreme breccia occurred by fragmen-
tation of previously deposited breccia that was already par-
tially consolidated (Calvari and Tanner, 2010). The upper
facies breccia is most clearly characterized by its fine-grained
matrix, which is inferred to have formed during explosions
under high water/magma ratios and/or as a result of highly
efficient fuel-coolant mixing (Lorenz and Kurszlaukis, 2007).
The high proportion of wall-rock fragments in the breccias
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of the upper facies breccias dictates that explosions were
fragmenting mostly country rock, not magma, reflecting the
relative proportion of magma and country rock (Calvari and
Tanner, 2010). The upper facies bedded milled breccias do
not contain obvious juvenile clasts. This is most likely due to
the increased distance away from the root zones, so that the
wispy and blocky shapes were eroded, reworked, and modi-
fied by hydrothermal alteration to the point where they can-
not be identified on a textural basis (e.g., Davies, 2002; Davies
et al., 2008).
Upper facies bedded breccias at Tumpangpitu are character-
ized by narrow bands (1 mm to 2 cm) made up of well-rounded
(1–2 mm diam) mineralized porphyry clast and wall-rock
fragments (Fig. 7C, D). Most of the fragments forming the
banding are mineralized tonalite porphyry. Larger (>1  cm)
subangular clasts contain high- and intermediate-sulfidation
mineralized and altered material. This difference in grain
size is interpreted to reflect the greater distance traveled by
the porphyry clasts toward the present-day surface (>500 m),
resulting in a greater degree of comminution compared to the
epithermal clasts sourced from near the paleosurface. The
banding is orientated both at right angles to core axis (near
horizontal) and near parallel to the drill core axis (near ver-
tical). The vertical orientation is interpreted to be produced
by flow of a particle slurry along near-vertical structures (e.g.,
Cliff fault; Figs. 3, 4B; Rohrlach, 2011). The near-surface sub-
horizontal orientations are interpreted to be representative of
the gently dipping paleosurface of the underlying wall rocks
and gently inclined champagne flute morphology of upper
levels of the soft substrate maar-diatreme at Tumpangpitu.
The upper facies breccia at Tumpangpitu is characterized
by imbricated clasts, graded bedding, sedimentary structures,
and 1-mm- to 1-cm-diameter accretionary lapilli (Fig. 7C).
Accretionary lapilli at Tumpangpitu that occur in subhorizon-
tal beds are interpreted to have formed by air fall (e.g., Davies
et al. 2008; Calvari and Tanner, 2010; Blackwell et al., 2014).
The accretionary lapilli suggest a subaerial origin for the well-
stratified upper breccia facies at Tumpangpitu and were prob-
ably also formed by progressive accretion of numerous layers
of wet volcanic particles (e.g., Sillitoe and Gappe, 1984).
Explosive activity that gives rise to the ascent of a column
of brecciated material in diatremes including kimberlite pipes
was periodically accompanied by subsidence (e.g., Lorenz
and Kurszlaukis, 2007; White and Ross, 2011; Sillitoe, 2013;
Sparks, 2013). Evidence for ascent of material in the diatreme
at Tumpangpitu is provided by the tuffaceous matrix to the
breccia (Figs. 5A, D, 7C, D); the presence of sedimentary
and andesitic rock clasts, given that these rock types do not
abut the diatreme at or near the surface (Fig. 5B); tonalite
clasts carrying porphyry-type mineralization (Figs. 5A, D, 7C,
D); and epithermal mineralized clasts (Fig. 5A-C, F). Signifi-
cant subsidence of material in the Tumpangpitu diatreme is
shown to have taken place by (1) the occurrence of both large
(>2 m) and small subsided blocks of phase 2 diorite and phase
7 quartz diorite (Fig. 3) in the diatreme, although most of
these subsided blocks match the adjacent wall rocks, and (2)
the occurrence of fragments of charcoal (carbonized wood)
overprinted with pyrite as inclusions in the breccia (Fig. 7B).
The presence of charcoal fragments indicates incorporation
of material derived from the paleosurface, with slumping
 188 HARRISON ET AL.
of vegetated surficial blocks to depths of over 100 m below
surface.
Mud-matrix breccias at Tumpangpitu—interpretation
Mud-matrix-supported breccias are prevelant in the zone B
Au oxide area, interspersed with polymictic lithic breccias
(Figs. 2, 8C). The mud-matrix breccias have been crosscut by
the zone B north-trending fault system, which contains high-
sulfidation state hydrothermal breccias (Fig. 2). A late phase
of high-sulfidation–state epithermal activity has therefore
postdated diatreme formation in zone B.
The facies is interpreted to be associated with sedimenta-
tion in a maar paleoenvironment within the diatreme throat,
representing an upper facies within the larger, multiphase
diatreme breccia complex at Tumpangpitu. The presence
of water-lain mudstone as matrix to these breccias indicates
the likely presence of a maar lake. In conjunction with local
charcoal fragments, this is strong evidence that the diatremes
breached the palaeosurface. The process of maar lake forma-
tion after the end of diatreme eruptions is commonly a result
of the groundwater table restoring itself to the original lev-
els after the eruption ends (Lorenz, 1986). The 1- × 0.5-km
crescent-shaped zone of mud-matrix breccias defines the
extent of the maar (Fig. 2). The mud-matrix breccias at zone
B contain blocky angular quartz diorite clasts as well as clasts
with wispy curviplanar margins (Fig. 8C). Subsurface inter-
action of magma with ground water or hydrothermal fluid
may have produced these distinctive ragged-shaped (“wispy”)
juvenile magmatic clasts derived by fragmentation of a paren-
tal magma (Sheridan and Wohletz, 1981). The wispy clasts at
zone B are interpreted to be a variety of intrusive peperite
produced by mingling of magma with unconsolidated, wet
mud. The peperite-like magma-country-rock clast mixtures
get ejected during subsequent explosions as xenolith-bearing
juvenile pyroclasts (e.g., Lorenz and Kurszlaukis, 2007). It
is interpreted that the disaggregation of the late quartz dio-
rite intrusion into wispy and blocky clasts generally resulted
in complete fragmentation of the intruding magma batch
within the unconsolidated sedimentary rock. Partly consoli-
dated maar-lake sediments were periodically incorporated
into the underlying breccia pipe at zone B. The mudstone
matrix probably formed by a combination of pulverization of
the mudstone-siltstone-sandstone basement rock surround-
ing Tumpangpitu (Fig. 2) combined with shallow-level mud
generated in situ during quiescent periods between diatreme
eruptions. Mud would have been deposited during multiple
phreatomagmatic explosions in surficial crater bodies, form-
ing fine-grained beds by suspension settling that were then
disrupted by later explosions, similar to observations at Wau,
Papua New Guinea (Sillitoe et al., 1984) and recent maar
volcanism in the Taupo volcanic zone in New Zealand (e.g.,
Lorenz, 2003; Rowland and Simmons, 2012). Mud was then
deformed and squeezed in between the clasts (Fig. 8C).
Apron upper facies bedded breccias at Tumpangpitu—
interpretation
Excellent exposures of fine-grained polymictic lithic milled
breccia intercalated with laterally continuous (>1.5 km) well-
bedded siltstones, sandstones, and mudstones (Figs. 2, 8A, B)
crop out along the western coastline of Tumpangpitu. They dip
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between 25° and 30° westward away from the diatreme vents
(Fig. 8A, B). This facies is interpreted to represent the distal
fringe of the uppper portions of the diatreme body. Bedding is
interpreted to have formed in situ due to its continuity along
the coastline. The outwardly dipping facies is interpreted as
an apron around the flanks of the crater-maar and underly-
ing vents that was subsequently reworked and affected by
fluvial processes (deposition of sedimentary interbeds; Fig.
8A, B). The features and location of this breccia facies with
respect to the inferred diatreme vents (Fig. 2) fit well with
the eroded tephra ring described by Lorenz and Kurszlau-
kis (2007) and likely formed from continuous explosions sur-
rounding the crater by deposition from Surtseyan tephra jets
(Calvari and Tanner, 2010). Since this bedded breccia is pres-
ent largely beyond the maar at zone B (1.4 km to the east), it
was most likely originally of substantially greater extent. Simi-
lar remnants of the northern and eastern portions of the maar
encircling tuff ring apron are likely to exist but are concealed
underneath thick soil profiles and teak forest.
Relationship of diatreme activity to epithermal
mineralization
Groundwater ingress to late-mineralization porphyry stocks
(e.g., phase 7 quartz diorite) could have been the trigger
for late stages of phreatomagmatic activity at Tumpangpitu
(e.g., Sheridan and Wohletz, 1983; Davies et al., 2008; Sil-
litoe et al., 2013). With the infiltration of groundwater into
diatreme tephra, hydrothermal systems are established above
and around later intrusions, evidenced at Tumpangpitu by
later hydrothermal breccias crosscutting the diatreme brec-
cias (e.g., Fig. 3). Substantial ore deposits have formed dur-
ing late-stage to postdiatreme activity (e.g., Wau, Papua New
Guinea: Sillitoe et al., 1984; Cripple Creek, USA: Sillitoe and
Bonham, 1984; Balatoc, Baguio, Philippines: Cooke et al.,
1996; Colquijirca, Peru: Vidal and Ligarda, 2004; Bendezú
and Fontboté, 2009; Kelian, Indonesia: Davies et al., 2008;
Cerro de Pasco, Peru: Baumgartner et al., 2009; and Martabe,
Indonesia: Sutopo, 2013).
Timing and duration of magmatism in the
Tumpangpitu intrusive complex
The U-Pb age determinations from Tumpangpitu reveal
two main episodes of magmatism: a late Miocene event that
predates mineralization, followed by a late Miocene to early
Pliocene event associated with mineralization. Late Miocene
phreatomagmatic activity at Tanjung Jahe (8.78 ± 0.22 Ma) was
associated with early intrusive activity (phase 1 hornblende
quartz diorite, 8.46 ± 0.36 Ma) and sedimentation near Pulau
Merah (8.69 ± 0.29 Ma). Late Miocene magmatic activity was
associated with the emplacement of the premineralization
phase 2 diorite batholith from 5.81 ± 0.2 to 5.18 ± 0.27 Ma. A
short-lived period of late Miocene to early Pliocene magma-
tism resulted in the formation of the Tumpangpitu mineral-
ized intrusive complex, from 4.89 ± 0.40 Ma (phase 4 tonalite)
to 4.03 ± 0.65 Ma (phase 6 tonalite). Cu-Au-Mo mineraliza-
tion associated with the intrusive complex was terminated by
the Tumpangpitu diatreme event, with the youngest breccia
matrix zircon dated as 2.7 ± 1.0 Ma. The maximum age of
the mineralized intrusive complex as defined by the U-Pb zir-
con dating in this study is 5.29 Ma (phase 4 tonalite), and the
 GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE TUMPANGPITU DEPOSIT, SOUTHEAST JAVA, INDONESIA 189
minimum age is 3.38 Ma (phase 6 tonalite), implying a dura-
tion of up to 1.91 m.y. for the porphyry complex. The mini-
mum age as defined by late-stage phreatomagmatic activity is
1.7 Ma, implying a duration of up to 3.59 m.y. for epithermal
mineralization. The emplacement of the postmineralization
dikes (phase 8) and the formation of the Tumpangpitu dia-
treme signaled the end of magmatism and ultimately the ter-
mination of magmatic-hydrothermal activity.
When compared to the duration of mineralization at other
porphyry deposits worldwide, e.g., long-lived mineraliza-
tion at Los Pelambres, Chile (at least 1.85 m.y. determined
by vein crosscutting relationships and Re-Os age determina-
tion; Stein, 2014) and short-lived mineralization at El Teni-
ente (pulses of <100,000 years, separated by gaps of up to
300,000  years; Re-Os determination; Spencer et al., 2015),
U-Pb and Ar-Ar age determinations from Batu Hijau, Indo-
nesia by Garwin (2000) and Maryono et al., (2018) describe
three pulses of tonalite intrusions over a duration of up to
310  k.y. The Re-Os and Ar-Ar geochronological age deter-
minations from this study suggest that pulses of magmatism
were short lived, and U-Pb age determinations from mineral-
ized tonalites suggest porphyry mineralization persisted over
at least 1.91 m.y. at Tumpangpitu.
Age of alteration mineralization at Tumpangpitu
Geochronological data from 40Ar/39Ar dating of alunite
(4.385 ± 0.049 Ma; 2σ error) and Re-Os dating of molybde-
nite (4.303 ± 0.018 Ma; 2σ error) has defined a short time
period between the high-sulfidation epithermal and porphyry
mineralization events. Field relationships have recorded high-
sulfidation epithermal veins crosscutting porphyry stockwork
veins that contain molybdenite. The short duration of hydro-
thermal activity reflects extreme telescoping of near-surface
high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization onto deep por-
phyry mineralization at Tumpangpitu and implies rapid uplift
and exhumation. Assuming the phase 5 tonalite was emplaced
at a depth of 2 km and uplifted to ~700 m below present-
day surface by the time of diatreme formation (Figs. 3, 4B),
a conservative uplift rate of 0.3 km/yr has been estimated if
4 m.y. separates the two events and faster rates if the time
period was less. The large errors on the U-Pb age determina-
tions for both the phase 5 tonalite and Tumpangpitu diatreme
precludes detailed calculations of the maximum uplift rate. It
is not possible to better constrain the uplift rates and depth
of porphyry mineralization without fluid inclusion studies and
more precise age determinations (e.g., isotope dilution-ther-
mal ionization mass spectrometry).
Conclusions
Our geochronological study has provided absolute ages for
basal sedimentary and andesitic host rocks, volcanic breccia,
most of the porphyry intrusions, and high-sulfidation epith-
ermal and porphyry mineralization at Tumpangpitu. It has
also constrained the ages of the Tumpangpitu and Tanjung
Jahe diatremes and other porphyry prospects in the district.
The absolute age determinations support crosscutting rela-
tionships observed in the field (Figs. 2, 4B). Geochronologi-
cal data from 40Ar/39Ar dating of alunite (4.385 ± 0.049 Ma)
and Re-Os dating of molybdenite (4.303 ± 0.018 Ma) has
defined a very short time period between the high-sulfidation
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epithermal and porphyry mineralization events, respectively.
This suggests extreme rates of uplift and erosion in the vicinity
of the Sunda-Banda magmatic arc (e.g., Seedorff et al., 2005).
Errors on the U-Pb geochronology preclude detailed calcula-
tions of the uplift rates. Minimum estimates are on the order
of 0.3 km/m.y.
The new U-Pb data has shown that the Tanjung Jahe prem-
ineralization (late Miocene) diatreme is significantly older
than the Tumpangpitu late-mineralization diatreme (late Plio-
cene), suggesting that a phase of phreatomagmatic activity on
the southeast end of the Tumpangpitu diatreme predated
mineralization at Tumpangpitu by >4 m.y. This magmatism
then migrated northwest (Fig. 2), following the structural
trend of the district. This study has also provided the young-
est geochronological age determinations recorded for igneous
rocks in East Java, allowing the age bracket of the Southern
mountains of Java to be redefined as middle Eocene to early
Pliocene.
Diatreme breccias were not initially recognized at Tujuh
Bukit during early exploration and drilling. The features from
the diatreme complex at Tumpangpitu highlighted in Figures
5 to 8, including evidence of clasts of porphyry and epither-
mal-style mineralization, fluidization, mixing, rounding, and
comminution of clasts, the presence of accretionary lapilli,
and charcoal fragments at depths greater than 100 m below
present-day surface, are consistent with a large diatreme
breccia complex that formed by multiple eruptions from
vents during catastrophic phreatomagmatic explosions. The
Tumpangpitu diatreme preserves a continuous downward
transition from bedded breccias to clast-supported breccias
with sandy matrix to a crystalline breccia with a fine-grained
porphyritic tonalite cement in the center to lower core of the
crater. Graded, matrix-rich epiclastic sedimentary rocks sub-
sequently filled the crater. These features are similar to those
documented at a number of diatremes in porphyry-epither-
mal districts—including Wau, Papua New Guinea (Sillitoe
et al., 1984); Kelian, Kalimantan, (Davies, 2002); Agua Rica,
Argentina (Landtwing et al., 2002); and Lihir, Papua New
Guinea (Lawlis et al., 2015)—and diatremes not associated
with mineralization (e.g., Sparks et al., 2006; Calvari and Tan-
ner, 2010; White and Ross, 2011).
Good evidence exists at Tanjung Jahe for a lower facies brec-
cia with juvenile magmatic clasts, rare mineralized clasts, and
an upper-stratified facies incorporating material from phre-
atomagmatic airfall deposits around the fringes of the dia-
treme root zone, locally slumping and forming surge deposits.
What is unique in the Tujuh Bukit district is the presence of
both a relatively dry, premineralization diatreme complex at
Tanjung Jahe and a late mineralization diatreme at Tumpang-
pitu that was associated with higher magmatic water contents
and a significant, mineralized magmatic-hydrothermal sys-
tem. The presence of rare mineralized clasts in the Tanjung
Jahe diatreme suggests that mineralization also occurred prior
to 8.78 ± 0.22 Ma in the Tujuh Bukit district. Late Miocene
phreatomagmatic activity in the Tujuh Bukit district may be
related to diatreme breccias that formed post-middle Mio-
cene porphyry mineralization, as recognized in other parts of
East and Central Java (e.g., Singgahan, Trenggalek, and Selo-
giri; Maryono et al., 2018) and therefore provides additional
exploration targets.
 190 HARRISON ET AL.
The excellent exposures of maar-diatreme facies in outcrop
and drill core from the Tujuh Bukit district can be used as
an aid to increase recognition, documentation, and under-
standing of maar diatremes, to drive accurate generation of
deposit and resource models, and to advance understanding
of other diatreme systems not related to porphyry-epithermal
mineralization.
Acknowledgments
This paper reports selected results from an ongoing Ph.D.
thesis at CODES, University of Tasmania. Completion of
this paper has been possible with the support, assistance, and
encouragement from many individuals and parties. It is also
a milestone in pursuing a passion in Au-Cu deposit explora-
tion and discovery. Therefore, we would like to express our
gratitude to the additional discovery team members, Damien
Lulofs, Chris Moore, and Ray Robinson, whose strong focus
on technical knowledge ultimately led to the discovery of the
Tumpangpitu porphyry deposit in 2008. Special thanks go to
all consultants and local geologists who contributed to this
study, including Professor David Gray, Mbak Elfina, Pak Riz-
fan Hasnur, Pak Paulo Renata, Pak Andrias Kristianto, and
Pak Hilman Sasmita. Additional thanks to logistical support
by Mbak Nunung, Pak Sigit, Mbak Susie, and Pak Ma’ruf.
Thanks go to Steve Sparks and reviewers Peter Hollings,
Holly Stein, and Peter Pollard for constructive reviews and
improvements to the manuscript. Finally, thanks to Intrepid
Mines Ltd. for initial funding of this study, a student research
grant from the Society of Economic Geologists, and New-
mont Mining Corporation.
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Rachel Harrison holds an M.Sc. degree from the
University of Bristol, United Kingdom/University
of Toronto, Canada, and M.EconGeol and Ph.D.
degrees from CODES, University of Tasmania,
Australia. She is an independent consultant geolo-
gist based in Java, Indonesia, with a strong interest
in exploration for Au-Cu porphyry and epithermal
deposits. She has been involved in two major discoveries of world-class por-
phyry deposits at Tumpangpitu, Tujuh Bukit project, southeast Java, Indone-
sia (the topic of her Ph.D. thesis) and conducted spectral alteration mapping
that aided in the discovery of the Alpala Au-Cu porphyry deposit, Cascabel
project, northern Ecuador. She has helped to organize a number of SEG-
sponsored field trips and workshops in Indonesia.
She has experience from grassroots exploration to advanced stage projects
in a variety of geologic and cultural environments including Indonesia, China,
Ecuador, Chile, Mexico, Arizona, PNG and Australia. She has a keen interest
in the application of spectral alteration mapping to vector toward ore deposits
in field exploration, as well as its use in deposit modeling and geometallurgy.